Events
Below, the events of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
have the "WWI" prefix.
January
*
January 9
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
*1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– WWI –
Battle of Rafa
The Battle of Rafa, also known as the Action of Rafah, fought on 9 January 1917, was the third and final battle to complete the recapture of the Sinai Peninsula by British forces during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the First World War. T ...
: The last substantial
Ottoman Army garrison on the
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (now usually ) (, , cop, Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a l ...
is captured by the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
's
Desert Column.
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
–
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: Seven survivors of the
Ross Sea party
The Ross Sea party was a component of Sir Ernest Shackleton's 1914–1917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Its task was to lay a series of supply depots across the Great Ice Barrier from the Ross Sea to the Beardmore Glacier, along the polar ...
were rescued after being stranded for several months.
*
January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...
– Unknown saboteurs set off the
Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland (modern-day
Lyndhurst, New Jersey), one of the events leading to United States involvement in WWI.
*
January 16
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...
– The
Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million.
*
January 22
Events Pre-1600
* 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
* 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...
– WWI: United States President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
calls for "peace without victory" in Germany.
*
January 25
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
** WWI: British
armed merchantman is sunk by mines off
Lough Swilly (Ireland), with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard.
** An anti-
prostitution
Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in Sex work, sexual activity in exchange for payment. The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is often defined as an activity requiring physical contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, n ...
drive in
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...
occurs, and police close about 200 prostitution houses.
*
January 26
Events Pre-1600
* 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.
*1531 – The 6.4–7.1 1531 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people.
*1564 – ...
– The sea defences at the English village of
Hallsands are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable.
*
January 28
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany.
* 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession o ...
– The United States ends its search for
Pancho Villa.
*
January 30
Events Pre-1600
*1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen.
*1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom.
1601–1900
*1607 – An estimated ...
–
Pershing's troops in
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
begin withdrawing back to the United States. They reach
Columbus, New Mexico February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
.
February
*
February 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
* 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
– WWI:
Atlantic U-boat Campaign:
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
announces its
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
s will resume
unrestricted submarine warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules") that call for warships to sea ...
, rescinding the '
''Sussex'' Pledge'.
*
February 3
Events Pre-1600
* 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
*1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
– WWI: The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
*
February 13
Events Pre-1600
* 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
*1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
*1462 – The ...
**
Mata Hari is arrested in Paris for spying.
** WWI –
Raid on Nekhl
The Raid on Nekhl (February 1917) was the second of three battles by British forces to recapture the Sinai Peninsula during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) mounted forces travelled into the centr ...
: Units of the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
completely reoccupy the
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
ian Sinai Peninsula.
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
– British
troopship is accidentally rammed and sunk off the
Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight ( ) is a county in the English Channel, off the coast of Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Solent. It is the largest and second-most populous island of England. Referred to as 'The Island' by residents, the Isle of ...
, killing 646, mainly members of the
South African Native Labour Corps
The South African Native Labour Corps (SANLC) was a force of workers formed in 1916 in response to a British request for workers at French ports. About 25,000 South Africans joined the Corps. The SANLC was utilized in various menial noncombat tas ...
.
*
February 24
Events Pre-1600
* 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
* 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
* 13 ...
– WWI:
Walter Hines Page, United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, is shown the intercepted
Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico, if Mexico will take sides with Germany, in case the United States declares war on Germany.
March
*
March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor ...
** WWI: The U.S. government releases the text of the
Zimmermann Telegram to the public.
**
Ōmuta, Japan, is founded by Hiroushi Miruku.
*
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– The enactment of the
Jones Act grants
Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans ( es, Puertorriqueños; or boricuas) are the people of Puerto Rico, the inhabitants, and citizens of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and their descendants.
Overview
The culture held in common by most Puerto Ricans is referred t ...
United States citizenship.
*
March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
**
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
is
sworn in
Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon ', also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to giv ...
for a second term, as President of the United States.
**
Jeannette Rankin
Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) was an American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States in 1917. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representat ...
of
Montana
Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbi ...
becomes the first woman member of the
United States House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the Lower house, lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the United States Senate, Senate being ...
.
*
March 7
Events Pre-1600
* 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
* 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...
– "
Livery Stable Blues
"Livery Stable Blues" is a jazz composition copyrighted by Ray Lopez ''(né'' Raymond Edward Lopez; 1889–1979) and Alcide Nunez in 1917. It was recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band on February 26, 1917, and, with the A side " Dixieland ...
", recorded with "Dixie Jazz Band One Step" on
February 26
Events Pre-1600
*747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events.
* 364 – Valentinian I is p ...
, by the
Original Dixieland Jass Band in the United States, becomes the first
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major ...
recording commercially released. On
August 17 the band records "
Tiger Rag
"Tiger Rag" is a jazz standard that was recorded and copyrighted by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917. It is one of the most recorded jazz compositions. In 2003, the 1918 recording of "Tiger Rag" was entered into the U.S. Library of Cong ...
".
*
March 8 – (N.S.) (
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
, O.S.) – The
February Revolution
The February Revolution ( rus, Февра́льская револю́ция, r=Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya, p=fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and somet ...
begins in Russia: Women calling for bread in
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
start riots, which spontaneously spread throughout the city.
*
March 10 – The Province of
Batangas
Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas ( tl, Lalawigan ng Batangas ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. Its capital is the city of Batangas, and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and La ...
is formally founded, as one of the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
' first
encomienda
The ''encomienda'' () was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. The labourers, in theory, were provided with benefits by the conquerors for whom they laboured, including military ...
s.
*
March 11 –
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
:
Venustiano Carranza
José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February ...
is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives ''
de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...
'' recognition of his government.
*
March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
* 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
– The Russian
Duma
A duma (russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions.
The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were for ...
declares a
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...
. It was dissolved 4 months later.
*
March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
* 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...
– WWI: The
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
terminates diplomatic relations with Germany.
*
March 15
Events Pre-1600
* 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
*44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odoa ...
(N.S.) (
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
, O.S.) – Emperor
Nicholas II of Russia abdicates his throne and his son's claims. This is considered to be the end of the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
, after 196 years.
*
March 16 (N.S.) (
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 &nd ...
, O.S.) –
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович, r=Mikhail Aleksandrovich; 13 June 1918) was the youngest son and fifth child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and youngest brother of Nicholas ...
refuses the throne, and power passes to the newly formed Provisional Government, under Prince
Georgy Lvov
Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (7/8 March 1925) was a Russian aristocrat and statesman who served as the first prime minister of republican Russia from 15 March to 20 July 1917. During this time he served as Russia's ''de facto'' head of stat ...
.
*
March 25
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto.
* 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...
– The
Georgian Orthodox Church
The Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამოციქულო ავტოკეფალური მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია, tr), commonly ...
restores the
autocephaly
Autocephaly (; from el, αὐτοκεφαλία, meaning "property of being self-headed") is the status of a hierarchical Christian church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop. The term is primarily used in Eastern O ...
, abolished by Imperial Russia in
1811
Events
January–March
* January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana.
* January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Brid ...
.
*
March 26 – WWI –
First Battle of Gaza: British
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
troops virtually encircle the Gaza garrison, but are then ordered to withdraw, leaving the city to the Ottoman defenders.
*
March 30 –
Hjalmar Hammarskjöld
Knut Hjalmar Leonard Hammarskjöld (; 4 February 1862 – 12 October 1953) was a Swedish politician, scholar, cabinet minister, Member of Parliament from 1923 to 1938 (first chamber), and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917.
In 1890, he m ...
steps down as
Prime Minister of Sweden
The prime minister ( sv, statsminister ; literally translating to "Minister of State") is the head of government of Sweden. The prime minister and their cabinet (the government) exercise executive authority in the Kingdom of Sweden and are subj ...
; he is replaced by right-wing businessman and politician
Carl Swartz
Carl Johan Gustaf Swartz (5 June 1858 – 6 November 1926) was a Swedish right-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from March to October 1917. He also served as Minister for Finance from 1906 to 1911. He married Dagmar L ...
.
*
March 31
Events Pre-1600
* 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.
*1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V ...
– The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the
US Virgin Islands, after paying $25 million to Denmark.
April
* April – ''
Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki
was once considered to be the first professional Japanese animated film ever made. It was made by Ōten Shimokawa in 1917 to be shown in a cinema, in this case, in the Asakusa Kinema Kurabu, a theater in Tokyo managed directly by the film compa ...
'', the first
anime
is Traditional animation, hand-drawn and computer animation, computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside of Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, in Japan and in Japane ...
, is released in
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
.
*
April 2
Events Pre-1600
*1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Jo ...
– WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
for a
declaration of war
A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state (polity), state announces existing or impending war activity against another. The declaration is a performative speech act (or the signing of a document) by an authorized party of a nationa ...
on Germany.
*
April 6 – WWI: The United States
declares war on Germany.
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
(N.S.) (
March 26, O.S.) – In
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, 40,000 ethnic
Estonians
Estonians or Estonian people ( et, eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia who speak the Estonian language.
The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to other ...
demand
national autonomy
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ow ...
within
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
.
*
April 9
Events Pre-1600
* 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, s ...
–
May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
* 1364 ...
– WWI:
Battle of Arras – British Empire troops make a significant advance on the Western Front but are unable to achieve a breakthrough.
*
April 9
Events Pre-1600
* 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, s ...
–
12 – WWI: Canadian troops win the
Battle of Vimy Ridge
The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Pas-de-Calais department of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions o ...
