1998 Non-fiction Books on:
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1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''.
* January 1 – Sara Ahmed (weightlifter), Sara Ahmed, Egyptian weightlifter
* January 2 – Timothy Fosu-Mensah, Dutch footballer
* January 3 – Patrick Cutrone, Italian footballer
* January 4 – Liza Soberano, Filipino actress and singer
*
*
* March 3 – Jayson Tatum, American basketball player
* March 18 – Zane Waddell, South African swimmer
* March 18 – Abigail Cowen, American actress and model
* March 22 – Paola Andino, Puerto-Rican-American actress
*
* April 3 – Paris Jackson, American actress and model
* April 6 – Peyton List (actress, born 1998), Peyton List, American actress and model
* April 9 – Elle Fanning, American actress and model
*
* May 2 – Jonathan Ikoné, French footballer
* May 5
** Tijana Bogdanović, Serbian taekwondo practitioner
** Olli Juolevi, Finnish ice hockey player
** Aryna Sabalenka, Belarusian tennis player
* May 7
** MrBeast (Jimmy Donaldson), American YouTuber
** Dani Olmo, Spanish footballer
* May 12 – Mohamed Bamba, American basketball player
* May 18 – Polina Edmunds, American figure skater
*
*
* July 7 – Dylan Sprayberry, American actor
* July 8
** Maya Hawke, American actress and model
** Jaden Smith, American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor
** Daria Spiridonova, Russian artistic gymnast
* July 9 – Robert Capron, American actor
* July 10
** Kimia Alizadeh, Iranian taekwondo athlete
** Haley Pullos, American actress
*
* August 3 – Cozi Zuehlsdorff, American actress, pianist, and singer
*
*
* November 1 – Marie-Antoinette Katoto, French footballer
* November 2 – Elkie Chong, Elkie, South Korean based singer and actress
* November 3 – Maddison Elliott, Australian paralympic swimmer
* November 4 – Achraf Hakimi, Moroccan footballer
* November 5 – Takehiro Tomiyasu, Japanese footballer
* November 12 – Elias Pettersson, Swedish ice hockey player
* November 14 – Sofia Kenin, American tennis player
* November 23 – Bradley Steven Perry, American actor
* November 29 – Ayumu Hirano, Japanese snowboarder
* December 2 – Juice Wrld, American rapper and singer (d. 2019)
*
* January 1
** Åke Seyffarth, Swedish speed skater (b. 1919)
** Helen Wills, American tennis player (b. 1905)
* January 4
** Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia, Italian film director (b. 1894)
** Mae Questel, American actress (b. 1908)
* January 5 – Sonny Bono, American singer, actor, and politician (b. 1935)
*
* February 2
** Haroun Tazieff, French volcanologist and geologist (b. 1914)
** Raymond Cattell, British and American psychologist (b. 1905)
*
* March 1 – Jean Marie Balland, French cardinal (b. 1934)
*
* April 1
** Gene Evans, American actor (b. 1920)
** Rozz Williams, American singer (b. 1963)
* April 3
** Charles Lang, American cinematographer (b. 1901)
** Rob Pilatus, German singer and dancer (b. 1965)
** Wolf Vostell, German painter and sculptor (b. 1932)
* April 5 – Cozy Powell, English rock drummer (b. 1947)
* April 6
** Rudy Dhaenens, Belgian road bicycle racer (b. 1961)
** Wendy O. Williams, American singer (b. 1949)
** Tammy Wynette, American singer (b. 1942)
* April 11 – Rodney Harvey, American actor and model (b. 1967)
* April 13 – Patrick de Gayardon, French skydiver and skysurfing pioneer (b. 1960)
* April 15 – Pol Pot, 30th Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea and Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (b. 1925)
* April 16
** Alberto Calderón, Argentine mathematician (b. 1920)
** Fred Davis (snooker player), Fred Davis, English snooker player (b. 1913)
** Marie-Louise Meilleur, Canadian supercentenarian (b. 1880)
* April 17 – Linda McCartney, American photographer and musician (b. 1941)
* April 18 – Terry Sanford, American politician (b. 1917)
* April 19 – Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and writer (b. 1914)
* April 21 – Jean-François Lyotard, French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist (b. 1924)
* April 23
** Konstantinos Karamanlis, Greek politician (b. 1907)
** James Earl Ray, American assassin (b. 1928)
* April 25 – Christian Mortensen, Danish supercentenarian (b. 1882)
* April 27
** Carlos Castaneda, American anthropologist and author (b. 1925)
** Anne Desclos, French writer (b. 1907)
* April 30 – Nizar Qabbani, Syrian diplomat, poet and publisher (b. 1923)
* May 1 – Eldridge Cleaver, American political activist and writer (b. 1935)
* May 2
** Justin Fashanu, British footballer (b. 1961)
** hide (musician), Hide, Japanese musician (b. 1964)
** Maidie Norman, American actress (b. 1912)
* May 3
** Gene Raymond, American actor (b. 1908)
** Gojko Šušak, Croatian politician (b. 1945)
* May 5 – Frithjof Schuon, Swiss author, poet and painter (b. 1907)
* May 6
** Chatichai Choonhavan, 17th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1920)
** Erich Mende, German politician (b. 1916)
* May 7
** Allan McLeod Cormack, South African–born physicist (b. 1924)
** Eddie Rabbitt, American musician (b. 1941)
* May 8 – Johannes Kotkas, Estonian heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestler (b. 1915)
* May 9 – Alice Faye, American actress and singer (b. 1915)
* May 10 – Clara Rockmore, American musician (b. 1911)
* May 14
** Marjory Stoneman Douglas, American conservationist and writer (b. 1890)
** Frank Sinatra, American actor and singer (b. 1915)
* May 15
** Naim Talu, 15th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1919)
** Gunter d'Alquen, Gunter D’Alquen, German journalist, propagandist, and SS unit commander (b. 1910)
*
* June 2 – Junkyard Dog, American pro wrestler (b. 1952)
* June 5 – Jeanette Nolan, American actress (b. 1911)
* June 8 – Sani Abacha, 10th President of Nigeria (b. 1943)
* June 9
** Agostino Casaroli, 53rd Cardinal Secretary of State, Secretary of State of the Holy See (b. 1914)
** Lois Mailou Jones, American artist (b. 1905)
*
* July 3 – Danielle Bunten Berry, American software developer (b. 1949)
* July 6 – Roy Rogers, American singer and actor (b. 1911)
* July 8 – Lilí Álvarez, Spanish tennis player, author, and feminist (b. 1905)
* July 14 – Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnamese general (b. 1930)
*
* August 1 – Eva Bartok, Hungarian actress (b. 1927)
* August 2
** Otto Bumbel, Brazilian professional football manager (b. 1914)
** Shari Lewis, American ventriloquist (b. 1933)
* August 3
** Reizo Koike, Japanese swimmer (b. 1915)
** Alfred Schnittke, Russian-born composer (b. 1934)
*
*
* October 2
** Gene Autry, American actor, singer, and sports team owner (b. 1907)
** Olin J. Eggen, American astronomer (b. 1919)
** Olivier Gendebien, Belgian race car driver (b. 1924)
*
* November 3 – Bob Kane, American comic book creator (b. 1915)
* November 5 – Momoko Kōchi, Japanese actress (b. 1932)
* November 6
** Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim, 5th President of the Comoros (b. 1936)
** Niklas Luhmann, German sociologist (b. 1927)
* November 8 – Jean Marais, French actor (b. 1913)
* November 10
** Jean Leray, French mathematician (b. 1906)
** Mary Millar, British actress and singer (b. 1936)
* November 13
** Edwige Feuillère, French actress (b. 1907)
** Valerie Hobson, English actress (b. 1917)
** Red Holzman, American basketball coach (b. 1920)
** Hendrik Timmer, Dutch sportsman (b. 1904)
* November 15
** Stokely Carmichael, Trinidadian-American civil rights activist (b. 1941)
** Jean Dalrymple, American theatre producer, manager, publicist, and playwright (b. 1902)
** Ludvík Daněk, Czechoslovak discus thrower (b. 1937)
*
* December 1 – Freddie Young, American cinematographer (b. 1902)
* December 2 – Mikio Oda, Japanese athlete (b. 1905)
*
1998 Year in Review
- CNN/Sports Illustrated {{DEFAULTSORT:1998 1998,
Events
January
*January 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...
– The ''Lunar Prospector
''Lunar Prospector'' was the third mission selected by NASA for full development and construction as part of the Discovery Program. At a cost of $62.8 million, the 19-month mission was designed for a low polar orbit investigation of the Moon ...
'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width of ...
, and later finds evidence for frozen water, in soil in permanently shadowed craters near the Moon's poles.
* January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...
– Over 100 people are killed in the Sidi-Hamed massacre
The Sidi-Hamed massacre took place on the night of January 11, 1998 (the last day of Ramadan), in the town of Sidi-Hamed (or Sidi-Hammad), 30 km south of Algiers. An estimated fifty gunmen participated, attacking children and adults; they ...
in Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
.
* January 12
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
* 1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already rei ...
– Nineteen European nations agree to forbid human cloning
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy (or clone) of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. It does not refer to the natural concept ...
.
* January 17
Events Pre-1600
* 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey.
* 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people ...
– The '' Drudge Report'' breaks the story about U.S. President Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again ...
's alleged affair with Monica Lewinsky, which will lead to the House of Representatives
House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...
' impeachment of him.
February
*February 3
Events Pre-1600
*1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
* 1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
* 1488 – ...
– Cavalese cable car disaster: A United States military pilot causes the deaths of 20 people near Trento
Trento ( or ; Ladin and lmo, Trent; german: Trient ; cim, Tria; , ), also anglicized as Trent, is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy. It is the capital of the autonomous province of Trento. In the 16th centu ...
