1931 In Antarctica

Events

January

* January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, used to accelerate particles to study nuclear physics.
* January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa.
* January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India.
* January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France.

February

* February 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives a speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars, while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states: "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." The first five-year plan in the Soviet Union is intensified, for the industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
* February 10 – Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.
* February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland.
* February 21 – Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane, and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima.

March

* March 5 – The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact.
* March 7 – The Finnish Parliament House opens in Helsinki, Finland.
* March 11 – The '' Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR'' programme, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union.
* March 23 – Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the British Raj.
* March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people.

April

* April 1 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet in China is launched by the Kuomintang government, to destroy the Communist forces in Jiangxi Province.
* April 6 – The Portuguese government declares martial law in Madeira and in the Azores, because of the Madeira uprising in Funchal.
* April 12 – Municipal elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy, result in the triumph for the republican parties.
* April 14 – The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed in Madrid. Meanwhile, as a result of the victory of the Republican Left of Catalonia, Francesc Macià proclaims in Barcelona the Catalan Republic, as a state of the Iberian Federation.
* April 17 – After the negotiations between the republican ministers of Spain and Catalonia, the Catalan Republic becomes the Generalitat of Catalonia, a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.
* April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.
* April 25 – The automobile manufacturer Porsche is founded by Ferdinand Porsche in Stuttgart.

May

* May 1 – Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City.
* May 4 – Kemal Atatürk is re-elected president of Turkey.
* May 5 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (7th government).
* May 11 – The ''Creditanstalt'', Austria's largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.
* May 13 – Paul Doumer is elected president of France.
* May 14 – Ådalen shootings: Five people are killed in Ådalen, Sweden, when soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.
* May 15
** The Chinese Communists inflict a sharp defeat on the Kuomintang forces.
** Pope Pius XI issues the encyclical '' Quadragesimo anno'', on the "reconstruction of the social order".
* May 31 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet ends in the defeat of the Kuomintang.

June

* June 5
**German Chancellor Dr. Heinrich Brüning visits London, where he warns the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the ''Creditanstalt'', has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.
**Anti-Chinese rioting occurs in Pyongyang. Approximately 127 Chinese people are killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties are destroyed by Korean residents.
* June 14 – Saint-Philibert disaster: The overloaded pleasure craft ''Saint-Philibert'', carrying trippers home to Nantes from the Île de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the River Loire in France; over 450 drown.
* June 19
** In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, U.S. President Herbert Hoover issues the Hoover Moratorium.
** The Geneva Convention (1929) relative to the treatment of prisoners of war enters into force.
* June 23– July 1 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout from Roosevelt Field, New York, in 8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes.

July

* July 1 – The rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station officially opens in Italy.
* July 9 – Irish racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy.
* July 10 – Norway issues a royal proclamation claiming the uninhabited part of eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land.
* July 13 – Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the Maharaja Hari Singh, of the Indian princely state of Kashmir and Jammu.
* July 16 – Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first Constitution of Ethiopia.

August

* August 2 – Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck: Two Berlin police officers are killed by Communists.
* August 9 – A referendum in Prussia for dissolving the ''Landtag'' ends with the "yes" side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early elections. The elections are intended to remove the Social Democratic Party (SPD) government of Otto Braun, which is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the "yes" side were the NSDAP, the DNVP and the Communist Party (KPD), while supporting the "no" side were the SPD and '' Zentrum''.
* August 24 – The Labour Government of Ramsay MacDonald resigns in Britain, replaced by a National Government of people drawn from all parties, also under MacDonald.

September

* September 7 – The Second Round Table Conference on the constitutional future of India opens in London; Mahatma Gandhi represents the Indian National Congress.
* September 10 – The worst hurricane in British Honduras history kills an estimated 1,500.
* September 18 – The Japanese military stages the Mukden Incident, an explosion blamed on Chinese dissidents and used as a pretext for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
* September 19 – The United Kingdom abandons the gold standard.
* September 20 – With a gun literally pointed to his head, the Chinese commander of Kirin province announces the annexation of that territory to Japan.

October

* October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean, from Misawa, Japan, to East Wenatchee, Washington, in 41½ hours.
* October 11 – A rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the Harzburg Front being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the ''Stahlhelm'' and various other right-wing factions.
* October 24 – The George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At , it nearly doubles the previous record for the longest main span in the world.
* October 27 – The United Kingdom general election results in the victory of the National Government, and the defeat of Labour Party, in the country's greatest ever electoral landslide.

November

* November 7
** The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong.
** Red China News Agency (a predecessor of the Xinhua News Agency) is officially founded, and news wire service start in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province, China.
* November 8
** French police launch a large-scale raid against Corsican bandits.
** The Panama Canal is closed for a couple of weeks, due to damage caused by earthquakes.
* November 26 – Heavy hydrogen, later named deuterium, is discovered by American chemist Harold Urey.