.
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
–
Eddystone explosion
On April 10, 1917, four days after the United States declared war on Germany, an explosion at the Eddystone Ammunition Corporation's artillery shell plant in Eddystone, Pennsylvania, killed 139 people. The majority were women and girls who worked ...
: an explosion at an ammunition plant near
Chester, Pennsylvania
Chester is a city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area, it is the only city in Delaware County and had a population of 32,605 as of the 2020 census.
Incorporated in 1682, Chester is ...
, kills 139, mostly female workers.
*
April 11 – WWI:
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
*
April 12 (N.S.) (
March 30 O.S.) – The
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ow ...
is formed within
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, from the
Governorate of Estonia and the northern part of the
Governorate of Livonia.
*
April 16
** (N.S.) (
April 3, O.S.) –
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
arrives at the
Finland Station in
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
.
** WWI: The
Nivelle Offensive commences.
*
April 17
Events Pre-1600
*1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
*1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...
** (N.S.) (
April 4
Events Pre-1600
* 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
* 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground.
* 611 – ...
, O.S.) –
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
's
April Theses
The April Theses (russian: апрельские тезисы, transliteration: ') were a series of ten directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his April 1917 return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland via Germany and ...
are published. They become very influential in the following
July Days and
Bolshevik Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was ...
.
** WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the
Second Battle of Gaza. This unsuccessful frontal attack on strong
Ottoman defences along with the first battle, results in 10,000 casualties, the dismissal of force commander General
Archibald Murray, and the beginning of the
Stalemate in Southern Palestine
The Stalemate in Southern Palestine was a six month standoff between the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Ottoman Army in World War I. The two hostile forces faced each other along the Gaza to Beersheba line during the Sinai and ...
.
** ''
The Times
''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' (fou ...
'' and the ''
Daily Mail
The ''Daily Mail'' is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper and news websitePeter Wilb"Paul Dacre of the Daily Mail: The man who hates liberal Britain", ''New Statesman'', 19 December 2013 (online version: 2 January 2014) publish ...
'' (London newspapers both owned by
Lord Northcliffe) print
atrocity propaganda of the supposed existence of a
German Corpse Factory
The German Corpse Factory or ' (literally "Carcass-Utilization Factory"), also sometimes called the "German Corpse-Rendering Works" or "Tallow Factory" was one of the most notorious anti-German atrocity propaganda stories circulated in World War ...
processing dead soldiers' bodies.
*
April 19
Events Pre-1600
*AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
* 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at ...
– WWI: Army transport fires the United States' first shots in anger in the war when her gun crew drives off a German
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
in the
English Channel
The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...
seven miles southeast of
Beachy Head.
*
April 26 – WWI: The
Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, between France, Italy and the United Kingdom, to settle interests in the Middle East, is signed.
May
*
May 3 – WWI:
1917 French Army mutinies
The 1917 French Army mutinies took place amongst French Army troops on the Western Front in Northern France during World War I. They started just after the unsuccessful and costly Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offens ...
begin.
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– WWI: The
Nivelle Offensive is abandoned.
*
May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
– Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future
Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his e ...
, is consecrated
Archbishop
In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...
by
Pope Benedict XV
Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His ...
.
*
May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
–
October 13 (at monthly intervals) – 10-year-old
Lúcia Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto report experiencing a series of
Marian apparitions near
Fátima, Portugal
Fátima () is a city in the municipality of Ourém and district of Santarém in the Central Region of Portugal, with 71.29 km2 of area and 13,212 inhabitants (2021). The homonymous civil parish encompasses several villages and localities of ...
, which become known as
Our Lady of Fátima
Our Lady of Fátima ( pt, Nossa Senhora de Fátima, ); formally known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fátima) is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus, based on the Marian apparitions reported in 1917 by three shepherd children at the Cov ...
.
*
May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
–
Robert Nivelle
Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 – 22 March 1924) was a French artillery general officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion and the First World War. In May 1916, he succeeded Philippe Pétain as commander of the French Second Army in the ...
is replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the
French Army
The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (french: Armée de Terre, ), is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed For ...
, by
Philippe Pétain.
*
May 18
Events Pre-1600
* 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
* 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 4 ...
– WWI: The
Selective Service Act passes the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
, giving the
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
the power of
conscription
Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...
.
*
May 21 – Over 300 acres (73 blocks) are destroyed in the
Great Atlanta fire of 1917 in the United States.
*
May 22
Events Pre-1600
* 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
* 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
* 11 ...
**The Commissioned Officer Corps of the
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system, providing the foundation for transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and a large number of applications ...
is established.
**
Ell Persons
Ell Persons was a black man who was lynched on 22 May 1917, after he was accused of having raped and decapitated a 15-year-old white girl, Antoinette Rappel, in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. He was arrested and was awaiting trial when he was ...
is lynched in Memphis, in connection with the rape and murder of 16-year-old Antoinette Rappal.
*
May 23
** A month of civil violence in
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
, Italy ends, after the Italian army forcibly takes over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries; 50 people are killed and 800 arrested.
** WWI: During the
Stalemate in Southern Palestine
The Stalemate in Southern Palestine was a six month standoff between the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Ottoman Army in World War I. The two hostile forces faced each other along the Gaza to Beersheba line during the Sinai and ...
the
Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway
The Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway took place on 23 May 1917 after the Second Battle of Gaza and before the Battle of Beersheba (1917), Battle of Beersheba during the Stalemate in Southern Palestine in the Sinai and Palestine Campa ...
, by the British
Desert Column, large sections of the railway line linking
Beersheba
Beersheba or Beer Sheva, officially Be'er-Sheva ( he, בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, ''Bəʾēr Ševaʿ'', ; ar, بئر السبع, Biʾr as-Sabʿ, Well of the Oath or Well of the Seven), is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. ...
to the main
Ottoman desert base are destroyed.
*
May 26
Events Pre-1600
* 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe.
* 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire take ...
– A
tornado
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, altho ...
strikes
Mattoon, Illinois
Mattoon ( ) is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States. The population was 16,870 as of the 2020 census. The city is home to Lake Land College and has close ties with its neighbor, Charleston. Both are principal cities of the Charleston ...
, causing devastation and killing 101 people.
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– WWI:
1917 French Army mutinies
The 1917 French Army mutinies took place amongst French Army troops on the Western Front in Northern France during World War I. They started just after the unsuccessful and costly Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offens ...
: Over 30,000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches at
Missy-aux-Bois
Missy-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
*Communes of the Aisne department
The following is a list of the 799 communes in the French department of Aisne.
The ...
.
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
–
Pope Benedict XV
Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His ...
promulgates the
1917 ''Code of Canon Law''.
June
*
June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
–
1917 French Army mutinies
The 1917 French Army mutinies took place amongst French Army troops on the Western Front in Northern France during World War I. They started just after the unsuccessful and costly Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offens ...
: A French infantry regiment seizes
Missy-aux-Bois
Missy-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
*Communes of the Aisne department
The following is a list of the 799 communes in the French department of Aisne.
The ...
, and declares an anti-war military government. Other French army troops soon apprehend them.
*
June 4 – The first
Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made h ...
s are awarded:
Laura E. Richards
Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards (February 27, 1850 – January 14, 1943) was an American writer. She wrote more than 90 books including biographies, poetry, and several for children. One well-known children's poem is her literary nonsense verse " E ...
,
Maud Howe Elliott and
Florence Hall receive the first
Pulitzer Pulitzer may refer to:
*Joseph Pulitzer, a 20th century media magnate
*Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award
*Pulitzer (surname)
* Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain
*Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-pro ...
for a biography, (for ''
Julia Ward Howe'').
Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first
Pulitzer Pulitzer may refer to:
*Joseph Pulitzer, a 20th century media magnate
*Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award
*Pulitzer (surname)
* Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain
*Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-pro ...
for history, for his work ''With Americans of Past and Present Days.''
Herbert Bayard Swope receives the first
Pulitzer Pulitzer may refer to:
*Joseph Pulitzer, a 20th century media magnate
*Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award
*Pulitzer (surname)
* Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain
*Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-pro ...
for journalism, for his work for the ''
New York World
The ''New York World'' was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers. It was a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publi ...
.''
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– WWI:
Conscription
Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...
begins in the United States.
*
June 7 – WWI:
Battle of Messines Battle of Messines may refer to:
*Battle of Messines (1914)
*Battle of Messines (1917)
The Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917) was an attack by the British Second Army (General Sir Herbert Plumer), on the Western Front, near the village of ...
opens with the British Army detonating 24
ammonal mines under the German lines, killing 10,000 in the deadliest deliberate non-nuclear man-made explosion in history.
*
June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
–
Speculator Mine disaster
The Granite Mountain/Speculator Mine disaster of June 8, 1917, occurred as a result of a fire in a copper mine, and was the most deadly event in underground hard rock mining in United States history. Most men died of suffocation underground as the ...
: A fire at the Granite Mountain and Speculator ore mine, outside
Butte, Montana
Butte ( ) is a consolidated city-county and the county seat of Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the sole entity of Butte-Silver Bow. The city covers , and, according to the ...
, kills at least 168 workers.
*
June 11 – King
Constantine I of Greece
Constantine I ( el, Κωνσταντίνος Αʹ, ''Konstantínos I''; – 11 January 1923) was King of Greece from 18 March 1913 to 11 June 1917 and from 19 December 1920 to 27 September 1922. He was commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Army ...
abdicates for the first time, being succeeded by his son
Alexander.