, Italy, when his low-flying EA-6B Prowler
The Northrop Grumman (formerly Grumman) EA-6B Prowler is a twin-engine, four-seat, mid-wing electronic-warfare aircraft derived from the A-6 Intruder airframe. The EA-6A was the initial electronic warfare version of the A-6 used by the United ...
severs the cable of a cable-car.
* February 4
Events Pre–1600
* 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrelling ...
– The 5.9 Afghanistan earthquake shakes the Takhar Province
Takhar (Dari , Farsi/Pashto: ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeast of the country next to Tajikistan. It is surrounded by Badakhshan in the east, Panjshir in the south, and Baghlan and Kunduz in the w ...
with a maximum Mercalli intensity
The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. It measures the eff ...
of VII (''Very strong''). With up to 4,000 killed, and 818 injured, damage is considered extreme.
* February 7
Events Pre-1600
* 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
* 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
*1301 &nda ...
– 22 – The 1998 Winter Olympics
The 1998 Winter Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Nagano 1998 ( ja, 長野1998), was a winter multi-sport event held from 7 to 22 February 1998, mainly in Nagano, Japan, with some events taking place in th ...
are held in Nagano, Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
.
* February 20
Events Pre-1600
*1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
* 1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotlan ...
– Iraq disarmament crisis
The Iraq disarmament crisis was claimed as one of primary issues that led to the multinational invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003. Since the 1980s, Iraq was widely assumed to have been producing and extensively running the programs of biologi ...
: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutio ...
negotiates a deal with U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan
Kofi Atta Annan (; 8 April 193818 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh secretary-general of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006. Annan and the UN were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. He was the founde ...
, allowing weapons inspectors to return to Baghdad
Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...
, preventing military action by the United States and Britain.
* February 28
Events Pre-1600
*202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.
* 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
*1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on ...
** A massacre
A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...
in Likoshane, FR Yugoslavia
Serbia and Montenegro ( sr, Cрбија и Црна Гора, translit=Srbija i Crna Gora) was a country in Southeast Europe located in the Balkans that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yug ...
starts the Kosovo War
The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started 28 February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war ...
.
**A study
Study or studies may refer to:
General
* Education
**Higher education
* Clinical trial
* Experiment
* Observational study
* Research
* Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning
Other
* Study (art), a drawing or series of drawi ...
led by Andrew Wakefield
Andrew Jeremy Wakefield (born September 3, 1956) is a British anti-vaccine activist, former physician, and discredited academic who was struck off the medical register for his involvement in ''The Lancet'' MMR autism fraud, a 1998 study that ...
is published in ''The Lancet
''The Lancet'' is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind. It is also the world's highest-impact academic journal. It was founded in England in 1823.
The journal publishes original research articles, ...
'' suggesting an alleged link between MMR vaccine
The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles), abbreviated as ''MMR''. The first dose is generally given to children around 9 months to 15 months of age, with a second dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, ...
and autism
The autism spectrum, often referred to as just autism or in the context of a professional diagnosis autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental condition (or conditions) characterized by difficulti ...
. Now known to be full of data manipulation
Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misus ...
, the study was instantly controversial and fueled the nascent anti-vaccination movement
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal, of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services and supporting evidence. The term covers refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain abou ...
. Although subsequent large epidemiological
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.
It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidenc ...
research found no link between vaccines and autism, the study contributed – in the following years and decades – to a sharp drop in vaccination rates and the resurgence of measles in several countries. The study, fully retracted in 2010, was later characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the 20th Century".
March
*March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– Data sent from the Galileo probe
''Galileo'' was an American robotic space probe that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as the asteroids Gaspra and Ida. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was ...
indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa
Europa may refer to:
Places
* Europe
* Europa (Roman province), a province within the Diocese of Thrace
* Europa (Seville Metro), Seville, Spain; a station on the Seville Metro
* Europa City, Paris, France; a planned development
* Europa Cliff ...
has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice.
* March 5
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
* 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern ...
– NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
NASA was established in 1958, succeeding t ...
announces that the ''Clementine'' probe orbiting the Moon has found enough water in polar craters to support a human colony and rocket fueling station.
* March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
– 1998 Danish general election: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen (, informally Poul Nyrup, born 15 June 1943) is a retired Danish politician. Rasmussen was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists (PES) from ...
is re-elected.
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
*1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
*1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
– The High-Z Supernova Search Team becomes the first team to publish evidence that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– The 70th Academy Awards
The 70th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the sh ...
ceremony, hosted for the 6th time by Billy Crystal
William Edward Crystal (born March 14, 1948)On page 17 of his book ''700 Sundays'', Crystal displays his birth announcement, which gives his first two names as "William Edward", not "William Jacob" is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. ...
, is held at the Shrine Auditorium
The Shrine Auditorium is a landmark large-event venue in Los Angeles, California. It is also the headquarters of the Al Malaikah Temple, a division of the Shriners. It was designated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (No. 139) in 1975, and ...
in Los Angeles, California. ''Titanic
RMS ''Titanic'' was a British passenger liner, operated by the White Star Line, which sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City, United ...
'' wins 11 Oscars including Best Picture
This is a list of categories of awards commonly awarded through organizations that bestow film awards, including those presented by various film, festivals, and people's awards.
Best Actor/Best Actress
*See Best Actor#Film awards, Best Actress#F ...
.
* March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– Oued Bouaicha massacre
The Oued Bouaïcha massacre took place about 150 miles (240 km) south of Algiers, near Djelfa, on March 26, 1998, during the Algerian Civil War. Forty-seven people, including 27 children under the age of sixteen, were killed at Oued Boua ...
in Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
: 52 people are killed with axes and knives; 32 of the killed are babies under the age of two.
April
* April 5 – In Japan, theAkashi Kaikyō Bridge
The is a suspension bridge which links the city of Kobe on the Japanese island of Honshu to Iwaya on Awaji Island. It is part of the Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway, and crosses the busy and turbulent Akashi Strait (''Akashi Kaikyō'' in Japanese ...
linking Shikoku
is the smallest of the four main islands of Japan. It is long and between wide. It has a population of 3.8 million (, 3.1%). It is south of Honshu and northeast of Kyushu. Shikoku's ancient names include ''Iyo-no-futana-shima'' (), '' ...
with Honshū
, historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separa ...
and costing about US$3.6 billion, opens to traffic, becoming the largest suspension bridge
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck (bridge), deck is hung below suspension wire rope, cables on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of this type of bridge were built in the early 1800s. Simple suspension bridg ...
in the world.
* April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
– Good Friday Agreement
The Good Friday Agreement (GFA), or Belfast Agreement ( ga, Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta or ; Ulster-Scots: or ), is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April 1998 that ended most of the violence of The Troubles, a political conflict in No ...
: 1 hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement
The Good Friday Agreement (GFA), or Belfast Agreement ( ga, Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta or ; Ulster-Scots: or ), is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April 1998 that ended most of the violence of The Troubles, a political conflict in No ...
is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party
The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is a unionist, loyalist, and national conservative political party in Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1971 during the Troubles by Ian Paisley, who led the party for the next 37 years. Currently led by J ...
.
* April 20
Events Pre-1600
* 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
1601–1900
* 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament.
* 1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroy ...
– The alleged date the German Red Army Faction
The Red Army Faction (RAF, ; , ),See the section "Name" also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang (, , active 1970–1998), was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
The ...
(created 1970
Events
January
* January 1 – Unix time epoch reached at 00:00:00 UTC.
* January 5 – The 7.1 Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of X (''Extrem ...
) is dissolved.
* April 23 – The Yugoslav Army
The Yugoslav People's Army (abbreviated as JNA/; Macedonian and sr-Cyrl-Latn, Југословенска народна армија, Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and bs, Jugoslavenska narodna armija; sl, Jugoslovanska ljudska ar ...
ambushes
An ambush is a long-established military tactic in which a combatant uses an advantage of concealment or the element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind mount ...
a group of Kosovo Liberation Army fighters attempting to smuggle weapons from Albania into Kosovo, killing 19.
May
*May 11
Events 1601–1900
*1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
*1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...
** India conducts three underground nuclear tests in Pokhran
Pokhran is a village and a municipality located, outside of Jaisalmer city in the Jaisalmer district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is a remote location in the Thar Desert region and served as the site for India's first underground nucle ...
, including one thermonuclear
Thermonuclear fusion is the process of atomic nuclei combining or “fusing” using high temperatures to drive them close enough together for this to become possible. There are two forms of thermonuclear fusion: ''uncontrolled'', in which the re ...
device.
** The first euro
The euro ( symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 out of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 340 million citizens . ...
coins are minted in Pessac
Pessac (; ) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is a member of the metropolis of Bordeaux, being the second-largest suburb of Bordeaux and located just southwest of it. Pessac is also home to ...
, France. Because the final specifications for the coins were not finished in 1998, they will have to be melted and minted again in 1999.
* May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
– 14 – Riots directed against Chinese Indonesians break out in Indonesia, killing around 1,000 people.
* May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
** The Galaxy IV
Galaxy IV was a model HS-601 satellite built by Hughes Space and Communications Company (HSC). The satellite, which carried a payload of both C band and Ku band transponders, was launched on June 24, 1993 and operated by PanAmSat Corporation. It ...
communications satellite fails, leaving 80–90% of the US's pagers without service.
** The wreck of the aircraft carrier , sunk during the Battle of Midway
The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The U.S. Navy under ...
in 1942, is found near Midway Atoll
Midway Atoll (colloquial: Midway Islands; haw, Kauihelani, translation=the backbone of heaven; haw, Pihemanu, translation=the loud din of birds, label=none) is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean. Midway Atoll is an insular area of the Unit ...
by a team led by former US Navy officer Robert D. Ballard.
