The 1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit formed in the

North Riding of Yorkshire The North Riding of Yorkshire is a subdivision of Yorkshire, England, alongside York, the East Riding and West Riding. The riding's highest point is at Mickle Fell with 2,585 ft (788 metres). From the Restoration it was used as ...

in 1860 in response to an invasion scare. The unit later became part of the

Territorial Force The Territorial Force was a part-time volunteer component of the British Army, created in 1908 to augment British land forces without resorting to conscription. The new organisation consolidated the 19th-century Volunteer Force and yeomanry i ...

and served on the Western Front during

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, while their successors served as anti-aircraft gunners in

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

Origin

The enthusiasm for the

Volunteer movement The Volunteer Force was a citizen army of part-time rifle, artillery and engineer corps, created as a popular movement throughout the British Empire in 1859. Originally highly autonomous, the units of volunteers became increasingly integrated ...

following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular

British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...

in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Yorkshire (North Riding) Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) formed at Guisborough on 27 January 1860. It was soon followed by the 2nd Yorkshire (North Riding) AVC at

Whitby Whitby is a seaside town, port and civil parish in the Scarborough borough of North Yorkshire, England. Situated on the east coast of Yorkshire at the mouth of the River Esk, Whitby has a maritime, mineral and tourist heritage. Its East Clif ...

on 27 March 1860 and a 3rd Corps formed at

Middlesbrough Middlesbrough ( ) is a town on the southern bank of the River Tees in North Yorkshire, England. It is near the North York Moors national park. It is the namesake and main town of its local borough council area. Until the early 1800s, the a ...

in February 1860. However, the 3rd Corps was never properly established and was replaced by the 3rd Yorkshire (North Riding) AVC at

Scarborough Scarborough or Scarboro may refer to: People * Scarborough (surname) * Earl of Scarbrough Places Australia * Scarborough, Western Australia, suburb of Perth * Scarborough, New South Wales, suburb of Wollongong * Scarborough, Queensland, su ...

on 20 May 1860.Litchfield & Westlake, pp. 180–82.

Volunteer Force

The 1st North Riding AVC at Guisborough was very successful and soon reached a strength of eight companies under the command of

Captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...

(later

Admiral Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet, ...

) Thomas Chaloner, RN, of

Gisborough Hall Gisborough Hall is a 19th-century mansion house, now a hotel, at Guisborough, Redcar and Cleveland, England. It is a Grade II listed building. The manor of Gisborough and the site of the dissolved Priory of Gisborough were acquired after the ...

, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant.''Army List'', various dates.'Gisborough' in ''Burke's Peerage''. The 2nd and 3rd North Yorkshire AVCs were attached to the 1st Administrative Battalion of Yorkshire (East Riding) AVCs, which actually had its headquarters (HQ) at Scarborough in the North Riding. In 1881 the 1st North Riding AVC moved its HQ to a new drill hall at Grange Road in the growing industrial town of Middlesbrough (No 4 Battery apparently remained at Northgate in Fountain Street, Guisborough), and in 1882 it became part of the Northern Division of the

Royal Artillery The Royal Regiment of Artillery, commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery (RA) and colloquially known as "The Gunners", is one of two regiments that make up the artillery arm of the British Army. The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises t ...

, transferring to the Western Division in 1889. In 1891 it was converted to the role of 'position artillery', manning semi-mobile guns to operate with the Volunteer Infantry Brigades.Litchfield & Westlake, pp. 4–6. Admiral Chaloner was succeeded as Lt-Col in 1881 by the 3rd Earl (and future 1st Marquess) of Zetland, a former Regular Army

lieutenant A lieutenant ( , ; abbreviated Lt., Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations. The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries (see comparative military ranks), but it is often sub ...

in the

Royal Horse Guards The Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues) (RHG) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, part of the Household Cavalry. Raised in August 1650 at Newcastle upon Tyne and County Durham by Sir Arthur Haselrigge on the orders of Oliver Cr ...

and Yeomanry

captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...

in the

Yorkshire Hussars The Yorkshire Hussars (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own) was an auxiliary unit of the British Army formed in 1794. The regiment was formed as volunteer cavalry (Yeomanry) in 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars and served in the Second Boe ...