*
June 13 – WWI: The first major German bombing raid on London by fixed-wing aircraft leaves 162 dead and 432 injured.
*
June 15 – The United States enacts the
Espionage Act.
July
*
July
July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the mont ...
– The first
Cottingley Fairies photographs are taken in
Yorkshire
Yorkshire ( ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a Historic counties of England, historic county in northern England and by far the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its large area in comparison with other Eng ...
, England, apparently depicting fairies (a hoax not admitted by the child creators until
1981
Events January
* January 1
** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union.
** Palau becomes a self-governing territory.
* January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...
).
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
**
East St. Louis riot
The East St. Louis Riots were a series of outbreaks of labor and race-related violence by White Americans who murdered between 39 and
150 African Americans in late May and early July 1917. Another 6,000 black people were left homeless, and t ...
: A labor dispute ignites a
race riot
This is a list of ethnic riots by country, and includes riots based on ethnic, sectarian, xenophobic, and racial conflict. Some of these riots can also be classified as pogroms.
Africa
Americas
United States
Nativist period: 1700s ...
in
East St. Louis, Illinois, which leaves 250 dead.
** Russian General
Brusilov begins the major
Kerensky Offensive in
Galicia, initially advancing towards
Lemberg
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
.
*
July 2 – WWI: Greece joins the war on the side of the
Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
.
*
July 6 – WWI:
**
Battle of Aqaba
The Battle of Aqaba (6 July 1917) was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan) during the Arab Revolt of World War I. The attacking forces, led by Sherif Nasir and Auda abu Tayi and advised by T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), w ...
:
Arabian troops, led by
T. E. Lawrence
Thomas Edward Lawrence (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918 ...
, capture
Aqaba from the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
.
** The
Conscription Crisis of 1917
The Conscription Crisis of 1917 (french: Crise de la conscription de 1917) was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. It was mainly caused by disagreement on whether men should be conscripted to fight in the war, but also b ...
in Canada leads to passage of the Military Service Act.
*
July 7 – The
Lions Clubs International is formed in the United States.
*
July 8
Events Pre-1600
* 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch.
* 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese ...
–
13 – WWI –
First Battle of Ramadi: British troops fail to take
Ramadi
Ramadi ( ar, ٱلرَّمَادِي ''Ar-Ramādī''; also formerly rendered as ''Rumadiyah'' or ''Rumadiya'') is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah. It is the capital and largest city of Al Anbar Governorate whi ...
from the Ottoman Empire; a majority of British casualties are due to extreme heat.
*
July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II of ...
–
Bisbee Deportation
The Bisbee Deportation was the illegal kidnapping and deportation of about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders by 2,000 members of a deputized posse, who arrested them beginning on July 12, 1917, in Bisbee, Ar ...
: The
Phelps Dodge Corporation deports over 1,000 suspected
IWW
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members of which are commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international labor union that was founded in Chicago in 1905. The origin of the nickname "Wobblies" is uncertain. IWW ideology combines genera ...
members from
Bisbee, Arizona.
*
July 16
Events Pre-1600
* 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar.
* 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece.
* 105 ...
–
July 17 –
Russian troops mutiny, abandon the
Austrian
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
front, and retreat to
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
; hundreds are shot by their commanding officers during the retreat.
*
July 16
Events Pre-1600
* 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar.
* 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece.
* 105 ...
–
July 18
Events Pre-1600
* 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
* 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
–
July Days: Serious clashes occur in
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
;
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
escapes to
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
;
Leon Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian ...
is arrested.
*
July 17 – King
George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936.
Born duri ...
of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the
British Royal Family will bear the surname
Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of ''
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha'', which is an offshoot of the historic (800+ years)
House of Wettin
The House of Wettin () is a dynasty of German kings, prince-electors, dukes, and counts that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynasty is one of the oldest in Europe, and its ori ...
.
*
July 20
** The
Parliament of Finland
The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The ...
, with a
Social Democratic
Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote soci ...
majority, passes a "Sovereignty Act", declaring itself, as the representative of the Finnish people, sovereign over the
Grand Principality of Finland. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the act, as it would have devolved Russian sovereignty over Finland, formerly exercised by the Russian Emperor as Grand Prince of Finland, and alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of an independent Finland.
** (
July 7, O.S.) –
Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, ; Reforms of Russian orthography, original spelling: ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months ...
becomes
premier
Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries. A second in command to a premier is designated as a deputy premier.
A premier will normally be a head of governm ...
of the
Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government ( rus, Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of the Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately ...
, replacing Prince
Georgy Lvov
Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (7/8 March 1925) was a Russian aristocrat and statesman who served as the first prime minister of republican Russia from 15 March to 20 July 1917. During this time he served as Russia's ''de facto'' head of stat ...
.
** The Russian Provisional Government enacts
women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
.
** The
Corfu Declaration, which enables the establishment of the post-war
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; sl, Kraljevina Jugoslavija) was a state in Southeast Europe, Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 unt ...
, is signed by the
Yugoslav Committee and the
Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Princi ...
.
*
July 20–
July 28 – WWI:
Austrian
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
and
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
forces repulse the
Russian advance into
Galicia.
*
July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
– Sir
William Thomas White introduces Canada's first
income tax
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Tax ...
as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
*
July 28 – The
Silent Parade
The Negro Silent Protest Parade, commonly known as the Silent Parade, was a silent march of about 10,000 African Americans along Fifth Avenue starting at 57th Street in New York City on July 28, 1917. The event was organized by the NAACP, church ...
is organized by the
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E.&nb ...
in New York City, to protest the
East St. Louis riot
The East St. Louis Riots were a series of outbreaks of labor and race-related violence by White Americans who murdered between 39 and
150 African Americans in late May and early July 1917. Another 6,000 black people were left homeless, and t ...
of
July 2, as well as lynchings in
Tennessee
Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to th ...
and
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
.
*
July 30
Events Pre-1600
* 762 – Baghdad is founded.
*1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council.
*1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands ...
– The
Parliament of Finland
The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The ...
is dissolved by the
Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government ( rus, Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of the Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately ...
. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority.
*
July 31
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
* 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...
– WWI –
Battle of Passchendaele
The Third Battle of Ypres (german: link=no, Dritte Flandernschlacht; french: link=no, Troisième Bataille des Flandres; nl, Derde Slag om Ieper), also known as the Battle of Passchendaele (), was a campaign of the First World War, fought by t ...
("Third Battle of Ypres"): Allied offensive operations commence in Flanders.
August
*
August 2
Events Pre-1600
*338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
*216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...
–
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
– The
Green Corn Rebellion
The Green Corn Rebellion was an armed uprising that took place in rural Oklahoma on August 2 and 3, 1917. The uprising was a reaction by European-Americans, tenant farmers, Seminoles, Muscogee Creeks, and African-Americans to an attempt to enforc ...
, an uprising by several hundred farmers against the WWI draft, takes place in central
Oklahoma
Oklahoma (; Choctaw language, Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the nor ...
.
*
August 2
Events Pre-1600
*338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
*216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...
–
Squadron Commander E.H. Dunningbr>
lands his aircraft on the ship in
Scapa Flow
Scapa Flow viewed from its eastern end in June 2009
Scapa Flow (; ) is a body of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, sheltered by the islands of Mainland, Graemsay, Burray,S. C. George, ''Jutland to Junkyard'', 1973. South Ronaldsay and ...
,
Orkney
Orkney (; sco, Orkney; on, Orkneyjar; nrn, Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north ...
. He is killed 5 days later during another landing on the ship.
*
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
– The
New York Guard is founded.
*
August 10 – A general strike begins in Spain; it is smashed after 3 days with 70 left dead, hundreds of wounded and 2,000 arrests.
*
August 14
Events Pre-1600
* 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating t ...
– The
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.
*
August 17 – One of English literature's important meetings takes place, when
Wilfred Owen introduces himself to
Siegfried Sassoon
Siegfried Loraine Sassoon (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English war poet, writer, and soldier. Decorated for bravery on the Western Front, he became one of the leading poets of the First World War. His poetry both describ ...
at the
Craiglockhart War Hospital
Craiglockhart Hydropathic, now a part of Edinburgh Napier University and known as Craiglockhart Campus, is a building with surrounding grounds in Craiglockhart, Edinburgh, Scotland. As part of a large extension programme by the university in the ...
in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
.
*
August 18 – The
Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917
250px, The fire as seen from the quay in 1917.
250px, The fire as seen from the Thermaic Gulf.
The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 ( el, Μεγάλη Πυρκαγιά της Θεσσαλονίκης, 1917) destroyed two thirds of the city of T ...
in Greece destroys 32% of the city, leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.
*
August 29 – WWI: The
Military Service Act is passed in the
House of Commons of Canada
The House of Commons of Canada (french: Chambre des communes du Canada) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Crown and the Senate of Canada, they comprise the bicameral legislature of Canada.
The House of Common ...
, giving the
Government of Canada
The government of Canada (french: gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown is the corporation sole, assuming distinct roles: the executive, as the ''Crown ...
the right to conscript men into the army.
September
*
September 14 (September 1
Old Style) – Russia is declared a
republic
A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
by the
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...
.
*
September 23
Events Pre-1600
* 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified.
* 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...
–
Leon Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian ...
is elected Chairman of the
Petrograd Soviet.
*
September 25
Events Pre-1600
* 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus.