* May 21
Events Pre-1600
* 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as ''Caesar'' to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.
* 878 – Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabi ...
– Suharto
Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto ...
(elected 1967) resigns after 31 years as President of Indonesia
The President of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Presiden Republik Indonesia) is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is ...
, effectively ending the New Order period. It is his 7th consecutive re-election by the Indonesian Parliament (MPR). Suharto's hand-picked Vice President, B. J. Habibie
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (; 25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian engineer and politician who was the third president of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999. Less than three months after his inauguration as the seventh vice preside ...
, becomes Indonesia's third president.
* May 28
Events Pre-1600
*585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...
– Nuclear testing
Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine nuclear weapons' effectiveness, yield, and explosive capability. Testing nuclear weapons offers practical information about how the weapons function, how detonations are affected by ...
: In response to a series of Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan explodes five nuclear devices of its own in the Chaghai hills of Baluchistan, codenamed ''Chagai-I
Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15 hrs PKT on 28 May 1998. The tests were performed at Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai District of Balochistan Province.
Chagai-I was Pakistan' ...
'', prompting the United States, Japan and other nations to impose economic sanction
Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by one or more countries against a targeted self-governing state, group, or individual. Economic sanctions are not necessarily imposed because of economic circumstances—they ma ...
s. Pakistan celebrates Youm-e-Takbir
Youm-e-Takbir ( ur, ; lit. ''The day of greatness'') is celebrated as a national day in Pakistan on May 28 in commemoration of Chagai-I and Chagai-II series of nuclear tests. The nuclear tests made Pakistan the seventh nation to possess nuclea ...
annually.
* May 30
** A 6.5 magnitude earthquake hits northern Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...
, killing up to 5,000.
** A second nuclear test, codenamed ''Chagai-II
Chagai-II is the codename assigned to the second atomic test conducted by Pakistan, carried out on 30 May 1998 in the Kharan Desert in Balochistan Province of Pakistan. ''Chagai-II'' took place two days after Pakistan's first successful test, ...
'', is conducted and supervised by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Urdu: ) is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful usage of nuclea ...
(PAEC).
June
*June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the prime component of the monetary Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's Big Four (banking)#Intern ...
established, replacing the European Monetary Institute
The European Monetary Institute (EMI) was the forerunner of the European Central Bank (ECB), operating between 1994 and 1997.
History
The EMI was created 1 January 1994 to oversee the second stage in the creation of monetary union. The EMI itself ...
.
* June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depos ...
– Eschede train disaster
On 3 June 1998, an ICE 1 train derailed and crashed into an overpass that crossed the railroad, which then collapsed onto the train. The crash occurred on the Hannover-Hamburg railway near Eschede in Lower Saxony, Germany. In total, 101 peop ...
: an Intercity-Express
The Intercity Express (commonly known as ICE ()) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany. It also serves some destinations in Austria, Denmark (ceased in 2017 but planned to resume in 2022), France, Belgium, Switzerla ...
high-speed train
High-speed rail (HSR) is a type of rail system that runs significantly faster than traditional rail, using an integrated system of specialised rolling stock and dedicated tracks. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, lines ...
derails between Hanover
Hanover (; german: Hannover ; nds, Hannober) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony. Its 535,932 (2021) inhabitants make it the 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-largest city in Northern Germany ...
and Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
, Germany, causing 101 deaths.
* June 7
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Istanbul, Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).
* 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir of Croatia, Branimir as an independent ...
– Former Brigadier-General Ansumane Mané
Ansumane Mané (c. 1940 – 30 November 2000) was a Guinea-Bissau, Bissau-Guinean soldier who led a 1998 uprising against the government of Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira, which caused a brief, but bloody Guin ...
seizes control over military barracks in Bissau, marking the beginning of the Guinea-Bissau Civil War
The Guinea-Bissau Civil War was fought from 7 June 1998 to 10 May 1999 and was triggered by an attempted coup d'état against the government of President João Bernardo Vieira led by Brigadier-General Ansumane Mané.Uppsala Conflict Data Progra ...
(1998–99).
* June 10
Events Pre-1600
* 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu.
*1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...
–July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II o ...
– The 1998 FIFA World Cup
The 1998 FIFA World Cup was the 16th FIFA World Cup, the football world championship for men's national teams. The finals tournament was held in France from 10 June to 12 July 1998. The country was chosen as the host nation by FIFA for the ...
in France: France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
beats Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
3–0 in the FIFA World Cup Final.
* June 10
Events Pre-1600
* 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu.
*1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...
– The Organisation of African Unity
The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; french: Organisation de l'unité africaine, OUA) was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's ...
passes a resolution which states that its members will no longer comply with punitive sanctions applied by the UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and ...
against Libya
Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya bo ...
.
* June 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1358 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded.
*1497 – Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England.
* 1499 – Americo Vespucci, on Spanish financed trip, sights coa ...
– Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) is Malaysia's main international airport. It is located in the Sepang District of Selangor, approximately south of Kuala Lumpur and serves the city's greater conurbation.
KLIA is the largest and b ...
officially opens, becoming the new international gateway into Malaysia.
* June 30
Events Pre-1600
* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
* 763 – The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.
*1422 – Battle of Arbedo between the duke of Milan ...
– Philippine
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
Vice President Joseph Estrada
Joseph Ejercito Estrada, (; born Jose Marcelo Ejercito; April 19, 1937), also known by the nickname Erap, is a Filipino politician and former actor. He served as the 13th president of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001, the 9th vice presi ...
is sworn in as the 13th President of the Philippines.
July
*July 5
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
* 1316 – The Burgundian a ...
– Japan launches a probe to Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury (planet), Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Mars (mythology), Roman god of war. Mars is a terr ...
, joining the United States and Russia as an outer space
Outer space, commonly shortened to space, is the expanse that exists beyond Earth and its atmosphere and between celestial bodies. Outer space is not completely empty—it is a near-perfect vacuum containing a low density of particles, pred ...
-exploring nation.
* July 17
Events Pre-1600
* 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world.
* 1048 – Damas ...
** At a conference in Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, 120 countries vote to create a permanent International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals ...
to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity
Crimes against humanity are widespread or systemic acts committed by or on behalf of a ''de facto'' authority, usually a state, that grossly violate human rights. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the ...
, war crimes, and the crime of aggression
A crime of aggression or crime against peace is the planning, initiation, or execution of a large-scale and serious act of aggression using state military force. The definition and scope of the crime is controversial. The Rome Statute contains an ...
.
** In Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Pola ...
and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel, 80 years after he and his family were killed by the Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
in 1918.
** The 7.0 Papua New Guinea earthquake shakes the region near Aitape with a maximum Mercalli intensity
The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. It measures the eff ...
of VIII (''Severe''). This submarine earthquake
A submarine, undersea, or underwater earthquake is an earthquake that occurs underwater at the bottom of a body of water, especially an ocean. They are the leading cause of tsunamis. The magnitude can be measured scientifically by the use of the ...
triggered a landslide that caused a destructive tsunami, leaving more than 2,100 dead and thousands injured.
* July 21
Events Pre-1600
* 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson.
* 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became t ...
– September 5
Events Pre-1600
* 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
*1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
*1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
– The 1998 Sydney water crisis
The 1998 Sydney water crisis involved the suspected contamination of the water supply system of Greater Metropolitan Sydney by the microscopic pathogens ''Cryptosporidium'' and '' Giardia'' between July and September 1998.
Following routine wa ...
involved the suspected contamination by the microscopic pathogens ''cryptosporidium
''Cryptosporidium'', sometimes informally called crypto, is a genus of apicomplexan parasitic alveolates that can cause a respiratory and gastrointestinal illness (cryptosporidiosis) that primarily involves watery diarrhea (intestinal cryptosp ...
'' and '' giardia'' of the water supply system of Greater Metropolitan Sydney.
*July 24
Events Pre-1600
*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
* 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirl ...
– Russell Eugene Weston Jr. enters the United States Capitol Building
The United States Capitol, often called The Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, which is formally known as the United States Congress. It is located on Capitol Hill ...
and opens fire, killing two members of the United States Capitol Police
The United States Capitol Police (USCP) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States with nationwide jurisdiction charged with protecting the United States Congress within the District of Columbia and throughout the United States an ...
, Jacob Chestnut
The 1998 United States Capitol shooting was an attack on July 24, 1998, which led to the deaths of two United States Capitol Police officers. Officer Jacob Chestnut and Detective John Gibson were killed when Russell Eugene Weston Jr. entered t ...
and John Gibson.
August
*August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
– The Second Congo War begins; 5.4 million people die before it ends in 2003, making it the bloodiest war, to date, since World War II.
* August 7
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Co ...
** Yangtze River Floods
The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest list of rivers of Asia, river in Asia, the list of rivers by length, third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in th ...
: in China the Yangtze
The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest river in Asia, the third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains (Tibetan Plateau) and flows ...
river breaks through the main bank; before this, from August 1–5, peripheral levees collapsed consecutively in Jiayu County Baizhou Bay. The death toll exceeds 12,000, with many thousands more injured.
** 1998 U.S. embassy bombings: the bombings of the United States embassies in Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam (; from ar, دَار السَّلَام, Dâr es-Selâm, lit=Abode of Peace) or commonly known as Dar, is the largest city and financial hub of Tanzania. It is also the capital of Dar es Salaam Region. With a population of over s ...
, Tanzania, and Nairobi
Nairobi ( ) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The name is derived from the Maasai phrase ''Enkare Nairobi'', which translates to "place of cool waters", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper ha ...