December

* December 5 – The original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (1883) is dynamited, by order of Joseph Stalin.
* December 8 – Carl Friedrich Goerdeler is appointed Reich Price Commissioner, in Germany to enforce the deflationary policies of the Brüning government.
* December 9 – The Spanish Constituent Cortes approves the Spanish Constitution of 1931, effectively establishing the Second Spanish Republic.
* December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.
* December 11 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.
* December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.
* December 19 – The UAP/Country Coalition, led by Joseph Lyons, defeats the Australian Labor Government, led by Prime Minister James Scullin. Coming in the aftermath of two splits in the Labor Party, the election comes about due to the defeat of the Scullin Government on the floor of the House of Representatives – to date, it is the last federal election where a one-term government was defeated. Lyons will be sworn in January 6th the following year, but not before disbanding the Coalition, after the UAP wins enough seats to form a government in its own right.

Births

January

* January 1
** Mona Hammond, Jamaican-born British actress (d. 2022)
** Mohammad Ali Samatar, 5th Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 2016)
* January 2 – Toshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022)
* January 4
** Guido Messina, Italian road and track cyclist (d. 2020)
** William Deane, 22nd Governor-General of Australia
** Cleopa Msuya, 3rd Prime Minister of Tanzania
* January 5
** Alvin Ailey, American choreographer (d. 1989)
** Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist
** Robert Duvall, American actor and director
* January 6 – E. L. Doctorow, American author (d. 2015)
* January 8 – Bill Graham, German concert promoter (d. 1991)
* January 10 – Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, Malaysian politician, Muslim cleric (d. 2015)
* January 12 – Roland Alphonso, Jamaican musician (d. 1998)
* January 14 – Caterina Valente, French singer and actress
* January 16
** Shuhrat Abbosov, Uzbek actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. 2018)
** Johannes Rau, President of Germany (d. 2006)
* January 17 – James Earl Jones, African-American actor
* January 20 – David Lee, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
* January 22 – Sam Cooke, African-American singer (d. 1964)
* January 24 – Lars Hörmander, Swedish mathematician (d. 2012)
* January 25 – Dean Jones, American actor (d. 2015)
* January 27 – Mordecai Richler, Canadian author (d. 2001)
* January 28 – Lucia Bosè, Italian actress (d. 2020)
* January 29 – Ferenc Mádl, President of Hungary (d. 2011)

February

* February 1
** Boris Yeltsin, 1st President of Russia (d. 2007)
** Oswald Oberhuber, Austrian painter, sculptor, and graphic artist (d. 2020)
* February 2
** Dries van Agt, Dutch politician, 46th Prime Minister of the Netherlands
** Walter Burkert, German writer (d. 2015)
* February 4 – Isabel Perón, 41st President of Argentina
* February 6
** Rip Torn, American actor and comedian (d. 2019)
** Mamie Van Doren, American actress and writer
** Ricardo Vidal, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, cardinal (d. 2017)
* February 8
** James Dean, American actor (d. 1955)
** Shadia, Egyptian actress, singer (d. 2017)
* February 9
** Thomas Bernhard, Austrian author (d. 1989)
** Josef Masopust, Czech football player and coach (d. 2015)
* February 12 – Agustín García-Gasco Vicente, Spanish cardinal (d. 2011)
* February 14 – Gerrit Jan Heijn, Dutch businessman (d. 1987)
* February 15 – Claire Bloom, English actress
* February 18 – Toni Morrison, African-American writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2019)
* February 19 – Camillo Ruini, Italian cardinal
* February 20 – John Milnor, American mathematician
* February 23 – Linda Cristal, Argentine actress (d. 2020)

March

* March 1 – Lamberto Dini, Italian politician, economist and 51st Prime Minister of Italy
* March 2 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2022)
* March 4
** William H. Keeler, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
** Alice Rivlin, American economist (d. 2019)
* March 5 – Barry Tuckwell, Australian horn player (d. 2020)
* March 6 – Chun Doo-hwan, 5th President of South Korea (d. 2021)
* March 8 – Neil Postman, American media theorist and cultural critic (d. 2003)
* March 9 – León Febres Cordero, President of Ecuador (d. 2008)
* March 10 – Kovambo Nujoma, First Lady of Namibia
* March 11
** Janosch, German children's author and illustrator
** Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born publisher
* March 14 – Lisbet Palme, Swedish child psychologist (d. 2018)
* March 15 – D. J. Fontana, American drummer (d. 2018)
* March 16 – Elliott Belgrave, 7th Governor-General of Barbados
* March 18 – Vlastimil Bubník, Czech ice hockey and football player (d. 2015)
* March 22
** Burton Richter, American physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018)
** William Shatner, Canadian actor and science fiction novelist (''Star Trek'')
* March 26 – Leonard Nimoy, American actor, film director (''Star Trek''), and singer (d. 2015)
* March 27 – David Janssen, American actor ('' The Fugitive'') (d. 1980)
* March 28 – Anatoly Lein, Russian-born American chess Grandmaster (d. 2018)
* March 29 – Aleksei Gubarev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2015)

April

* April 1
** Ita Ever, Estonian actress
** Rolf Hochhuth, German dramatist (d. 2020)
** Jean-Jacques Honorat, 3rd Prime Minister of Haiti
* April 2 – Joseph Joffo, French author (d. 2018)
* April 4 – Catherine Tizard, 16th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 2021)
* April 5 – Héctor Olivera, Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter
* April 6
** Suchitra Sen, Bengali actress (d. 2014)
** Radomil Eliška

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