* 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt a ...
– The
Mossovet (
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
Soviet of People's Deputies) votes to side with the
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
.
*
September 26–
October 3 – WWI –
Battle of Polygon Wood (part of the
Battle of Passchendaele
The Third Battle of Ypres (german: link=no, Dritte Flandernschlacht; french: link=no, Troisième Bataille des Flandres; nl, Derde Slag om Ieper), also known as the Battle of Passchendaele (), was a campaign of the First World War, fought by t ...
) near
Ypres
Ypres ( , ; nl, Ieper ; vls, Yper; german: Ypern ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though
the Dutch name is the official one, the city's French name is most commonly used in English. The municipality co ...
in Belgium: British and Australian troops capture positions from the Germans.
*
September 28
Events Pre-1600
*48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.
* 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus ...
–
29 – WWI –
Second Battle of Ramadi: British troops take
Ramadi
Ramadi ( ar, ٱلرَّمَادِي ''Ar-Ramādī''; also formerly rendered as ''Rumadiyah'' or ''Rumadiya'') is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah. It is the capital and largest city of Al Anbar Governorate whi ...
from the Ottoman Empire.
October
*
October 4 – WWI:
Battle of Broodseinde near Ypres – British Imperial forces overpower the
German 4th Army's defences.
*
October 12 – WWI:
First Battle of Passchendaele: – Allies fail to take a German defensive position, with the biggest loss of life in a single day for New Zealand, over 800 men and 45 officers are killed, roughly 1 in 1,000 of the nation's population at this time.
*
October 12-
19 – WWI:
Operation Albion
Operation Albion was a World War I German air, land and naval operation against the Russian forces in October 1917 to occupy the West Estonian Archipelago. The land campaign opened with German landings at the Tagalaht bay on the island of S ...
– German forces land on and capture the
West Estonian archipelago.
*
October 13 – The
Miracle of the Sun
The Miracle of the Sun ( pt, Milagre do Sol), also known as the Miracle of Fátima, is a series of events reported to have occurred miraculously on 13 October 1917, attended by a large crowd who had gathered in Fátima, Portugal, in response to ...
is reported at
Fátima, Portugal
Fátima () is a city in the municipality of Ourém and district of Santarém in the Central Region of Portugal, with 71.29 km2 of area and 13,212 inhabitants (2021). The homonymous civil parish encompasses several villages and localities of ...
.
*
October 19
**
Dallas Love Field
Dallas Love Field is a city-owned public airport northwest of downtown Dallas, Texas., effective April 10, 2008 It was Dallas' main airport until 1974 when Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) opened. Love Field covers an area of a ...
Airport is opened in Texas.
**
Carl Swartz
Carl Johan Gustaf Swartz (5 June 1858 – 6 November 1926) was a Swedish right-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from March to October 1917. He also served as Minister for Finance from 1906 to 1911. He married Dagmar L ...
leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after dismal election results for the right-wing in the Riksdag elections in September. He is replaced by liberal leader and history professor
Nils Edén
Nils Edén (25 August 1871 – 16 June 1945) was a Swedish historian and liberal politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1917 to 1920, and along with Hjalmar Branting acknowledged as co-architect of Sweden's transition from a c ...
.
*
October 23 – A
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
ian ship is destroyed by a German U-Boat, encouraging Brazil to enter World War I.
*
October 24 – WWI:
Battle of Caporetto opens between the
Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia was proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to ...
and the
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
near
Kobarid
Kobarid (; it, Caporetto, fur, Cjaurêt, german: Karfreit) is a settlement in Slovenia, the administrative centre of the Municipality of Kobarid.
Kobarid is known for the 1917 Battle of Caporetto, where the Italian retreat was documented by Erne ...
in the
Austrian Littoral
The Austrian Littoral (german: Österreichisches Küstenland, it, Litorale Austriaco, hr, Austrijsko primorje, sl, Avstrijsko primorje, hu, Osztrák Tengermellék) was a crown land (''Kronland'') of the Austrian Empire, established in 1849. ...
. It is the first major engagement for junior German officer Erwin Rommel.
*
October 26 – WWI:
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
declares war against the
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
.
![Venceslau Brás declara guerra 1917](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Venceslau_Br%C3%A1s_declara_guerra_1917.jpg)
*
October 27
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
* 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
* 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia.
* 1553 – Condemned as ...
– WWI:
Battle of Buqqar Ridge
The Battle of el Buqqar Ridge took place on 27 October 1917, when one infantry regiment and cavalry troops of the Yildirim Army Group, attacked the 8th Mounted Brigade of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) in the last days of the stalemate ...
–
Ottoman forces attack British
Desert Mounted Corps units garrisoning El-Buqqar Ridge, during the last days of the
Stalemate in Southern Palestine
The Stalemate in Southern Palestine was a six month standoff between the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Ottoman Army in World War I. The two hostile forces faced each other along the Gaza to Beersheba line during the Sinai and ...
.
*
October 31 – WWI:
Battle of Beersheba – The British
XX Corps and
Desert Mounted Corps (
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
) attack and capture
Beersheba
Beersheba or Beer Sheva, officially Be'er-Sheva ( he, בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, ''Bəʾēr Ševaʿ'', ; ar, بئر السبع, Biʾr as-Sabʿ, Well of the Oath or Well of the Seven), is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. ...
from Ottoman forces, ending the
stalemate in Southern Palestine
The Stalemate in Southern Palestine was a six month standoff between the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Ottoman Army in World War I. The two hostile forces faced each other along the Gaza to Beersheba line during the Sinai and ...
. The battle includes a rare (by this date) mounted
charge, by Australian
mounted infantry
Mounted infantry were infantry who rode horses instead of marching. The original dragoons were essentially mounted infantry. According to the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Mounted rifles are half cavalry, mounted infantry merely specially m ...
.
November
*
November 1
Events Pre-1600
* 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
– WWI:
** The British
XXI Corps of the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
begins the
Third Battle of Gaza.
** The British
Desert Mounted Corps begins the
Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe
The Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, part of the Southern Palestine Offensive, began on 1 November 1917, the day after the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. ...
, in the direction of
Hebron
Hebron ( ar, الخليل or ; he, חֶבְרוֹן ) is a Palestinian. city in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judaean Mountains, it lies above sea level. The second-largest city in the West Bank (after East J ...
and
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
.
*
November 2 –
Zionism
Zionism ( he, צִיּוֹנוּת ''Tsiyyonut'' after ''Zion'') is a Nationalism, nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is ...
: The
British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour makes the
Balfour Declaration
The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing its support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman regio ...
, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in
Palestine
__NOTOC__
Palestine may refer to:
* State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia
* Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia
* Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East ...
of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".
*
November 5
Events Pre-1600
* 1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.
* 1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Br ...
(N.S.) (
October 23, O.S.) – Estonian and Russian Bolsheviks seize power in
Tallinn
Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju ' ...
,
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ow ...
, two days before the
October Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...
in
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
.
*
November 6
** WWI –
Second Battle of Passchendaele: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take
Passchendaele in Belgium (the battle concludes on
November 10).
** WWI: The
Battle of Hareira and Sheria is launched by the British
XX Corps and
Desert Mounted Corps, against the central
Ottoman defences protecting the Gaza to Beersheba Road.
** Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers, to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government.
*
November 7
** (N.S.) (
October 25
Events Pre-1600
* 285 (or 286) – Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers.
* 473 – Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II a ...
, O.S.) –
October Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...
in Russia: The workers of the
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
in Russia, led by the
Bolshevik Party and leader
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
, storm the
Winter Palace
The Winter Palace ( rus, Зимний дворец, Zimnij dvorets, p=ˈzʲimnʲɪj dvɐˈrʲɛts) is a palace in Saint Petersburg that served as the official residence of the Emperor of all the Russias, Russian Emperor from 1732 to 1917. The p ...
and successfully destroy the
Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, ; original spelling: ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months from late July to early Novembe ...
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...
after less than eight months of rule. This immediately triggers the
Russian Civil War
, date = October Revolution, 7 November 1917 – Yakut revolt, 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued Basmachi movement, in Central Asia and Tungus Republic, the Far East th ...
.
**
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
(which has provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the
Allied Forces after the
October Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...
.
** WWI –
Third Battle of Gaza: The British Army
XXI Corps occupies
Gaza, after the
Ottoman garrison withdraws.
** WWI: The
Battle of Hareira and Sheria continues, when the
XX Corps and
Desert Mounted Corps capture Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the
Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line.
**
Women's Suffrage in the United States
In the 1700's to early 1800's New Jersey did allow Women the right to vote before the passing of the 19th Amendment, but in 1807 the state restricted the right to vote to "...tax-paying, white male citizens..."
Women's legal right to vote w ...
: Women win the right to vote in New York State.
*
November 8
** (N.S.) (
October 26, O.S.) – Following the
October Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...
,
Alexandra Kollontai is appointed
People's Commissar
Commissar (or sometimes ''Kommissar'') is an English transliteration of the Russian (''komissar''), which means 'commissary'. In English, the transliteration ''commissar'' often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and Eas ...
for Social Welfare in the
Council of People's Commissars
The Councils of People's Commissars (SNK; russian: Совет народных комиссаров (СНК), ''Sovet narodnykh kommissarov''), commonly known as the ''Sovnarkom'' (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of ...
of the
Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the government of Soviet Russia in 1917–1946. It was established by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deput ...