, Kenya, kill 224 people and injure over 4,500; they are linked to terrorist Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (10 March 1957 – 2 May 2011) was a Saudi-born extremist militant who founded al-Qaeda and served as its leader from 1988 until Killing of Osama bin Laden, his death in 2011. Ideologically a Pan-Islamism ...
, an exile of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the A ...
.
* August 15
Events Pre-1600
* 636 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate begins.
* 717 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Const ...
– The Omagh bombing
The Omagh bombing was a car bombing on 15 August 1998 in the town of Omagh in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It was carried out by the Real Irish Republican Army (Real IRA), a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) splinter group who oppose ...
is carried out in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
by the Real Irish Republican Army
The Real Irish Republican Army, or Real IRA (RIRA), is a dissident Irish republican paramilitary group that aims to bring about a United Ireland. It formed in 1997 following a split in the Provisional IRA by dissident members, who rejected the ...
. Shortly after these events, the group would call a ceasefire in response, signaling an end to the 30+ year conflict known as the Troubles
The Troubles ( ga, Na Trioblóidí) were an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "i ...
.
* August 26
Events Pre-1600
* 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
*1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most ...
– Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama (), commonly referred as Vasco da Gama or simply Vasco, is a professional sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Originally a rowing club, Vasco is mostly known for its football team, who it currently compet ...
wins the Libertadores Cup after a 2–1 win against Barcelona S.C.
September
*September 2
Events
Pre-1600
* 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
* 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his ''Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of the ...
** A McDonnell Douglas MD-11
The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 is an American tri-jet wide-body airliner manufactured by American McDonnell Douglas (MDC) and later by Boeing.
Following DC-10 development studies, the MD-11 program was launched on December 30, 1986.
Assembly of ...
airliner ( Swissair Flight 111) crashes near Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia
Peggy's Cove is a small rural community located on the eastern shore of St. Margarets Bay in the Halifax Regional Municipality, which is the site of Peggys Cove Lighthouse (established 1868).
Geography
Peggy's Cove is 43 kilometers (26 miles) ...
, after taking off from New York City en route to Geneva
Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaki ...
; all 229 people on board are killed.
** A United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be ...
court finds Jean-Paul Akayesu
Jean-Paul Akayesu (born 1953 in Taba) is a former teacher, school inspector, and Republican Democratic Movement (MDR) politician from Rwanda, convicted of genocide for his role in inciting the Rwandan genocide. Life
Akayesu was the mayor of T ...
, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda
Rwanda (; rw, u Rwanda ), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator ...
, guilty of nine counts of genocide, marking the first time that the 1948 law banning genocide is enforced.
* September 4
Events Pre-1600
* 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire.
* 626 – Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne ove ...
– Google
Google LLC () is an American multinational technology company focusing on search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and consumer electronics. ...
, Inc. is founded in Menlo Park, California
Menlo Park is a city at the eastern edge of San Mateo County within the San Francisco Bay Area of California in the United States. It is bordered by San Francisco Bay on the north and east; East Palo Alto, Palo Alto, and Stanford to the south; ...
, by Stanford University
Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California. The campus occupies , among the largest in the United States, and enrolls over 17,000 students. Stanford is consider ...
PhD candidates Larry Page
Lawrence Edward Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American business magnate, computer scientist and internet entrepreneur. He is best known for co-founding Google with Sergey Brin.
Page was the chief executive officer of Google from 1997 unti ...
and Sergey Brin
Sergey Mikhailovich Brin (russian: link=no, Сергей Михайлович Брин; born August 21, 1973) is an American business magnate, computer scientist, and internet entrepreneur, who co-founded Google with Larry Page. Brin was th ...
.
* September 5
Events Pre-1600
* 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
*1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
*1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
– The Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
of North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu River, Y ...
adopts a military dictatorship on its 50th anniversary.
* September 8
Events Pre-1600
* 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
*1100 – Election of Antipope Theodo ...
– St. Louis Cardinals
The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis. The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. Since the 2006 season, the Cardinals ha ...
first baseman Mark McGwire
Mark David McGwire (born October 1, 1963), nicknamed "Big Mac", is an American former professional baseball first baseman who played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1986 to 2001 for the Oakland Athletics and the St. Louis Card ...
hits his 62nd home run of the season, thus breaking the single season record of 61 which had been held by Roger Maris
Roger Eugene Maris (September 10, 1934 – December 14, 1985) was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He is best known for setting a new MLB single-season home run record with 61 ...
since 1961.
* September 10
Events Pre-1600
* 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
*1419 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
* 1509 – An eart ...
– At midnight, a shooting occurs aboard an ''Akula''-class nuclear-powered
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced b ...
attack submarine
An attack submarine or hunter-killer submarine is a submarine specifically designed for the purpose of attacking and sinking other submarines, surface combatants and merchant vessels. In the Soviet and Russian navies they were and are called ...
of the Russian Navy docked in the northern Russian port city of Severomorsk
Severomorsk (russian: Северомо́рск), known as Vayenga () until April 18, 1951, is a closed town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. Severomorsk is the main administrative base of the Russian Northern Fleet. The town is located on the coast ...
.
* September 12
Events Pre-1600
*490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece.
* 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin ...
– The Cuban Five
The Cuban Five, also known as the Miami Five, are five Cuban intelligence officers (Gerardo Hernández, Antonio Guerrero, Ramón Labañino, Fernando González, and René González) who were arrested in September 1998 and later convicted in Miam ...
intelligence agents are arrested in Miami
Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a East Coast of the United States, coastal metropolis and the County seat, county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade C ...
, and convicted of espionage
Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence) from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information for a tangibl ...
. The agents claim they were not spying against the United States Government
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a fede ...
but against the Cuban exile
A Cuban exile is a person who emigrated from Cuba in the Cuban exodus. Exiles have various differing experiences as emigrants depending on when they migrated during the exodus.
Demographics Social class
Cuban exiles would come from various ec ...
community in Miami.
*September 24
Events Pre-1600
*787 – Second Council of Nicaea: The council assembles at the church of Hagia Sophia.
*1568 – Spanish naval forces defeat an English fleet, under the command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near ...
– Iranian President
The president of Iran ( fa, رئیسجمهور ایران, Rayis Jomhur-e Irān) is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The president is the second highest-ranking official of Iran after the Supreme Leader.
The president ...
Mohammad Khatami retracts a fatwa against ''Satanic Verses
The Satanic Verses are words of "satanic suggestion" which the Islamic prophet Muhammad is alleged to have mistaken for divine revelation. The verses praise the three pagan Meccan goddesses: al-Lāt, al-'Uzzá, and Manāt and can be read in ear ...
'' author Salman Rushdie
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (; born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-born British-American novelist. His work often combines magic realism with historical fiction and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Wes ...
that was in force since 1989 stating that the Iranian government will "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie".
* September 29
Events Pre-1600
*61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
* 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, ...
– Nipah virus epidemic begins in Malaysia.
October
*October 1
Events Pre-1600
* 331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
* 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated.
* 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadw ...
– Europol is established when the Europol Convention signed by all of its member states comes into force.
* October 3
Events Pre-1600
* 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day.
* 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Juliu ...
– 1998 Australian federal election
The 1998 Australian federal election was held to determine the members of the 39th Parliament of Australia. It was held on 3 October 1998. All 148 seats of the House of Representatives and 40 seats of the 76-seat Senate were up for election. T ...
: John Howard
John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939) is an Australian former politician who served as the 25th prime minister of Australia from 1996 to 2007, holding office as leader of the Liberal Party. His eleven-year tenure as prime minister is the s ...
's Liberal
Liberal or liberalism may refer to:
Politics
* a supporter of liberalism
** Liberalism by country
* an adherent of a Liberal Party
* Liberalism (international relations)
* Sexually liberal feminism
* Social liberalism
Arts, entertainment and m ...
/National
National may refer to:
Common uses
* Nation or country
** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen
Places in the United States
* National, Maryland, c ...
Coalition
A coalition is a group formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political or economical spaces.
Formation
According to ''A Gui ...
Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Kim Beazley
Kim Christian Beazley (born 14 December 1948) is an Australian former politician and diplomat. He was leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and leader of the opposition from 1996 to 2001 and 2005 to 2006, having previously been a cabine ...
.
* October 6
Events Pre-1600
* 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army of the mid-Republic.
* 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia.
*A ...
– Matthew Shepard
Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was a gay American student at the University of Wyoming who was beaten, tortured, and left to die near Laramie on the night of October 6, 1998. He was taken by rescuers to Po ...
, a gay
''Gay'' is a term that primarily refers to a homosexual person or the trait of being homosexual. The term originally meant 'carefree', 'cheerful', or 'bright and showy'.
While scant usage referring to male homosexuality dates to the late 1 ...
University of Wyoming student, is beaten and left for dead outside of Laramie, Wyoming
Laramie is a city in and the county seat of Albany County, Wyoming, United States. The population was estimated 32,711 in 2019, making it the third-largest city in Wyoming after Cheyenne and Casper. Located on the Laramie River in southeastern ...
. The subsequent media coverage, followed by his death on October 12, opens a larger conversation on homophobia
Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitude (psychology), attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being lesbian, gay or bisexual. It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, h ...
in the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
.
* October 10
Events Pre-1600
* 680 – The Battle of Karbala marks the Martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali.
* 732 – Charles Martel's forces defeat an Umayyad army near Tours, France.
*1471 – Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with ...
– Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet
General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights violations committed in his native Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón on 10 October 1998. He was arrested in London six days later and held on house arrest for a year and a half be ...
: General Augusto Pinochet
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (, , , ; 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, first as the leader of the Military Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981, being declared President of ...
, Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
an dictator from 1973 to 1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
, is indicted
An indictment ( ) is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that use the concept of felonies, the most serious criminal offence is a felony; jurisdictions that do not use the felonies concept often use that of ...
for human rights violations he committed in Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón
Baltasar Garzón Real (; born 26 October 1955) is a former Spanish judge. Garzón formerly served on Spain's central criminal court, the ''Audiencia Nacional'', and was the examining magistrate of the ''Juzgado Central de Instrucción No. 5'', ...
. 6 days later British police place him under house arrest during his medical treatment in the UK. This is a leading case in the law of universal jurisdiction
Universal jurisdiction is a legal principle that allows states or international organizations to claim criminal jurisdiction over an accused person regardless of where the alleged crime was committed, and regardless of the accused's nationality, ...
.
* October 17
Events Pre-1600
* 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty of China.
*1091 – London tornado of 1091: A tornado thought to be of strength T8/F4 strikes the heart of London.
*1346 – The English capture King Davi ...
– 1998 Jesse pipeline explosion
On October 18, 1998, a pipeline explosion occurred in the community of Jesse (geographical coordinates ), southeast of Lagos, Nigeria. The cause of the blast has been debated. The Nigerian government stated the explosion took place after scaveng ...
: An oil pipeline explosion in Jesse, Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
results in 1,082 deaths.
* October 29
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand '' adventus'' in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber ...
** Hurricane Mitch
Hurricane Mitch is the second-deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record, causing over 11,000 fatalities in Central America in 1998, including approximately 7,000 in Honduras and 3,800 in Nicaragua due to cataclysmic flooding from the slow motion ...
makes landfall in Central America, killing an estimated 11,000 people.
** STS-95
STS-95 was a Space Shuttle mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 29 October 1998, using the orbiter ''Discovery''. It was the 25th flight of ''Discovery'' and the 92nd mission flown since the start of the Space Shuttle program ...
: Former astronaut John Glenn returns to space, as a payload specialist.
** Gothenburg discothèque fire: 63 are killed and 213 injured in an arson
Arson is the crime of willfully and deliberately setting fire to or charring property. Although the act of arson typically involves buildings, the term can also refer to the intentional burning of other things, such as motor vehicles, wat ...
fire.
November
*November 11
Events Pre-1600
* 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, ''Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the ...
– Tencent
Tencent Holdings Ltd. () is a Chinese multinational technology and entertainment conglomerate and holding company headquartered in Shenzhen. It is one of the highest grossing multimedia companies in the world based on revenue. It is also the w ...
, a multinational technology company, is founded in Shenzhen
Shenzhen (; ; ; ), also historically known as Sham Chun, is a major sub-provincial city and one of the special economic zones of China. The city is located on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern province ...
, China.
* November 17
Events Pre-1600
* 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November.
*1183 &n ...
– ''Voyager 1
''Voyager 1'' is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. Launched 16 days after its twin ''Voyager 2'', ''Voya ...
'' overtakes ''Pioneer 10
''Pioneer 10'' (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing , that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Thereafter, ''Pioneer 10'' became the first of five artificial objects to ach ...
'' as the most distant man-made object from the Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies. The International Astronomical Union, the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects but uses mixed "Solar S ...
, at a distance of .
* November 20
Events Pre-1600
* 284 – Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor.
* 762 – During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels.
* 1194 – Palermo is conquered by Henry ...
– A Russian Proton rocket
Proton (Russian: Протон) (formal designation: UR-500) is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965. Modern versions of the launch system are sti ...
is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome
The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( kk, Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, translit=Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy, ; russian: Космодром Байконур, translit=Kosmodrom Baykonur, ) is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to R ...
in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
, carrying the first segment of the International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA ...
, the 21-ton Zarya Module
''Zarya'' (russian: Заря, , Dawn), also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB (from the russian: "Функционально-грузовой блок", , ''Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok'' or ''ФГБ''), is the first module of the Inter ...
.
* November 24
Events Pre-1600
* 380 – Theodosius I makes his '' adventus'', or formal entry, into Constantinople.
*1190 – Conrad of Montferrat becomes King of Jerusalem upon his marriage to Isabella I of Jerusalem.
* 1221 – Genghis Khan d ...
– A declassified report by Swiss International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; french: link=no, Comité international olympique, ''CIO'') is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss ...
official Marc Hodler
Marc Hodler ( – ) was a Swiss lawyer, President of the International Ski Federation (1951–1998), member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1963 until his death, and bridge player. Hodler is best known for having exposed the Oly ...
reveals that bribes had been used to bring the 2002 Winter Olympics
The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 ( arp, Niico'ooowu' 2002; Gosiute Shoshoni: ''Tit'-so-pi 2002''; nv, Sooléí 2002; Shoshoni: ''Soónkahni 2002''), was an internation ...
to Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City (often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC) is the Capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Utah, most populous city of Utah, United States. It is the county seat, seat of Salt Lake County, Utah, Sal ...
during bidding process in 1995
File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...
. The IOC, the Salt Lake Organizing Committee, the United States Olympic Committee
The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) is the National Olympic Committee and the National Paralympic Committee for the United States. It was founded in 1895 as the United States Olympic Committee, and is headquartered in Col ...
and the United States Department of Justice
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United State ...
immediately launch an investigation into the scandal
A scandal can be broadly defined as the strong social reactions of outrage, anger, or surprise, when accusations or rumours circulate or appear for some reason, regarding a person or persons who are perceived to have transgressed in some way. Th ...
.
December
*December 4
Events Pre-1600
* 771 – Austrasian king Carloman I dies, leaving his brother Charlemagne as sole king of the Frankish Kingdom.
* 963 – The lay papal protonotary is elected pope and takes the name Leo VIII, being consecrated on 6 ...
– The Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'' launches the first American component to the International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA ...
, the Unity
Unity may refer to:
Buildings
* Unity Building, Oregon, Illinois, US; a historic building
* Unity Building (Chicago), Illinois, US; a skyscraper
* Unity Buildings, Liverpool, UK; two buildings in England
* Unity Chapel, Wyoming, Wisconsin, US; a h ...
module on STS-88
STS-88 was the first Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). It was flown by Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'', and took the first American module, the ''Unity'' node, to the station.
The seven-day mission was highlighted by ...
. It docks with Zarya two days later.
* December 6
Events Pre-1600
*1060 – Béla I of Hungary, Béla I is crowned king of Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages, Hungary.
*1240 – Mongol invasion of Rus': Kyiv, defended by Voivode Dmytro, Siege of Kiev (1240), falls to the Mongols u ...
– Hugo Chávez
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (; 28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician who was president of Venezuela from 1999 until his death in 2013, except for a brief period in 2002. Chávez was also leader of the Fifth Republ ...
, politician and former member of the Venezuelan military, is elected Elected may refer to:
* "Elected" (song), by Alice Cooper, 1973
* ''Elected'' (EP), by Ayreon, 2008
*The Elected, an American indie rock band
See also
*Election
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population ...
President of Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
.
* December 14
Events Pre-1600
* 557 – Constantinople is severely damaged by an earthquake, which cracks the dome of Hagia Sophia.
* 835 – Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the T ...
– The Yugoslav Army
The Yugoslav People's Army (abbreviated as JNA/; Macedonian and sr-Cyrl-Latn, Југословенска народна армија, Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and bs, Jugoslavenska narodna armija; sl, Jugoslovanska ljudska ar ...
ambushes
An ambush is a long-established military tactic in which a combatant uses an advantage of concealment or the element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind mount ...
a column of 140 Kosovo Liberation Army militants attempting to smuggle arms from Albania into Kosovo, killing 36.
* December 16
Events Pre-1600
* 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
* 755 ...
– Iraq disarmament crisis
The Iraq disarmament crisis was claimed as one of primary issues that led to the multinational invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003. Since the 1980s, Iraq was widely assumed to have been producing and extensively running the programs of biologi ...
: U.S. President Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again ...
orders airstrikes on Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
. UNSCOM withdraws all weapons inspectors from Iraq.
* December 19
Events Pre-1600
* 1154 – Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.
* 1187 – Pope Clement III is elected.
* 1490 – Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy.
* 1562 &ndas ...
– The U.S. House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...
forwards articles of impeachment against President Clinton to the Senate, making him the second president
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
to be impeached in the nation's history.
* December 29
Events Pre-1600
*1170 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.
...
– Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge (; ; km, ខ្មែរក្រហម, ; ) is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) and by extension to the regime through which the CPK ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. ...
leaders apologize for the post-Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...
genocide
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944, combining the Greek word (, "race, people") with the Latin ...
in Cambodia
Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand t ...
that killed more than one million people in the 1970s.
* December 31
It is known by a collection of names including: Saint Sylvester's Day, New Year's Eve or Old Years Day/Night, as the following day is New Year's Day. It is the last day of the year; the following day is January 1, the first day of the following ...
** The first leap second
A leap second is a one- second adjustment that is occasionally applied to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), to accommodate the difference between precise time (International Atomic Time (TAI), as measured by atomic clocks) and imprecise observ ...
since June 30, 1997, occurs.
** In the Eurozone
The euro area, commonly called eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 19 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies ...
, the currency rates of this day are fixed permanently.
Date unknown
*European Small Business Alliance
The European Small Business Alliance (ESBA) is a non-party political European group, which cares for small business entrepreneurs and the self-employed
Self-employment is the state of working for oneself rather than an employer. Tax authorities ...
organization is formed.
* Ibrahim Hanna, the last native speaker of Mlahsô, dies in Qamishli
Qamishli ( ar, ٱلْقَامِشْلِي, Al-Qāmišlī, ku, قامشلۆ, Qamişlo, syc, ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝ̈ܢ, Bēṯ Zālīn, lit=House of Reeds or syr, ܩܡܫܠܐ, translit=Qamishlo)
, Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
, making the language effectively extinct. Also, the last native speaker of related Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic, Bijil Neo-Aramaic, Mrs. Rahel Avraham, dies in Jerusalem.