.'Zetland' in ''Burke's Peerage''. (Zetland's father, the 2nd Earl, had drilled all household members at his estates in North Yorkshire every day during the Volunteer craze of 1859–60.) Admiral Chaloner became Honorary Colonel of the unit and died in 1884. All Volunteer Artillery units became part of the

Royal Garrison Artillery The Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) was formed in 1899 as a distinct arm of the British Army's Royal Regiment of Artillery serving alongside the other two arms of the Regiment, the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) and the Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) ...

(RGA) in 1899 and in 1902 the unit was redesignated 1st North Riding Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers). After the

Second Boer War The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the Sout ...

broke out the infantry volunteers and

Yeomanry Yeomanry is a designation used by a number of units or sub-units of the British Army, British Army Reserve (United Kingdom), Army Reserve, descended from volunteer British Cavalry, cavalry regiments. Today, Yeomanry units serve in a variety of ...

cavalry were invited to send service companies of volunteers to supplement the regular infantry battalions and to form the

Mounted infantry Mounted infantry were infantry who rode horses instead of marching. The original dragoons were essentially mounted infantry. According to the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Mounted rifles are half cavalry, mounted infantry merely specially m ...

of the

Imperial Yeomanry The Imperial Yeomanry was a volunteer mounted force of the British Army that mainly saw action during the Second Boer War. Created on 2 January 1900, the force was initially recruited from the middle classes and traditional yeomanry sources, but su ...

(IY). There was no equivalent outlet for volunteer gunners to serve in South Africa. However, when a second IY contingent was raised in 1901 one of its companies was chosen from volunteer gunners mainly from Middlesbrough. The 98th (North Riding of Yorkshire Volunteer Artillery) Company, Imperial Yeomanry, was commanded by an unattached captain, R.L. Grigg, while Capt W.N. Coates of the 1st North Riding AVC was commissioned as its lieutenant. It was sent out to South Africa assigned to reinforce the 3rd Battalion, IY, composed of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire companies that had been serving there for a year. However, after the men's departure the company disappeared from official view, and the UK press ran stories about the 'missing' 300 men (the number of volunteers who had reportedly come forward from North Yorkshire; the actual establishment of an IY company was 121 all ranks). More prosaically it appears that the fate of the 98th Company was similar to that of many Second Contingent IY units: on board ship they had been attached to the 47th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) Company (an Irish unit) then on arrival in South Africa the men had simply been drafted to existing units, mostly to 63rd (Wiltshire), 66th (Yorkshire) and 75th (Sharpshooters) Companies, only the 66th being in 3rd Bn.

Territorial Force

When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new

(TF) under the

Haldane Reforms The Haldane Reforms were a series of far-ranging reforms of the British Army made from 1906 to 1912, and named after the Secretary of State for War, Richard Burdon Haldane. They were the first major reforms since the " Childers Reforms" of the ...

of 1908, the corps became the Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Battery, RGA, equipped with four 4.7-inch guns, and its attached Northumbrian (North Riding) Ammunition Column, RGA. It formed part of the Northumbrian Division of the TF.Litchfield, pp. 253–4.Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 93–100.50 Division at Long, Long Trail.
/ref>
/ref>

World War I

Mobilisation

On the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 the Northumbrian RGA mobilised at Middlesbrough under the command of

Major Major (commandant in certain jurisdictions) is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated and in conjunction with no other indicators ...

C.T. Hennah and moved to

Monkseaton Monkseaton is an area of Whitley Bay, North Tyneside, in the North East of England. Historically in Northumberland, it is in the north-east of the borough, from the North Sea coast and north of the River Tyne at North Shields. to the north of ...

on 8 August, then to

Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne ( RP: , ), or simply Newcastle, is a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. The city is located on the River Tyne's northern bank and forms the largest part of the Tyneside built-up area. Newcastle is ...

on 1 September as part of the Tyne defences. After mobilisation, units of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and on 15 August the

War Office The War Office was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964, when its functions were transferred to the new Ministry of Defence (MoD). This article contains text from ...

issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. Thus were formed the 1/1st and 2/1st Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Btys. The 2/1st Bty formed part of the

63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division The 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division of the British Army was a second-line Territorial Force division, formed in 1914, which served on home defence duties during the First World War. The division was formed as a duplicate of the 50th (Northumbri ...

.Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 49–54.63 Division at Long, Long Trail.
/ref>

1/1st Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Battery

60-pounder_gun_at_Wieltje_Sep_1917_IWM_Q_3019

The 1/1st Battery received its embarkation orders on 12 April 1915 and entrained for its port of embarkation on 19 April. It disembarked at

Le Havre Le Havre (, ; nrf, Lé Hâvre ) is a port city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the river Seine on the Channel southwest of the Pays de Caux, very cl ...

on 21 April. The Northumbrian Division completed its concentration in the area of

Steenvoorde Steenvoorde () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Once part of the Seventeen Provinces of the Low Countries, Steenvoorde was the site of the beginning of the Beeldenstorm, or " Iconoclastic Fury." Today the city is known for ...

on 23 April and went into action the next day at the

Battle of St Julien During the First World War, the Second Battle of Ypres was fought from for control of the tactically important high ground to the east and south of the Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the pre ...

.Heavy Batteries at Long, Long Trail.
/ref> The 1/1st Bty was transferred away from the Northumbrian Division on 6 May to join the XIII Brigade, RGA, and moved to positions in the angle of the

Brielen Ypres ( , ; nl, Ieper ; vls, Yper; german: Ypern ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though the Dutch name is the official one, the city's French name is most commonly used in English. The municipality co ...

–

Vlamertinge Vlamertinge is a village in the Belgian province of West Flanders and a borough of the city of Ypres. The village center of Vlamertinge lies just outside the city center of Ypres, along the main road N38 to the nearby town of Poperinge. In additi ...

–

Elverdinge Elverdinge is a village in the Flemish province of West Flanders in Belgium. The village is part of the municipality of Ypres. In World War I, the village was part of the Ypres Salient The Ypres Salient around Ypres in Belgium was the scene of ...

roads, west of the

Yser Canal The Ieperlee (or ''Ypres-Ijzer Canal'') is a canalized river that rises in Heuvelland in the Belgian province of West Flanders and flows via the city of Ypres (Ieper) into the Yser at Fort Knokke. The river is long. Its name is derived from ''ie ...

. It took part in the subsequent

Battle of Frezenberg During the First World War, the Second Battle of Ypres was fought from for control of the tactically important high ground to the east and south of the Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the pre ...

, engaging targets north of St Julien on 8 May, when its old 4.7-inch guns 'did fair shooting'. It remained in these positions, supporting troops in the

Ypres Salient The Ypres Salient around Ypres in Belgium was the scene of several battles and an extremely important part of the Western front during the First World War. Ypres district Ypres lies at the junction of the Ypres–Comines Canal and the Ieperlee. ...

during May and June 1915. 60_pounder_gun_advancing_in_Flanders_22-09-1918_IWM_Q_6996

RGA Brigades, later termed Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs), moved around the Western Front a good deal, supporting the various armies of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) as operations dictated. 1/1st North Riding Heavy Bty joined 41st HAG with Second Army on 5 October 1916, and then transferred to 51st HAG on 12 December 1916 in time to move to Fourth Army. On 9 February 1917 the four-gun battery was made up to six guns when it was joined by a section from 194th Heavy Battery, a

New Army The New Armies (Traditional Chinese: 新軍, Simplified Chinese: 新军; Pinyin: Xīnjūn, Manchu: ''Ice cooha''), more fully called the Newly Created Army ( ''Xinjian Lujun''Also translated as "Newly Established Army" ()), was the modernised ar ...

unit that had just arrived from England. By now, the heavy batteries on the Western Front had adopted the