, the first woman
cabinet
Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to:
Furniture
* Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers
* Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets
* Filing ...
minister
Minister may refer to:
* Minister (Christianity), a Christian cleric
** Minister (Catholic Church)
* Minister (government), a member of government who heads a ministry (government department)
** Minister without portfolio, a member of government w ...
in Europe.
*
November 13 – WWI:
**
Battle of Mughar Ridge: The
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
attacks retreating
Yildirim Army Group forces, resulting in the capture of 10,000
Ottoman prisoners, 100 guns and of
Palestine
__NOTOC__
Palestine may refer to:
* State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia
* Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia
* Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East ...
territory.
** The
ANZAC Mounted Division (
Desert Mounted Corps) successfully fights the
Battle of Ayun Kara
The Battle of Ayun Kara (14 November 1917) was an engagement in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the First World War. The battle was fought between the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and a similar-sized rearguard from the Turkish 3rd ...
, in the aftermath of the
Battle of Mughar Ridge against strong
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
rearguards.
*
November 15
Events Pre-1600
* 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
*1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Morg ...
**
"Night of Terror" in the United States: Influential suffragettes from the
Silent Sentinels are deliberately subjected to physical assaults by guards while imprisoned.
** The
Parliament of Finland
The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The ...
passes another "Sovereignty Act", dissolving Russian sovereignty over Finland and effectively declaring Finland independent.
** (N.S.) (
November 2, O.S.) – The
Provincial Assembly of the
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ow ...
declares itself the highest legal body in
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
, in opposition to
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
s.
*
November 16
** WWI:
Battle of Ayun Kara
The Battle of Ayun Kara (14 November 1917) was an engagement in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the First World War. The battle was fought between the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and a similar-sized rearguard from the Turkish 3rd ...
: The
ANZAC Mounted Division occupies
Jaffa
Jaffa, in Hebrew Yafo ( he, יָפוֹ, ) and in Arabic Yafa ( ar, يَافَا) and also called Japho or Joppa, the southern and oldest part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, is an ancient port city in Israel. Jaffa is known for its association with the b ...
.
**
Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France.
*
November 17
Events Pre-1600
* 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November.
*1183 &n ...
** WWI:
Action of 17 November 1917
The action of 17 November 1917 was a naval battle of the First World War. The action was fought between a German U-boat and two United States Navy destroyers in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Action
Based in Queenstown, Ireland, USS ''Fanning'' an ...
: United States Navy
destroyer
In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort
larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against powerful short range attackers. They were originally developed in ...
s
USS ''Fanning'' and
USS ''Nicholson'' capture
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
SM ''U-58'' off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships take a submarine (which is then
scuttled).
** WWI: The
Battle of Jerusalem (1917)
The Battle of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's "Jerusalem Operations" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to ...
begins, with the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
launching attacks against
Ottoman forces in the
Judean Hills
The Judaean Mountains, or Judaean Hills ( he, הרי יהודה, translit=Harei Yehuda) or the Hebron Mountains ( ar, تلال الخليل, translit=Tilal al-Khalīl, links=, lit=Hebron Mountains), is a mountain range in Palestine and Israel whe ...
.
** The
People's Dispensary for Sick Animals
The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA) is a veterinary charity in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1917 by Maria Dickin to provide care for sick and injured animals of the poor. It is the UK's leading veterinary charity, carrying ...
is founded in the United Kingdom.
*
November 19
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 636 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire at the Battle o ...
– WWI:
Battle of Caporetto ends with Austrian and German forces driving the Italian army to retreat 150 kilometres south to the Piave river. The Italians lose 13,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, around 270,000 taken prisoner (mostly willingly) and 50,000
deserted; the government of
Paolo Boselli collapses on November 29.
*
November 20
Events Pre-1600
* 284 – Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor.
* 762 – During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels.
*1194 – Palermo is conquered by Henry ...
** WWI:
Battle of Cambrai – British forces, using
tank
A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engin ...
s, make early progress in an attack on German positions, but are soon beaten back.
** The
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
is declared a republic.
*
November 22
Events Pre-1600
* 498 – After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore.
* 845 – The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Fra ...
– In
Montreal
Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-most populous city in Canada and List of towns in Quebec, most populous city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian ...
, Quebec, Canada, the
National Hockey Association suspends operations.
*
November 23 – The
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
release the full text of the previously secret
Sykes–Picot Agreement
The Sykes–Picot Agreement () was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed Sphere of influence, spheres of influence and control in a ...
of
1916
Events
Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix.
January
* January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that had been stored and cooled.
* ...
in ''
Izvestia'' and ''
Pravda
''Pravda'' ( rus, Правда, p=ˈpravdə, a=Ru-правда.ogg, "Truth") is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the co ...
''; it is printed in the ''
Manchester Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
'' on
November 26
Events Pre-1600
* 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus.
*1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynasty ...
.
*
November 24 – A bomb kills 9 members of the
Milwaukee Police Department, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history (until the
September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercia ...
in
2001
The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...
).
*
November 25
Events Pre-1600
*571 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates the first of his three triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans.
*1034 – Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethó ...
– WWI:
Battle of Ngomano
The Battle of Ngomano or Negomano was fought between Germany and Portugal during the East African Campaign (World War I), East African Campaign of World War I. A force of Germans and Askaris under Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck had recently won a c ...
– German forces defeat a Portuguese army of about 1,200 at
Negomano
Negomano or Ngomano is a village in northern Mozambique, in Cabo Delgado Province. It is located on the border with Tanzania on the confluence of the Ruvuma River and the Lugenda River.
Negomano was the scene of fierce battle between the German Ar ...
, on the border of modern-day
Mozambique
Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...
and
Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...
.
*
November 26
Events Pre-1600
* 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus.
*1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynasty ...
– The
National Hockey League
The National Hockey League (NHL; french: Ligue nationale de hockey—LNH, ) is a professional ice hockey league in North America comprising 32 teams—25 in the United States and 7 in Canada. It is considered to be the top ranked professional ...
is formed in Montreal, as a replacement for the recently disbanded
National Hockey Association.
*
November 28 – WWI: The
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
offer peace terms to the
Germans
, native_name_lang = de
, region1 =
, pop1 = 72,650,269
, region2 =
, pop2 = 534,000
, region3 =
, pop3 = 157,000
3,322,405
, region4 =
, pop4 = ...
.
December
*
December
December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word ''decem'' (meaning ten) because it was or ...
–
Annie Besant
Annie Besant ( Wood; 1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a British socialist, theosophist, freemason, women's rights activist, educationist, writer, orator, political party member and philanthropist.
Regarded as a champion of human f ...
becomes president of the
Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Em ...
.
* December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on
August 29, 1907 and September 11, 1916).
![Senate1917](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Senate1917.jpg)
* December 6
** The Senate of Finland officially declares the Independence of Finland, country's independence from
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
.
** Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the Trinity (nuclear test), Trinity nuclear weapons testing, nuclear test in 1945).
** WWI: U.S. Navy
destroyer
In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort
larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against powerful short range attackers. They were originally developed in ...
is torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine , killing 66 crew in the first significant American naval loss of the war.
* December 9 – WWI – Battle of Jerusalem (1917), Battle of Jerusalem: The British
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
accepts the surrender of
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
's
Yildirim Army Group.
* December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
into
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
on foot through, the Jaffa Gate.
* December 17 – The ''Raad van Vlaanderen (World War I), Raad van Vlaanderen'' proclaims the independence of Flanders.
* December 20 (N.S.) (December 7, O.S.) – The Cheka, a predecessor to the KGB, is established in Russia.
* December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (''Jaanilinn'') from the Petrograd Governorate, to the
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ow ...
.
* December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams's ''Why Marry?'', the first dramatic play to win a
Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made h ...
, opens at the Astor Theatre, New York City.
* December 26 – United States President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to transport troops and materials for the war effort more efficiently.
* December 30 – WWI: The
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem (1917)#Defence of Jerusalem, Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous
Yildirim Army Group counterattacks.
Date unknown
* The first edition of the World Book Encyclopedia – simply known as The World Book – is published by the Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company, and is one of the first American encyclopedias to cover the major areas of knowledge to a mass audience.
* Women are permitted to stand in national elections in the Netherlands.
* The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing.
* Nakajima Aircraft Company, as predecessor of Subaru Corporation, Subaru, a car manufacturing company in Japan, founded in Ota, Gunma Prefecture.
Births
January
![Janio Quadros](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Janio_Quadros.png)
* January 2
** Vera Zorina, Norwegian dancer, actress (d. 2003)
** K. M. Mathew, Indian newspaper editor (d. 2010)
* January 3
** Liu Zhonghua, Chinese military officer (d. 2018)
** D. J. Finney, British statistician (d. 2018)
* January 5
** Adolfo Consolini, Italian discus thrower (d. 1969)
** Lucienne Day, British textile designer (d. 2010)
** Francis L. Kellogg, American diplomat, prominent socialite (d. 2006)
** Jane Wyman, American actress, philanthropist, and first wife of Ronald Reagan (d. 2007)
* January 6 – Koo Chen-fu, Nationalist Chinese negotiator (d. 2005)
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
** Saul Cherniack, Canadian politician, lawyer (d. 2018)
** Jerry Wexler, American record producer (d. 2008)
* January 12 – Jimmy Skinner, American hockey coach (d. 2007)
* January 15 – K. A. Thangavelu, Indian film actor, comedian (d. 1994)
* January 17 – M. G. Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu chief minister, actor (d. 1987)
* January 21 – Erling Persson, Swedish businessman, founder of H&M (d. 2002)
* January 24 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012)
*
January 25
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
** Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist, chemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003)
** Jânio Quadros, 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992)
*
January 26
Events Pre-1600
* 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.