* The Neelwafurat.com company is founded in Beirut, Lebanon.
Births
January
* January 1 – Sara Ahmed (weightlifter), Sara Ahmed, Egyptian weightlifter
* January 2 – Timothy Fosu-Mensah, Dutch footballer
* January 3 – Patrick Cutrone, Italian footballer
* January 4 – Liza Soberano, Filipino actress and singer
* January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...
– Louisa Johnson, English singer
* January 12
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
* 1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already rei ...
– Juan Foyth, Argentine footballer
* January 13 – Gabrielle Daleman, Canadian figure skater
* January 17
Events Pre-1600
* 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey.
* 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people ...
– Anthony Zambrano, Colombian sprinter
* January 18
** Vashti Cunningham, American track and field athlete
** Lisandro Martínez, Argentinian footballer
* January 20 – Frances Tiafoe, American tennis player
* January 23 – XXXTentacion, American rapper (d. 2018)
* January 28 – Ariel Winter, American actress and voice actress
* January 31 – Amadou Haidara, Malian footballer
February
* February 3
Events Pre-1600
*1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
* 1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
* 1488 – ...
– Yang Hao (diver), Yang Hao, Chinese diver
* February 4
Events Pre–1600
* 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrelling ...
– Scott Jones (athlete), Scott Jones, English paralympic athlete
* February 8 – Rui Hachimura, Japanese basketball player
* February 11 – Khalid (singer), Khalid, American singer and songwriter
* February 14 – Sander Berge, Norwegian footballer
* February 15 – Zachary Gordon, American actor
* February 24 – Mariel Pamintuan, Filipino actress
* February 27 – Elisa Balsamo (cyclist), Elisa Balsamo, Italian cyclist
March
* March 3 – Jayson Tatum, American basketball player
* March 18 – Zane Waddell, South African swimmer
* March 18 – Abigail Cowen, American actress and model
* March 22 – Paola Andino, Puerto-Rican-American actress
* March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
** Daria Grushina, Russian ski jumper
** Satoko Miyahara, Japanese figure skater
* March 30 – Kalyn Ponga, Australian rugby league footballer
* March 31 – Anna Seidel (speed skater), Anna Seidel, German short track speed skater
April
* April 3 – Paris Jackson, American actress and model
* April 6 – Peyton List (actress, born 1998), Peyton List, American actress and model
* April 9 – Elle Fanning, American actress and model
* April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
** Anna Pogorilaya, Russian figure skater
** Fedor Chalov, Russian footballer
* April 15 – Dorsa Derakhshani, Iranian chess player
* April 19 – Patrik Laine, Finnish ice hockey player
* April 26 – Jan-Krzysztof Duda, Polish chess grandmaster
May
* May 2 – Jonathan Ikoné, French footballer
* May 5
** Tijana Bogdanović, Serbian taekwondo practitioner
** Olli Juolevi, Finnish ice hockey player
** Aryna Sabalenka, Belarusian tennis player
* May 7
** MrBeast (Jimmy Donaldson), American YouTuber
** Dani Olmo, Spanish footballer
* May 12 – Mohamed Bamba, American basketball player
* May 18 – Polina Edmunds, American figure skater
* May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
– Alex Král, Czech footballer
* May 23 – Salwa Eid Naser, Bahraini track and field sprinter
* May 28
Events Pre-1600
*585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...
– Dahyun, South Korean singer, rapper, and dancer
* May 29
** Markelle Fultz, American basketball player
** Lucía Gil, Spanish singer and actress
June
* June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– Aleksandra Soldatova, Russian rhythmic gymnast
* June 5
** Yulia Lipnitskaya, former Russian figure skater
** Maxim Burov, Russian freestyle skier
* June 11 – Charlie Tahan, American actor
* June 15 – Alexander Samarin, Russian figure skater
* June 16
** Ritsu Doan, Japanese footballer
** Lauren Taylor (actress), Lauren Taylor, American actress and singer
* June 19
** Suzu Hirose, Japanese actress and model
** Atticus Shaffer, American actor
* June 23 – Josip Brekalo, Croatian footballer
* June 24 – Pierre-Luc Dubois, Canadian ice hockey player
* June 25 – Kyle Chalmers, Australian swimmer
* June 29 – Michael Porter Jr., American basketball player
July
* July 7 – Dylan Sprayberry, American actor
* July 8
** Maya Hawke, American actress and model
** Jaden Smith, American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor
** Daria Spiridonova, Russian artistic gymnast
* July 9 – Robert Capron, American actor
* July 10
** Kimia Alizadeh, Iranian taekwondo athlete
** Haley Pullos, American actress
* July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II o ...
– Shai Gilgeous-Alexander, Canadian basketball player
* July 16 – Rina Matsuno, Japanese singer, model, and actress (d. 2017)
* July 18 – Devin Bush Jr., American football player
* July 21
Events Pre-1600
* 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson.
* 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became t ...
– Kim Magnus, South Korean Olympic cross-country skier
* July 22
** Madison Pettis, American actress and model
** Federico Valverde, Uruguayan footballer
* July 23 – Deandre Ayton, Bahamian basketball player
* July 24
Events Pre-1600
*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
* 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirl ...
** Bindi Irwin, Australian television personality and conservationist
** Cailee Spaeny, American actress and singer
* July 28 – Frank Ntilikina, French basketball player
* July 31 – Rico Rodriguez (actor), Rico Rodriguez, American actor
August
* August 3 – Cozi Zuehlsdorff, American actress, pianist, and singer
* August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
– Lil Skies, American rapper
* August 5
** Mimi Keene, English actress
** Daniil Pakhomov, Russian swimmer
* August 7
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Co ...
– Jalen Hurts, American football player
* August 8 – Shawn Mendes, Canadian singer-songwriter
* August 9
** Jorrit Croon, Dutch hockey player
** Panagiotis Retsos, Greek footballer
* August 10
** Diptayan Ghosh, Indian chess grandmaster
** Eythóra Thorsdóttir, Dutch gymnast
* August 11 – Juan Miguel Echevarría, Cuban long jumper
* August 12
** Stefanos Tsitsipas, Greek tennis player
** Rudy Pankow, American actor
** Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên, Vietnamese beauty queen and model, Miss Grand International 2021
* August 13
** Arina Averina, Russian rhythmic gymnast
** Dina Averina, Russian rhythmic gymnast
* August 18 – Tenshin Nasukawa, Japanese kickboxer and mixed martial artist
* August 20 – Paulo André de Oliveira, Brazilian sprinter
* August 25
** Abraham Mateo, Spanish singer and actor
** China Anne McClain, American actress and singer
* August 27 – Kevin Huerter, American basketball player
* August 28 – Weston McKennie, American footballer
September
* September 5
Events Pre-1600
* 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
*1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
*1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
– Matteo Rizzo, Italian figure skater
* September 10
Events Pre-1600
* 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
*1419 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
* 1509 – An eart ...
– Sheck Wes, American rapper
* September 17 – Richard Wang (chess player), Richard Wang, Canadian chess champion
* September 18
**Christian Pulisic, American soccer player
**Ethan Hayter, English multi-discipline cyclist
* September 19 – Trae Young, American basketball player
* September 20 – Rashid Khan (cricketer), Rashid Khan, Afghan cricket player
* September 21 – Miguel Tanfelix, Filipino actor
* September 28
** Máscara de Bronce, Mexican wrestler
** Aleksandra Goryachkina, Russian chess Grandmaster
October
*October 10
Events Pre-1600
* 680 – The Battle of Karbala marks the Martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali.
* 732 – Charles Martel's forces defeat an Umayyad army near Tours, France.
*1471 – Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with ...
** Nash Aguas, Filipino actor
** Fabio Di Giannantonio, Italian motorcycle racer
* October 22
** Ianis Hagi, Romanian footballer
** Roddy Ricch, American rapper
* October 23 – Amandla Stenberg, American actress and singer
* October 28
** Nolan Gould, American actor
** Perrine Laffont, French mogul skier
* October 29
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand '' adventus'' in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber ...
** Maria Kharenkova, Russian artistic gymnast
** Lance Stroll, Canadian racing driver
November
* November 1 – Marie-Antoinette Katoto, French footballer
* November 2 – Elkie Chong, Elkie, South Korean based singer and actress
* November 3 – Maddison Elliott, Australian paralympic swimmer
* November 4 – Achraf Hakimi, Moroccan footballer
* November 5 – Takehiro Tomiyasu, Japanese footballer
* November 12 – Elias Pettersson, Swedish ice hockey player
* November 14 – Sofia Kenin, American tennis player
* November 23 – Bradley Steven Perry, American actor
* November 29 – Ayumu Hirano, Japanese snowboarder
December
* December 2 – Juice Wrld, American rapper and singer (d. 2019)
* December 4
Events Pre-1600
* 771 – Austrasian king Carloman I dies, leaving his brother Charlemagne as sole king of the Frankish Kingdom.
* 963 – The lay papal protonotary is elected pope and takes the name Leo VIII, being consecrated on 6 ...
– Si Yajie, Chinese diver
* December 5 – Conan Gray, American singer
* December 6
Events Pre-1600
*1060 – Béla I of Hungary, Béla I is crowned king of Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages, Hungary.
*1240 – Mongol invasion of Rus': Kyiv, defended by Voivode Dmytro, Siege of Kiev (1240), falls to the Mongols u ...