60-pounder The Ordnance BL 60-pounder was a British 5 inch (127 mm) heavy field gun designed in 1903–05 to provide a new capability that had been partially met by the interim QF 4.7 inch Gun. It was designed for both horse draft and mechanical ...

in place of the 4.7-inch.'Allocation of Heavy Batteries RGA' and Headquarters Heavy Artillery Groups', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 95/5494.
/ref> After a spell of rest and training, the battery rejoined 41st HAG with Fourth Army on 20 March 1917, remaining with it (apart from an attachment to 12th HAG with Third Army from 5 to 22 September 1917) until the end of the war. 41st HAG (renamed 41st (Mobile) Brigade RGA on 1 February 1918) served with Second Army from 1 May to 18 August 1918, and then returned to Fourth Army. In the final

Hundred Days Offensive The Hundred Days Offensive (8 August to 11 November 1918) was a series of massive Allies of World War I, Allied offensives that ended the First World War. Beginning with the Battle of Amiens (1918), Battle of Amiens (8–12 August) on the Wester ...

until the

Armistice with Germany The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, sea, and air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany. Previous armistices ...

, the 41st Bde together with gunners of the

Australian Corps The Australian Corps was a World War I army corps that contained all five Australian infantry divisions serving on the Western Front. It was the largest corps fielded by the British Empire in France. At its peak the Australian Corps numbered 1 ...

supported troops of the US II Corps (which had no artillery of its own) during the 2nd Battle of Cambrai and

Battle of the Selle The Battle of the Selle (17–25 October 1918) was a battle between Allied forces and the German Army, fought during the Hundred Days Offensive of World War I. Prelude After the Second Battle of Cambrai, the Allies advanced almost and liber ...

2/1st Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Battery

The 2nd Line TF units of the Northumbrian Division slowly assembled around Newcastle, where 2nd Northumbrian Divisional HQ opened in January 1915. While under training it was responsible for defending the coast of

North East England North East England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of ITL for statistical purposes. The region has three current administrative levels below the region level in the region; combined authority, unitary authorit ...

from

Seaham Harbour Seaham is a seaside town in County Durham, England. Located on the Durham Coast, Seaham is situated south of Sunderland and east of Durham. The town grew from the late 19th century onwards as a result of investments in its harbour and co ...

through

Sunderland Sunderland () is a port city in Tyne and Wear, England. It is the City of Sunderland's administrative centre and in the Historic counties of England, historic county of County of Durham, Durham. The city is from Newcastle-upon-Tyne and is on t ...

to Newcastle. In November 1915 the division moved into winter quarters in

East Yorkshire The East Riding of Yorkshire, or simply East Riding or East Yorkshire, is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. It borders North Yorkshire to the north and west, South Yorkshire to th ...

, with 2/1st Bty at

Hedon Hedon is a town and civil parish in Holderness in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately east of Hull city centre. It lies to the north of the A1033 road at the crossroads of the B1240 and B1362 roads. It is ...

. However, thebattery left 63rd Division on 9 November 1915 and thereafter formed part of the Tyne Garrison until the Armistice. It was disbanded between 28 November and 30 December 1918.

Postwar

When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1920 the Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Bty, RGA, was reformed at Grange Road, Middlesbrough, as the 2nd North Riding Battery in the 2nd Northumbrian Brigade,

Royal Field Artillery The Royal Field Artillery (RFA) of the British Army provided close artillery support for the infantry. It came into being when created as a distinct arm of the Royal Regiment of Artillery on 1 July 1899, serving alongside the other two arms of t ...

(successors to the former 2nd East Riding Artillery Volunteers, which included the old 2nd and 3rd North Riding AVCs). These were redesignated the following year as 292nd (2nd North Riding) Bty and 73rd (Northumbrian) Brigade respectively. 292nd served as the

howitzer A howitzer () is a long- ranged weapon, falling between a cannon (also known as an artillery gun in the United States), which fires shells at flat trajectories, and a mortar, which fires at high angles of ascent and descent. Howitzers, like ot ...

battery of the brigade, and moved to the Artillery Barracks, Lytton Street, Middlesbrough, in the late 1920s, with the St Mary's College cadet battery attached to it. When the 73rd was converted into the 62nd (Northumbrian) Anti-Aircraft Brigade in 1936, the battery became 175th (2nd North Riding) Anti-Aircraft Battery. Shortly afterwards the 62nd split to form the

85th (Tees) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery 85th (Tees) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (85th HAA Rgt) was a part-time unit of Britain's Territorial Army (TA) formed from forces around the river Tees just before the outbreak of World War II. Its service during the war include ...