*1531 – The 6.4–7.1 1531 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people.
*1564 – ...
– Louis Zamperini, American prisoner of war (World War II), Olympic distance athlete (1936), and Christian evangelist (d. 2014)
* January 29 – John Raitt, American actor, singer (d. 2005)
February
![Burgess1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Burgess1.jpg)
* February 2 – Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese leader (d. 2018)
*
February 3
Events Pre-1600
* 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
*1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
– Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel (d. 1994)
* February 4 – Yahya Khan, 3rd President of Pakistan (d. 1980)
*
February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
– Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress (d. 2012)
* February 6
** John Franzese, Italian-born American prisoner (d. 2020)
** Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (d. 2016)
* February 9 – Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (d. 2008)
* February 11
** T. Nagi Reddy, Indian revolutionary (d. 1976)
** Sidney Sheldon, American author, television writer (d. 2007)
* February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2011)
* February 17
** Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (d. 2002)
** Whang-od, Filipino ''mambabatok'' or tattoo artist
* February 18 – Tuulikki Pietilä, Finnish artist (d. 2009)
* February 19 – Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967)
* February 20 – Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan harpist, composer (d. 2019)
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
– Lucille Bremer, American actress, dancer (d. 1996)
*
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– Abdelmunim Al-Rifai, 2-time prime minister of Jordan (d. 1985)
* February 25
** Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993)
** Brenda Joyce (actress), Brenda Joyce, American actress (d. 2009)
* February 27
** John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993)
** Laine Mesikäpp, Estonian actress, singer and folk song collector (d. 2012)
* February 28 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, cinematographer, and producer (d. 2007)
March
![CyrusVanceSoS](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/CyrusVanceSoS.jpg)
*
March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor ...
** Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977)
** Dinah Shore, American singer (d. 1994)
*
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
** Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician, and television producer; co-founder of Desilu Productions (d. 1986)
** Babiker Awadalla, 8th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2019)
** Max Webb, Polish-American real estate developer and philanthropist (d. 2018)
*
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 &nd ...
– Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear scientist (d. 1952)
* March 5 – Raymond P. Shafer, 39th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2006)
* March 6
** Samael Aun Weor, Colombian writer (d. 1977)
** Will Eisner, American cartoonist (d. 2005)
*
March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
* 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
** Giovanni Benedetti, Italian Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
** Leonard Chess, Polish-American record company executive, co-founder of Chess Records (d. 1969)
** Googie Withers, British actress (d. 2011)
*
March 16 – Mehrdad Pahlbod, Iranian royal and politician (d. 2018)
* March 18 – Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Romanian politician (d. 2017)
* March 19
** Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950)
** Sardon Jubir, Malaysian politician (d. 1985)
* March 20
** Haddon Donald, New Zealand Army Lieutenant Colonel and politician (d. 2018)
** Dame Vera Lynn, English actress, singer (d. 2020)
* March 21 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician, and Military Chief of Staff (d. 1984)
* March 22 – Virginia Grey, American actress (d. 2004)
* March 24
** Constantine Andreou, Brazilian-Greek artist (d. 2007)
** John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997)
*
March 26 – Rufus Thomas, American singer (d.
2001
The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...
)
* March 27 – Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002)
April
![Robert Bloch with His Award](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Robert_Bloch_with_His_Award.jpg)
* April 1 – Sydney Newman, Canadian-born television producer (d. 1997)
* April 5 – Robert Bloch, American writer (d. 1994)
* April 7
** R. G. Armstrong, American actor (d. 2012)
** Mongo Santamaría, Cuban jazz musician (d. 2003)
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– Hubertus Ernst, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
*
April 9
Events Pre-1600
* 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, s ...
– Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002)
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
– Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
*
April 11 – Morton Sobell, American spy (d. 2018)
*
April 12 – Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav politician (d. 1977)
* April 13
** Bill Clements, Governor of Texas (d. 2011)
** Li Rui (politician), Li Rui, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2019)
* April 14 – Valerie Hobson, British actress (d. 1998)
* April 15 – Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982)
*
April 16 – Barry Nelson, American actor (d. 2007)
* April 22 – Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016)
* April 23 – Dorian Leigh, American model (d. 2008)
* April 25 – Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996)
*
April 26 – I. M. Pei, Chinese-born architect (d. 2019)
* April 28 – Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor (d. 1999)
* April 29
** Bernard Blossac, French fashion illustrator (d. 2002)
** Celeste Holm, American actress (d. 2012)
** Maya Deren, Russian-American experimental filmmaker (d. 1961)
May
![John F](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg)
* May 1
** John Beradino, American baseball player and actor, best known for his role in ''General Hospital'' (d. 1996)
** Ulric Cross, Trinidadian judge, diplomat and war hero (d. 2013)
** Danielle Darrieux, French singer, actress (d. 2017)
** Fyodor Khitruk, Russian animator (d. 2012)
*
May 3
** José Del Vecchio, Venezuelan physician, youth baseball promoter (d. 1990)
** George Gaynes, Finland-born American actor (d. 2016)
** Kiro Gligorov, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2012)
* May 6 – Morihiro Higashikuni, Japanese prince (d. 1969)
* May 7 – David Tomlinson, English actor (d. 2000)
* May 12 – Frank Clair, Canadian football coach (d. 2005)
* May 14 – Lou Harrison, American composer (d. 2003)
*
May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– Jerzy Duszyński (actor), Jerzy Duszyński, Polish actor (d. 1978)
*
May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
* 1364 ...
– Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer, photographer (d. 1986)
* May 20 – Bergur Sigurbjörnsson, Icelandic politician (d. 2005)
*
May 21 – Raymond Burr, Canadian actor, best known for his role in ''Perry Mason (1957 TV series), Perry Mason'' (d. 1993)
*
May 22
Events Pre-1600
* 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
* 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
* 11 ...
– Georg Tintner, Austrian conductor (d. 1999)
* May 24 – Florence Knoll, American architect, furniture designer (d. 2019)
* May 28
** Papa John Creach, African-American fiddler (d. 1994)
** Marshall Reed, American film, television actor (d. 1980)
* May 29 – John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (d. 1963)
* May 31 – Zilka Salaberry, Brazilian actress (d. 2005)
June
![Susan Hayward - 1940s](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Susan_Hayward_-_1940s.jpg)
*
June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
*
June 4 – Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004)
* June 6 – Kirk Kerkorian, Armenian-American businessman, billionaire (d. 2015)
*
June 7
** Gwendolyn Brooks, African-American writer (d. 2000)
** Dean Martin, American actor, singer (d. 1995)
*
June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
– Byron White, American American football, football player and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2002)
* June 9 – Eric Hobsbawm, Egyptian-born British historian (d. 2012)
* June 10 – Ruari McLean, Scottish-born typographer (d. 2006)
*
June 13 – Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan writer (d. 2005)
* June 14
** Lise Nørgaard, Danish journalist, writer
** Atle Selberg, Norwegian mathematician (d. 2007)
*
June 15 – John Fenn (chemist), John Fenn, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)
* June 16
** Phaedon Gizikis, President of Greece (d. 1999)
** Katharine Graham, American publisher (d.
2001
The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...
)
** Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009)
* June 17 – Huang Feili, Chinese conductor, musical educator (d. 2017)
* June 18
** Richard Boone, American actor (d.
1981
Events January
* January 1
** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union.
** Palau becomes a self-governing territory.
* January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...
)
** Erik Ortvad, Danish artist (d. 2008)
* June 24 – Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer, political activist and politician (d. 2013)
* June 25
** Nils Karlsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2012)
** Claude Seignolle, French author (d. 2018)
* June 26 – Idriz Ajeti, Albanian albanologist (d. 2019)
* June 29 – Ling Yun (politician), Ling Yun, Chinese politician (d. 2018)
* June 30
** Susan Hayward, American actress (d. 1975)
** Lena Horne, American singer, actress (d. 2010)
July
![Phyllis Diller Allan Warren](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Phyllis_Diller_Allan_Warren.jpg)
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
** Shyam Saran Negi, Indian schoolteacher (d. 2022)
** Virginia Dale, American actress, dancer (d. 1994)
** Álvaro Domecq y Díez, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2005)
*
July 2 – André Lafargue, French journalist, resistance fighter (d. 2017)
* July 4 – Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
*
July 6
** Heribert Barrera, Spanish chemist, politician (d. 2011)
** Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner, athletics coach (d. 2004)
*
July 7
** Larry O'Brien, American politician, former NBA commissioner (d. 1990)
** Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
* July 9
** Krystyna Dańko, Polish orphan, survivor of the Holocaust (d. 2019)
** Peter Moyes, Australian educator (d. 2007)
* July 10
** Şeref Alemdar, Turkish basketball player (d. unknown)
** Dayton S. Mak, U.S. diplomat (d. 2018)
** Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (d. 1998)
* July 11 – Per Carleson, Swedish épée fencer (d. 2004)
*
July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II of ...