– Joe Fraser (gymnast), Joe Fraser, British artistic gymnast
* December 8 – Matthew Wilson (swimmer), Matthew Wilson, Australian swimmer
* December 13 – Make Joke Of, Indian Youtuber
* December 14
Events Pre-1600
* 557 – Constantinople is severely damaged by an earthquake, which cracks the dome of Hagia Sophia.
* 835 – Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the T ...
– Maggie Voisin, American freestyle skier
* December 16
Events Pre-1600
* 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
* 755 ...
– Zhou Jieqiong, Chinese singer
* December 17 – Martin Ødegaard, Norwegian footballer
* December 18 – Simona Quadarella, Italian swimmer
* December 19
Events Pre-1600
* 1154 – Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.
* 1187 – Pope Clement III is elected.
* 1490 – Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy.
* 1562 &ndas ...
– Frans Jeppsson Wall, Swedish singer
* December 20 – Kylian Mbappé, French football player
* December 22
** G Hannelius, American actress and singer
** Casper Ruud, Norwegian tennis player
** Latto, American rapper
* December 24 – Nikita Howarth, New Zealand paralympic swimmer
* December 28 – Jared Gilman, American actor
* December 29
Events Pre-1600
*1170 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.
...
** Paris Berelc, American actress and model
** Victor Osimhen, Nigerian footballer
* December 30 – Jutta Leerdam, Dutch speed skater
Deaths
January
* January 1
** Åke Seyffarth, Swedish speed skater (b. 1919)
** Helen Wills, American tennis player (b. 1905)
* January 4
** Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia, Italian film director (b. 1894)
** Mae Questel, American actress (b. 1908)
* January 5 – Sonny Bono, American singer, actor, and politician (b. 1935)
* January 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...
– Georgy Sviridov, Soviet and Russian composer (b. 1915)
* January 7 – Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist (b. 1906)
* January 8 – Michael Tippett, English composer (b. 1905)
* January 9 – Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist (b. 1918)
* January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...
– Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (b. 1926)
* January 15
** Duncan McNaughton, Canadian Olympic athlete (b. 1910)
** Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian politician and economist (b. 1898)
** Junior Wells, American harmonica player (b. 1934)
* January 19 – Carl Perkins, American guitarist (b. 1932)
* January 21 – Jack Lord, American actor (b. 1920)
* January 23
** Hilla Limann, President of Ghana (b. 1934)
** Alfredo Ormando, Italian writer (b. 1958)
* January 26 – Shinichi Suzuki (violinist), Shinichi Suzuki, Japanese musician and educator (b. 1898)
* January 28 – Shotaro Ishinomori, Japanese manga artist (b. 1938)
February
* February 2
** Haroun Tazieff, French volcanologist and geologist (b. 1914)
** Raymond Cattell, British and American psychologist (b. 1905)
* February 3
Events Pre-1600
*1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
* 1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
* 1488 – ...
– Karla Faye Tucker, American convicted murderer (b. 1959)
* February 6
** Falco (musician), Falco, Austrian rock musician (b. 1957)
** Carl Wilson, American musician, singer, and songwriter (b. 1946)
** Nazim al-Kudsi, 26th Prime Minister of Syria and 14th President of Syria (b. 1906)
* February 8
** Halldór Laxness, Icelandic writer (b. 1902)
** Enoch Powell, British politician (b. 1912)
** Julian Simon, American economist and author (b. 1932)
* February 9 – Maurice Schumann, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1911)
* February 17 – Ernst Jünger, German military hero, philosopher and entomologist (b. 1895)
* February 23 – Philip Abbott, American actor (b. 1924)
* February 24 – Henny Youngman, English-born comedian (b. 1906)
* February 26 – Theodore Schultz, American economist (b. 1902)
* February 27
** George H. Hitchings, American scientist (b. 1905)
** J. T. Walsh, American actor (b. 1943)
* February 28
Events Pre-1600
*202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.
* 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
*1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on ...
– Dermot Morgan, Irish actor and comedian (b. 1952)
March
* March 1 – Jean Marie Balland, French cardinal (b. 1934)
* March 5
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
* 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern ...
– Donald Woods (actor), Donald Woods, Canadian-American actor (b. 1906)
* March 7
** Josep Escolà, Spanish footballer (b. 1914)
** Adem Jashari, Kosovo-Albanian militant separatist (b. 1955)
* March 10 – Lloyd Bridges, American actor (b. 1913)
* March 12
** Judge Dread, English musician (b. 1945)
** Beatrice Wood, American artist and ceramicist (b. 1893)
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
*1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
*1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
** Bill Reid, Canadian artist (b. 1920)
** Hans von Ohain, German physicist (b. 1911)
* March 15
** Benjamin Spock, American rower, pediatrician, and author (b. 1903)
** Dušan Pašek, Slovak ice hockey player (b. 1960)
** Tim Maia, Brazilian musician, songwriter and businessman (b. 1942)
* March 16 – Derek Barton, British chemist (b. 1918)
* March 25 – Daniel Massey (actor), Daniel Massey, English actor (b. 1933)
* March 27 – Ferdinand Anton Ernst Porsche, Austrian auto designer and businessman (b. 1909)
* March 31 – Bella Abzug, American lawyer, feminist activist, and politician (b. 1920)
April
* April 1
** Gene Evans, American actor (b. 1920)
** Rozz Williams, American singer (b. 1963)
* April 3
** Charles Lang, American cinematographer (b. 1901)
** Rob Pilatus, German singer and dancer (b. 1965)
** Wolf Vostell, German painter and sculptor (b. 1932)
* April 5 – Cozy Powell, English rock drummer (b. 1947)
* April 6
** Rudy Dhaenens, Belgian road bicycle racer (b. 1961)
** Wendy O. Williams, American singer (b. 1949)
** Tammy Wynette, American singer (b. 1942)
* April 11 – Rodney Harvey, American actor and model (b. 1967)
* April 13 – Patrick de Gayardon, French skydiver and skysurfing pioneer (b. 1960)
* April 15 – Pol Pot, 30th Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea and Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (b. 1925)
* April 16
** Alberto Calderón, Argentine mathematician (b. 1920)
** Fred Davis (snooker player), Fred Davis, English snooker player (b. 1913)
** Marie-Louise Meilleur, Canadian supercentenarian (b. 1880)
* April 17 – Linda McCartney, American photographer and musician (b. 1941)
* April 18 – Terry Sanford, American politician (b. 1917)
* April 19 – Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and writer (b. 1914)
* April 21 – Jean-François Lyotard, French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist (b. 1924)
* April 23
** Konstantinos Karamanlis, Greek politician (b. 1907)
** James Earl Ray, American assassin (b. 1928)
* April 25 – Christian Mortensen, Danish supercentenarian (b. 1882)
* April 27
** Carlos Castaneda, American anthropologist and author (b. 1925)
** Anne Desclos, French writer (b. 1907)
* April 30 – Nizar Qabbani, Syrian diplomat, poet and publisher (b. 1923)
May
* May 1 – Eldridge Cleaver, American political activist and writer (b. 1935)
* May 2
** Justin Fashanu, British footballer (b. 1961)
** hide (musician), Hide, Japanese musician (b. 1964)
** Maidie Norman, American actress (b. 1912)
* May 3
** Gene Raymond, American actor (b. 1908)
** Gojko Šušak, Croatian politician (b. 1945)
* May 5 – Frithjof Schuon, Swiss author, poet and painter (b. 1907)
* May 6
** Chatichai Choonhavan, 17th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1920)
** Erich Mende, German politician (b. 1916)
* May 7
** Allan McLeod Cormack, South African–born physicist (b. 1924)
** Eddie Rabbitt, American musician (b. 1941)
* May 8 – Johannes Kotkas, Estonian heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestler (b. 1915)
* May 9 – Alice Faye, American actress and singer (b. 1915)
* May 10 – Clara Rockmore, American musician (b. 1911)
* May 14
** Marjory Stoneman Douglas, American conservationist and writer (b. 1890)
** Frank Sinatra, American actor and singer (b. 1915)
* May 15
** Naim Talu, 15th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1919)
** Gunter d'Alquen, Gunter D’Alquen, German journalist, propagandist, and SS unit commander (b. 1910)
* May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
– Sōsuke Uno, 47th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1922)
* May 21
Events Pre-1600
* 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as ''Caesar'' to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.
* 878 – Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabi ...
– Douglas Fowley, American actor (b. 1911)
* May 22 – John Derek, American actor and film director (b. 1926)
* May 28
Events Pre-1600
*585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...
– Phil Hartman, Canadian-American actor, writer, and comedian (b. 1948)
* May 29
** Orlando Anderson, American criminal and gangster (b. 1974)
** Barry Goldwater, American politician (b. 1909)
June
* June 2 – Junkyard Dog, American pro wrestler (b. 1952)
* June 5 – Jeanette Nolan, American actress (b. 1911)
* June 8 – Sani Abacha, 10th President of Nigeria (b. 1943)
* June 9
** Agostino Casaroli, 53rd Cardinal Secretary of State, Secretary of State of the Holy See (b. 1914)
** Lois Mailou Jones, American artist (b. 1905)
* June 10
Events Pre-1600
* 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu.
*1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...
– Hammond Innes, English author (b. 1914)
* June 11 – Catherine Cookson, Dame Catherine Cookson, English author (b. 1906)
* June 13 – Birger Ruud, Norwegian athlete (b. 1911)
* June 20 – Conrad Schumann, East German border guard (b. 1942)
* June 23 – Maureen O'Sullivan, Irish-American actress (b. 1911)
* June 25 – Lounès Matoub, Algerian Berber singer (b. 1956)
July
* July 3 – Danielle Bunten Berry, American software developer (b. 1949)
* July 6 – Roy Rogers, American singer and actor (b. 1911)
* July 8 – Lilí Álvarez, Spanish tennis player, author, and feminist (b. 1905)
* July 14 – Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnamese general (b. 1930)
* July 17
Events Pre-1600
* 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world.