, which included 175th Bty. It served in the heavy anti-aircraft role throughout

, including the

Battle of France The Battle of France (french: bataille de France) (10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign ('), the French Campaign (german: Frankreichfeldzug, ) and the Fall of France, was the Nazi Germany, German invasion of French Third Rep ...

and

Dunkirk evacuation The Dunkirk evacuation, codenamed Operation Dynamo and also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, or just Dunkirk, was the evacuation of more than 338,000 Allied soldiers during the Second World War from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the ...

, the

Battle of Britain The Battle of Britain, also known as the Air Battle for England (german: die Luftschlacht um England), was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) of the Royal Navy defende ...

and

Blitz Blitz, German for "lightning", may refer to: Military uses *Blitzkrieg, blitz campaign, or blitz, a type of military campaign *The Blitz, the German aerial campaign against Britain in the Second World War *, an Imperial German Navy light cruiser b ...

, and the

North African North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

and

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

campaigns.AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
/ref>

Honorary Colonels

The following served as Honorary Colonel of the battalion: * Admiral Thomas Chaloner, CB, 1881–84 * 1st Marquess of Zetland, KT, appointed 1894. (His son, the 2nd Marquess, served as Hon Col of the 73rd (Northumbrian) Field Brigade and 62nd (Northumbrian) HAA Regiment from 1932).

Insignia

The 1st and 3rd North Yorkshire AVCs wore a distinctive

forage Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term ''forage'' has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used m ...

or field service cap badge consisting of a Yorkshire Rose surrounded by a strap bearing the words '1st r 3rdN.R. YORK VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY', surmounted by a crown. The waistbelt clasp of the 1st AVC bore the same badge, while that of the 3rd Corps had the

Coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldry, heraldic communication design, visual design on an escutcheon (heraldry), escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central ele ...

of Scarborough within a strap bearing the words '3rd N.R.Y. ARTILLERY VOLS. SCARBRO'. The early pattern of officers' full dress pouch in the 3rd AVC also bore the town's arms. Standard pattern helmet plates were worn from 1878 with the wording on the scrolls reflecting the changes in the unit's title.

Footnotes

Notes

References

* Maj A. F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . * Maj A. F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions,'' London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . * Ian F. W. Beckett, ''Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908'', Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, . * ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage,'' 100th Edn, London, 1953. * Col John K. Dunlop, ''The Development of the British Army 1899–1914'', London: Methuen, 1938. * Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918'', Vol V, ''26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, . * J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X. * Norman E. H. Litchfield, ''The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)'', Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, . * Norman Litchfield & Ray Westlake, ''The Volunteer Artillery 1859–1908 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)'', Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1982, . * R. W. S. Norfolk, ''Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteer Forces of the East Riding 1689–1908'', York: East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1965. * Edward M. Spiers, ''The Army and Society 1815–1914'', London: Longmans, 1980, . * Everard Wyrall, ''The Fiftieth Division 1914–1919'', 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military, nd, . * Mitchell A. Yockelson, ''Borrowed Soldiers: Americans under British Command, 1918'', Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, .

External sources

Anglo-Boer War

British Military History

Great War Centenary Drill Halls.

The Long, Long Trail

Orders of Battle at Patriot Files

{{refend

North Yorkshire North Yorkshire is the largest ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county (lieutenancy area) in England, covering an area of . Around 40% of the county is covered by National parks of the United Kingdom, national parks, including most of ...

Military units and formations established in 1860 Military units and formations in the North Riding of Yorkshire Military units and formations in Middlesbrough Military units and formations disestablished in 1919 1860 establishments in England 1919 disestablishments in England