** Luigi Gorrini, Italian soldier, pilot (d. 2014)
** Andrew Wyeth, American painter (d. 2009)
** Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Indian statesman (d. 2006)
* July 15
** Robert Conquest, British historian (d. 2015)
** Reidar Liaklev, Norwegian speed skater (d. 2006)
** Joan Roberts, American actress (d. 2012)
*
July 17
** Gus Arriola, Mexican-American comic strip cartoonist, animator (d. 2008)
** Phyllis Diller, American actress, comedian (d. 2012)
** Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (d. 2015)
** Generoso Jiménez, Cuban trombone player (d. 2007)
** Nur Muhammad Taraki, Afghan revolutionary communist politician, journalist and writer (d. 1979)
*
July 18
Events Pre-1600
* 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
* 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
** Henri Salvador, French singer (d. 2008)
** Paul Streeten, Austrian-born British economics professor (d. 2019)
* July 19 – William Scranton, American politician (d. 2013)
*
July 20 – Paul Hubschmid, Swiss actor (d.
2001
The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...
)
* July 21
** Alan B. Gold, Canadian lawyer, jurist (d. 2005)
** Sidney Leviss, American Democratic politician (d. 2007)
* July 22
** Larry Hooper, American singer, musician (d. 1983)
** Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1984)
* July 23 – Omar Yoke Lin Ong, Malaysian politician, diplomat and businessman (d. 2010)
* July 24 – Henri Betti, French composer, pianist (d. 2005)
*
July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
– Fritz Honegger, 79th president of Switzerland (d. 1999)
* July 26 – Lorna Gray, American actress (d. 2017)
* July 27 – Wu Zhonghua, Chinese physicist, pioneered three-dimensional flow theory (d. 1992)
*
July 30
Events Pre-1600
* 762 – Baghdad is founded.
*1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council.
*1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands ...
– Keith Rae (footballer), Keith Rae, Australian rules footballer (d. 2021)
August
![Denis Healey](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Denis_Healey.jpg)
* August 6 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (d. 1997)
* August 7 – Raja Perempuan Zainab, Queen of Malaysia (d. 1993)
* August 8 – Earl Cameron (actor), Earl Cameron, Bermudian actor (d. 2020)
* August 9 – Jao Tsung-I, Chinese-born Hong Kong scholar, poet, calligrapher and painter (d. 2018)
* August 11 – Vasiľ Biľak, Slovak Communist leader (d. 2014)
* August 12 – Marjorie Reynolds, American actress (d. 1997)
* August 15
** Jack Lynch, 5th Taoiseach, Prime Minister of Ireland (d. 1999)
** Óscar Romero, El Salvador, Salvadoran Roman Catholic Archbishop (d. 1980)
*
August 17 – Zvi Keren, American-born Israeli pianist, musicologist and composer (d. 2008)
*
August 18 – Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2006)
* August 21 – Esther Cooper Jackson, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2022)
* August 22 – John Lee Hooker, African-American musician (d.
2001
The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...
)
* August 23
** Hu Chengzhi, Chinese palaeontologist, palaeoanthropologist (d. 2018)
** Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Mexican biologist (d. 1996)
* August 25
** Mel Ferrer, Cuban-American actor, film director, producer (d. 2008)
** Lisbeth Movin, Danish actress (d. 2011)
** Lou van Burg, Dutch television personality, game show host (d. 1986)
* August 26 – William French Smith, 74th United States Attorney General (d. 1990)
* August 28 – Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d. 1994)
*
August 29 – Isabel Sanford, African-American actress, best known for her role in ''The Jeffersons'' (d. 2004)
* August 30 – Denis Healey, English politician, author (d. 2015)
September
![100 años del natalicio del Santo -i---i- (36184746106) (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_%2836184746106%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
* September 5 – Pedro E. Guerrero, American photographer (d. 2012)
* September 6 – Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer, failed assassin of Adolf Hitler (d. 2008)
* September 7
** Xerardo Fernández Albor, Spanish politician and physician (d. 2018)
** Leonard Cheshire, British war hero (d. 1992)
** John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
** Tetsuo Hamuro, Japanese swimmer (d. 2005)
* September 10 – Miguel Serrano, Chilean diplomat, explorer and journalist (d. 2009)
* September 11
** Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d. 2008)
** Herbert Lom, Czech-born British actor (d. 2012)
** Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines (d. 1989)
** Jessica Mitford, Anglo-American writer (d. 1996)
** Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer, racehorse owner (d.
2001
The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...
)
* September 17 – Henry Pearce (politician), Henry Pearce, Australian politician (d. 1992)
* September 18 – June Foray, American voice actress (d. 2017)
* September 20
** Red Auerbach, American basketball coach, official (d. 2006)
** Fernando Rey, Spanish actor (d. 1994)
* September 22 – Anna Campori, Italian actress (d. 2018)
*
September 23
Events Pre-1600
* 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified.
* 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...
**Asima Chatterjee, Indian chemist (d. 2006)
**El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler and actor (d. 1984)
* September 24 – Otto Günsche, German general (d. 2003)
*
September 26 – Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese phenomenologist and Marxist philosopher (d. 1993)
*
September 28
Events Pre-1600
*48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.
* 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus ...
– Wee Chong Jin, Singaporean judge (d. 2005)
October
![Joan Fontaine in The Women trailer](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Joan_Fontaine_in_The_Women_trailer.jpg)
* October 2
** Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013)
** Charles Drake (actor), Charles Drake, American actor (d. 1994)
* October 6 – Fannie Lou Hamer, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1977)
* October 7 – June Allyson, American actress (d. 2006)
* October 8 – Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
* October 10 – Thelonious Monk, African-American jazz pianist (d. 1982)
* October 15 – Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., American historian, political commentator (d. 2007)
* October 17
** Martin Donnelly (cricketer), Martin Donnelly, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999)
** Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917), Marsha Hunt, American actress (d. 2022)
*
October 19 – Walter Munk, Austrian-born American oceanographer (d. 2019)
* October 20
** Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973)
** Stéphane Hessel, French diplomat and writer (d. 2013)
** X. M. Sellathambu, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 1984)
* October 21 – Dizzy Gillespie, African-American musician (d. 1993)
* October 22 – Joan Fontaine, British-born actress (d. 2013)
*
October 24 – Fang Huai, Chinese military officer and major general of PLA (d. 2019)
*
October 27
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
* 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
* 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia.
* 1553 – Condemned as ...
– Oliver Tambo, South African activist, revolutionary (d. 1993)
* October 28
** Shams Pahlavi, Iranian royal (d. 1996)
** Jack Soo, Japanese-American actor (d. 1979)
* October 30
** Paul Eberhard, Swiss bobsledder (d. 1983)
** Maurice Trintignant, French racing driver (d. 2005)
*
October 31 – Gordon Steege, Australian military officer (d. 2013)
November
![Indira Gandhi in 1967](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg)
*
November 1
Events Pre-1600
* 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
– Erich Rudorffer, German fighter ace (d. 2016)
*
November 2
** Durward Knowles, Bahamian sailor, Olympic champion (d. 2018)
** Ann Rutherford, Canadian actress (d. 2012)
* November 3 – Chung Sze-yuen, Hong Kong politician (d. 2018)
* November 4 – Virginia Field, British-born actress (d. 1992)
*
November 5
Events Pre-1600
* 1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.
* 1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Br ...
– Jacqueline Auriol, French aviator (d. 2000)
*
November 10 – Koun Wick, Cambodian statesman and diplomat (d. 1999)
* November 11 – Madeleine Damerment, French WWII heroine (d. 1944)
* November 12
** Hedley Jones, Jamaican musician (d. 2017)
** Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim, Malaysian judge (d. 2000)
** Jo Stafford, American traditional pop singer (d. 2008)
*
November 13 – Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria, Austrian-born Spanish and Italian princess (d. 2017)
* November 14 – Park Chung-hee, 3rd president of South Korea (d. 1979)
* November 18 – Pedro Infante, Mexican actor, singer (d. 1957)
*
November 19
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 636 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire at the Battle o ...
– Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984)
*
November 22
Events Pre-1600
* 498 – After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore.
* 845 – The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Fra ...
– Andrew Huxley, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012)
*
November 24 – Shabtai Rosenne, British-born Israeli diplomat, jurist (d. 2010)
*
November 28
** Orville Rogers, American pilot, competitive runner (d. 2019)
** Xiang Shouzhi, Chinese general (d. 2017)
* November 29 – Pierre Gaspard-Huit, French film director, screenwriter (d. 2017)
December
![Sir Ellis Clarke (cropped 2)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Sir_Ellis_Clarke_%28cropped_2%29.jpg)
* December 5 – Wenche Foss, Norwegian actress (d. 2011)
* December 6 – Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977)
* December 7 – Hurd Hatfield, American actor (d. 1998)
* December 8 – Ian Johnson (cricketer), Ian Johnson, Australian cricketer (d. 1998)
* December 9 – James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
* December 10 – Sultan Yahya Petra of Kelantan, King of Malaysia (d. 1979)
* December 15 – Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee, Pakistani poet, author and lexicographer (d. 2005)
* December 16
** Sir Arthur C. Clarke, English science-fiction author, best known for co-writing the screenplay of ''2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 2001: A Space Odyssey'' (d. 2008)
** Beatrice Wright (psychologist), Beatrice Wright, American psychologist (d. 2018)
* December 18 – Ossie Davis, African-American actor, film director and activist (d. 2005)
* December 19 – Paul Brinegar, American actor (d. 1995)
* December 20
** David Bohm, American-born physicist, philosopher and neuropsychologist (d. 1992)
** Petrus Hugo, South African Second World War, WWII fighter pilot (d. 1986)
** Audrey Totter, American actress (d. 2013)
* December 21 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
* December 22 – Marthe Gosteli, Swiss women's suffrage campaigner (d. 2017)
* December 25
** Lincoln Verduga Loor, Ecuadorian journalist, politician (d. 2009)
** Arseny Mironov, Russian scientist, engineer and pilot (d. 2019)
* December 28 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2010)
* December 29 – Ramanand Sagar, Indian film director (d. 2005)
* December 30 – Seymour Melman, American industrial engineer (d. 2004)
* December 31 – Suzy Delair, French actress, singer (d. 2020)
Date unknown
* Hazza' al-Majali, 22nd & 32nd Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1960)
Deaths
January–March
![Emil von Behring sitzend](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg)
* January 2 – Edward Burnett Tylor, Sir Edward Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832)
* January 4 – Frederick Selous, British explorer (b. 1851)
* January 6
** Frederick William Borden, Sir Frederick Borden, Canadian politician (b. 1847)
**Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack, Dutch economist, historian (b. 1834)
* January 8 – Mary Arthur McElroy, ''de facto'' First Lady of the United States (b. 1841)
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
– Buffalo Bill, American frontiersman (b. 1846)
*
January 16
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...