* 1048 – Damas ...
– Joseph Maher, Irish-born American actor (b. 1933)
* July 21
Events Pre-1600
* 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson.
* 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became t ...
** Alan Shepard, American astronaut (b. 1923)
** Robert Young (actor), Robert Young, American actor (b. 1907)
* July 22 – Hermann Prey, German bass-baritone (b. 1929)
* July 27 – Binnie Barnes, British-born American actress (b. 1903)
* July 30 – Buffalo Bob Smith, American children's television host (b. 1917)
August
* August 1 – Eva Bartok, Hungarian actress (b. 1927)
* August 2
** Otto Bumbel, Brazilian professional football manager (b. 1914)
** Shari Lewis, American ventriloquist (b. 1933)
* August 3
** Reizo Koike, Japanese swimmer (b. 1915)
** Alfred Schnittke, Russian-born composer (b. 1934)
* August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
– Yury Artyukhin, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1930)
* August 5
** Otto Kretschmer, German U-boat commander (b. 1912)
** Todor Zhivkov, 6th President of Bulgaria (b. 1911)
* August 6 – André Weil, French mathematician (b. 1906)
* August 8 – László Szabó (chess player), László Szabó, Hungarian chess grandmaster (b. 1917)
* August 9 – Frankie Ruiz, American salsa singer and songwriter (b. 1958)
* August 13
** Nino Ferrer, French singer (b. 1934)
** Julien Green, French-born American writer (b. 1900)
* August 17
** Władysław Komar, Polish track and field athlete (b. 1940)
** Raquel Rastenni, Danish singer (b. 1915)
** Tadeusz Ślusarski, Polish track and field athlete (b. 1950)
* August 18 – Persis Khambatta, Indian actress and model (b. 1948)
* August 19 – Vasily Arkhipov (vice admiral), Vasily Arkhipov, Soviet Navy officer (b. 1926)
* August 20 – Vũ Văn Mẫu, 9th and final Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam, Prime Minister of South Vietnam (b. 1914)
* August 24 – E. G. Marshall, American actor (b. 1914)
* August 25 – Lewis F. Powell Jr., American Supreme Court Justice (b. 1907)
* August 26
Events Pre-1600
* 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
*1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most ...
** Wade Dominguez, American actor, model, singer, and dancer (b. 1966)
** Frederick Reines, American physicist (b. 1918)
September
* September 2
Events
Pre-1600
* 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
* 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his ''Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of the ...
** Jackie Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1933)
** Allen Drury, American writer (b. 1918)
* September 5
Events Pre-1600
* 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
*1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
*1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
** Willem Drees Jr., Dutch politician (b. 1922)
** Leo Penn, American actor and director (b. 1921)
* September 6 – Akira Kurosawa, Japanese screenwriter, producer, and director (b. 1910)
* September 8
Events Pre-1600
* 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
*1100 – Election of Antipope Theodo ...
– Leonid Kinskey, Russian-born actor (b. 1903)
* September 9 – Lucio Battisti, Italian singer (b. 1943)
* September 11 – Dane Clark, American actor (b. 1912)
* September 13 – George Wallace, American politician (b. 1919)
* September 14
** Yang Shangkun, 4th President of the People's Republic of China (b. 1907)
** Johnny Adams, American singer (b. 1932)
* September 15 – Fred Alderman, American sprint runner (b. 1905)
* September 19 – Patricia Hayes, British character actress and comedian (b. 1909)
* September 20 – Muriel Humphrey Brown, American politician (b. 1912)
* September 21 – Florence Griffith Joyner, American athlete (b. 1959)
* September 23 – Mary Frann, American actress (b. 1943)
* September 26 – Betty Carter, American jazz singer (b. 1929)
* September 30
** Bruno Munari, Italian-born industrial designer (b. 1907)
** Robert Lewis Taylor, American author (b. 1912)
October
* October 2
** Gene Autry, American actor, singer, and sports team owner (b. 1907)
** Olin J. Eggen, American astronomer (b. 1919)
** Olivier Gendebien, Belgian race car driver (b. 1924)
* October 3
Events Pre-1600
* 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day.
* 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Juliu ...
– Roddy McDowall, British-born American actor (b. 1928)
* October 6
Events Pre-1600
* 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army of the mid-Republic.
* 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia.
*A ...
– Rolan Bykov, Soviet and Russian actor, director and producer (b. 1929)
* October 9 – Ian Johnson (cricketer), Ian Johnson, Australian cricketer (b. 1917)
* October 10
Events Pre-1600
* 680 – The Battle of Karbala marks the Martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali.
* 732 – Charles Martel's forces defeat an Umayyad army near Tours, France.
*1471 – Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with ...
– Clark Clifford, American lawyer and politician (b. 1906)
* October 11 – Richard Denning, American actor (b. 1914)
* October 12 – Matthew Shepard
Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was a gay American student at the University of Wyoming who was beaten, tortured, and left to die near Laramie on the night of October 6, 1998. He was taken by rescuers to Po ...
, American murder victim (b. 1976)
* October 16 – Jon Postel, American Internet pioneer (b. 1943)
* October 17
Events Pre-1600
* 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty of China.
*1091 – London tornado of 1091: A tornado thought to be of strength T8/F4 strikes the heart of London.
*1346 – The English capture King Davi ...
– Joan Hickson, British actress (b. 1906)
* October 22 – Eric Ambler, British writer (b. 1909)
* October 24 – Pino Dordoni, Italian athlete (b. 1926)
* October 26 – Kenkichi Iwasawa, Japanese mathematician (b. 1917)
* October 27 – Reidar Kvammen, Norwegian footballer (b. 1914)
* October 28
** Tommy Flowers, English engineer (b. 1905)
** James Goldman, American writer (b. 1927)
* October 29
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand '' adventus'' in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber ...
– Ted Hughes, English poet (b. 1930)
* October 30 – Apo Lazaridès, French cyclist (b. 1925)
November
* November 3 – Bob Kane, American comic book creator (b. 1915)
* November 5 – Momoko Kōchi, Japanese actress (b. 1932)
* November 6
** Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim, 5th President of the Comoros (b. 1936)
** Niklas Luhmann, German sociologist (b. 1927)
* November 8 – Jean Marais, French actor (b. 1913)
* November 10
** Jean Leray, French mathematician (b. 1906)
** Mary Millar, British actress and singer (b. 1936)
* November 13
** Edwige Feuillère, French actress (b. 1907)
** Valerie Hobson, English actress (b. 1917)
** Red Holzman, American basketball coach (b. 1920)
** Hendrik Timmer, Dutch sportsman (b. 1904)
* November 15
** Stokely Carmichael, Trinidadian-American civil rights activist (b. 1941)
** Jean Dalrymple, American theatre producer, manager, publicist, and playwright (b. 1902)
** Ludvík Daněk, Czechoslovak discus thrower (b. 1937)
* November 17
Events Pre-1600
* 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November.
*1183 &n ...
** Efim Geller, Soviet chess player and grandmaster (b. 1925)
** Esther Rolle, American actress (b. 1920)
* November 19
** Louis Dumont, French anthropologist (b. 1911)
** Alan J. Pakula, American film director (b. 1928)
* November 20
Events Pre-1600
* 284 – Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor.
* 762 – During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels.
* 1194 – Palermo is conquered by Henry ...
** Roland Alphonso, Jamaican musician (b. 1931)
** Galina Starovoytova, Soviet dissident (b. 1946)
* November 22 – Stu Ungar, American professional poker player (b. 1953)
* November 25 – Flip Wilson, American actor and comedian (b. 1933)
December
* December 1 – Freddie Young, American cinematographer (b. 1902)
* December 2 – Mikio Oda, Japanese athlete (b. 1905)
* December 6
Events Pre-1600
*1060 – Béla I of Hungary, Béla I is crowned king of Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages, Hungary.
*1240 – Mongol invasion of Rus': Kyiv, defended by Voivode Dmytro, Siege of Kiev (1240), falls to the Mongols u ...
– César Baldaccini, French sculptor (b. 1921)
* December 7 – Martin Rodbell, American scientist (b. 1925)
* December 8 – Michael Craze, British actor (b 1942)
* December 9 – Archie Moore, American professional boxer (b. 1916)
* December 12 – Lawton Chiles, American politician (b. 1930)
* December 14
Events Pre-1600
* 557 – Constantinople is severely damaged by an earthquake, which cracks the dome of Hagia Sophia.
* 835 – Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the T ...
– Norman Fell, American actor (b. 1924)
* December 16
Events Pre-1600
* 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
* 755 ...
– William Gaddis, American writer (b. 1922)
* December 18 – Lev Dyomin, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1926)
* December 20
** Irene Hervey, American actress (b. 1909)
** Alan Hodgkin, British scientist (b. 1914)
* December 23
** David Manners, Canadian-American actor (b. 1900)
** Michelle Thomas, American actress and comedian (b. 1968)
* December 25
** Richard Paul (actor), Richard Paul, American actor (b. 1940)
** John Pulman, English snooker player (b. 1923)
* December 29
Events Pre-1600
*1170 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.
...
– Don Taylor (American actor and director), Don Taylor, American actor and film director (b. 1920)
* December 30 – Keisuke Kinoshita, Japanese film director (b. 1912)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel Chee Tsui * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Walter Kohn, John Pople * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – José Saramago * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – John Hume and David Trimble * Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Amartya SenFields Medal
*Richard Ewen Borcherds, William Timothy Gowers, Maxim Kontsevich, Curtis T. McMullenReferences
External links
1998 Year in Review
- CNN/Sports Illustrated {{DEFAULTSORT:1998 1998,