– George Dewey, U.S. admiral (b. 1837)
* January 18 – Andrew Murray (minister), Andrew Murray, South African author, educationist and pastor (b. 1828)
*
January 28
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany.
* 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession o ...
– Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank (b. 1838)
* January 29 – Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, British diplomat and colonial administrator (b. 1841)
*
February 3
Events Pre-1600
* 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
*1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
– Alexey Abaza, Russian admiral and politician (b. 1853)
*
February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
– Jaber II Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1860)
* February 8 – Anton Haus, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1851)
* February 10 – John William Waterhouse, Italian-born English artist (b. 1849)
* February 16 – Octave Mirbeau, French art critic and novelist (b. 1848)
* February 17 – Carolus-Duran, French painter (b. 1837)
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
** Joaquín Dicenta, Spanish writer (b. 1862)
** Fred Mace, American actor (b. 1878)
* March 5 – Manuel de Arriaga, 1st President of Portugal (b. 1840)
* March 6 – Jules Vandenpeereboom, 17th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843)
*
March 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and inventor (b. 1838)
*
March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
* 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...
- Robert Viren, Imperial Russian Navy admiral (b. 1857)
* March 17 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher, psychologist (b. 1838)
* March 29 – Maximilian von Prittwitz, German general (b. 1848)
*
March 31
Events Pre-1600
* 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.
*1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V ...
– Emil von Behring, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)
April–June
![Frans Schollaert](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Frans_Schollaert.jpg)
* April 1 – Scott Joplin, African-American ragtime composer, pianist (b. c.1868)
*
April 3 – Milton Wright (bishop), Milton Wright, American bishop, father of the Wright brothers (b. 1828)
*
April 6 – Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1893–1917), Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (b. 1893)
* April 7 – George Brown (missionary), George Brown, British missionary (b. 1835)
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– Richard Olney, American politician (b. 1835)
* April 13 – Diamond Jim Brady, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1856)
* April 14 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (b. 1859)
* April 18 – F. C. Burnand, British playwright and comic writer (b. 1836)
* April 29 – Tehaapapa III, Tahitian queen (b. 1879)
* May 7 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, posthumous Victoria Cross recipient (killed in action) (b. 1896)
* May 17
**Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak (b. 1829)
**Radomir Putnik, Serbian field marshal (b. 1847)
*
May 18
Events Pre-1600
* 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
* 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 4 ...
– John Nevil Maskelyne, English magician and inventor (b. 1839)
* May 20 – Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (b. 1850)
*
May 23 – Queen Ranavalona III of Madagascar (b. 1855)
* May 24 – Les Darcy, Australian boxer (b. 1895)
* May 25
** Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (b. 1891)
** René Dorme, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1894)
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Imperial Russian Navy admiral and politician (b. 1843)
* May 29 – Kate Harrington (poet), Kate Harrington, American teacher, writer and poet (b. 1831)
* June 3 – Matilda Carse, Irish-born American businesswoman, social reformer (b. 1835)
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– Karl Emil Schäfer, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891)
* June 12 – Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist, singer, composer and conductor (b. 1853)
* June 14 – Thomas W. Benoist, American aviator, aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the worlds first scheduled airline (b. 1874)
*
June 15 – Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist (b. 1867)
* June 17 – José Manuel Pando, 25th President of Bolivia (b. 1849)
* June 18 – Titu Maiorescu, Romanian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1840)
* June 26 – Ella Giles Ruddy, American author and essayist (b. 1851)
* June 27
** Karl Allmenröder, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1896)
** Gustav von Schmoller, German economist (b. 1838)
* June 29 – Frans Schollaert, 19th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1851)
* June 30
** Antonio de La Gándara, French painter (b. 1861)
** Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (b. 1825)
July–September
![Mata-Hari 1910](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Mata-Hari_1910.jpg)
*
July 2
** William Henry Moody, 35th United States Secretary of the Navy, 45th United States Attorney General, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1853)
** Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, British actor (b. 1852)
*
July 8
Events Pre-1600
* 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch.
* 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese ...
– Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b. 1877)
*
July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II of ...
** Donald Cunnell, British World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1893)
** Hugo Simberg, Finnish symbolist painter and graphic artist (b. 1873)
* July 15 – Andrey Selivanov, Russian general and politician (b. 1847)
*
July 16
Events Pre-1600
* 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar.
* 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece.
* 105 ...
– Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (b. 1847)
*
July 20 – Ignaz Sowinski, Polish architect (b. 1858)
* July 27 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1841)
*
July 28 – Ririkumutima, Queen regent of Burundi
*
July 31
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
* 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...
** Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (killed in action) (b. 1887)
** Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet (killed in action) (b. 1887)
*
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
– Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician (b. 1849)
* August 7 – Edwin Harris Dunning, British aviator (b. 1892)
* August 13 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860)
*
August 17 – John W. Kern, American Democratic politician (b. 1849)
* August 20 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835)
* August 30 – Alan Leo, British astrologer (b. 1860)
* September 9
** Boris Stürmer, Russian statesman, former prime minister (b. 1848)
** Madge Syers, British figure skater (b. 1881)
* September 11 – Georges Guynemer, French World War I fighter ace (missing in action) (b. 1894)
* September 15 – Kurt Wolff (aviator), Kurt Wolff, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895)
*
September 23
Events Pre-1600
* 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified.
* 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...
– Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897)
*
September 26 – Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (b. 1837)
* September 27 – Edgar Degas, French painter (b. 1834)
* September 30 – Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, Spanish admiral (b. 1839)
October–December
![Francesca Cabrini](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Francesca_Cabrini.JPG)
*
October 3 – Eduardo di Capua, Neapolitan composer and songwriter (b. 1865)
*
October 4 – Dave Gallaher, New Zealand rugby union football player (killed in action) (b. 1873)
* October 9 – Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt, (b. 1853)
* October 11 – Duke Philipp of Württemberg (b. 1838)
*
October 13 – Florence La Badie, American actress (accident) (b. 1888)
* October 15 –
Mata Hari, Dutch dancer, spy (executed) (b. 1876)
* October 17 – Bobby Atherton, Welsh footballer (b. 1876)
* October 22 – Bob Fitzsimmons, British boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (b. 1863)
*
October 23 – Eugène Grasset, Swiss artist (b. 1845)
*
October 27
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
* 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
* 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia.
* 1553 – Condemned as ...
– Arthur Rhys-Davids, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897)
* October 28 – Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1831)
* October 30 – Heinrich Gontermann, German fighter ace (flying accident) (b. 1896)
*
November 2 – Tringe Smajli, Albanian guerrilla fighter and sworn virgin (b. 1880)
* November 3 – Frederick Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1842)
*
November 7 – Margaret Cleaves, American physician and writer (b. 1848)
*
November 8 – Colin Blythe, English cricketer (b. 1879)
* November 11 – Liliʻuokalani, last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii (b. 1838)
*
November 15
Events Pre-1600
* 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
*1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Morg ...
– Émile Durkheim, French sociologist (b. 1858)
*
November 16 – Adolf Reinach, German philosopher (killed in action) (b. 1883)
*
November 17
Events Pre-1600
* 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November.
*1183 &n ...
** Neil Primrose (politician), Neil Primrose, British Liberal MP (killed in action) (b. 1882)
** Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840)
* December 8 – Mendele Mocher Sforim, Russian Yiddish, Hebrew writer (b. 1836)
* December 10 – Mackenzie Bowell, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823)
* December 12 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (b. 1828)
* December 17 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, English physician and suffragette (b. 1836)
* December 19 – Richard Maybery, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895)
* December 20 – Eric Campbell (actor), Eric Campbell, Scottish actor (accident) (b. 1879)
* December 22
** Frances Xavier Cabrini, first American canonized as a saint (b. 1850)
** Stanisław Tondos, Polish painter (b. 1854)
* December 24 – Ivan Goremykin, Russian statesman, former prime minister (b. 1839)
* December 28 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1892)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Charles Glover Barkla
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
* Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross
References
Further reading
* Williams, John. ''The Other Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914-1918'' (1972) pp 175–242.
Primary sources and year books
''New International Year Book 1917'' (1918) Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 904 pp
* ''American Year Book: 1917'' (1918), large compendium of facts about the U.S
online complete edition
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1917,