Events

Below, the events of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

have the "WWI" prefix.

January

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...

– WWI –

Battle of Rafa The Battle of Rafa, also known as the Action of Rafah, fought on 9 January 1917, was the third and final battle to complete the recapture of the Sinai Peninsula by British forces during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the First World War. T ...

: The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the

Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (now usually ) (, , cop, Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a l ...

is captured by the

Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...

's Desert Column. *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...

– Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: Seven survivors of the

Ross Sea party The Ross Sea party was a component of Sir Ernest Shackleton's 1914–1917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Its task was to lay a series of supply depots across the Great Ice Barrier from the Ross Sea to the Beardmore Glacier, along the polar ...

were rescued after being stranded for several months. *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...

– Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland (modern-day Lyndhurst, New Jersey), one of the events leading to United States involvement in WWI. *

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. * 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...

– The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million. *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...

– WWI: United States President

Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...

calls for "peace without victory" in Germany. *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...

** WWI: British armed merchantman is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly (Ireland), with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard. ** An anti-

prostitution Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in Sex work, sexual activity in exchange for payment. The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is often defined as an activity requiring physical contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, n ...

drive in

San Francisco San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...

occurs, and police close about 200 prostitution houses. *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. *1531 – The 6.4–7.1 1531 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. *1564 – ...

– The sea defences at the English village of Hallsands are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable. *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession o ...

– The United States ends its search for Pancho Villa. *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 *1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. *1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 *1607 – An estimated ...

– Pershing's troops in

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

begin withdrawing back to the United States. They reach Columbus, New Mexico

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. * 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion. * 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...

February

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...

– WWI: Atlantic U-boat Campaign:

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

announces its

U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...

s will resume

unrestricted submarine warfare Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules") that call for warships to sea ...

, rescinding the ' ''Sussex'' Pledge'. *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states. *1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire. *1488 – ...

– WWI: The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th. *1462 – The ...

** Mata Hari is arrested in Paris for spying. ** WWI –

Raid on Nekhl The Raid on Nekhl (February 1917) was the second of three battles by British forces to recapture the Sinai Peninsula during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) mounted forces travelled into the centr ...

: Units of the

completely reoccupy the

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...

ian Sinai Peninsula. *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The Prus ...

– British troopship is accidentally rammed and sunk off the

Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight ( ) is a county in the English Channel, off the coast of Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Solent. It is the largest and second-most populous island of England. Referred to as 'The Island' by residents, the Isle of ...

, killing 646, mainly members of the

South African Native Labour Corps The South African Native Labour Corps (SANLC) was a force of workers formed in 1916 in response to a British request for workers at French ports. About 25,000 South Africans joined the Corps. The SANLC was utilized in various menial noncombat tas ...

. *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. * 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. * 13 ...

– WWI: Walter Hines Page, United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, is shown the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico, if Mexico will take sides with Germany, in case the United States declares war on Germany.

March

March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor ...

** WWI: The U.S. government releases the text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public. ** Ōmuta, Japan, is founded by Hiroushi Miruku. *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...

– The enactment of the Jones Act grants

Puerto Ricans Puerto Ricans ( es, Puertorriqueños; or boricuas) are the people of Puerto Rico, the inhabitants, and citizens of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and their descendants. Overview The culture held in common by most Puerto Ricans is referred t ...

United States citizenship. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...

sworn in Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon ', also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to giv ...

for a second term, as President of the United States. **

Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) was an American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States in 1917. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representat ...

Montana Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbi ...

becomes the first woman member of the

United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the Lower house, lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the United States Senate, Senate being ...

. *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...

– "

Livery Stable Blues "Livery Stable Blues" is a jazz composition copyrighted by Ray Lopez ''(né'' Raymond Edward Lopez; 1889–1979) and Alcide Nunez in 1917. It was recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band on February 26, 1917, and, with the A side " Dixieland ...

", recorded with "Dixie Jazz Band One Step" on

February 26 Events Pre-1600 *747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is p ...

, by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in the United States, becomes the first

jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major ...

recording commercially released. On August 17 the band records "

Tiger Rag "Tiger Rag" is a jazz standard that was recorded and copyrighted by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917. It is one of the most recorded jazz compositions. In 2003, the 1918 recording of "Tiger Rag" was entered into the U.S. Library of Cong ...

". * March 8 – (N.S.) (

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...

, O.S.) – The

February Revolution The February Revolution ( rus, Февра́льская револю́ция, r=Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya, p=fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and somet ...

begins in Russia: Women calling for bread in

Petrograd Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

start riots, which spontaneously spread throughout the city. * March 10 – The Province of

Batangas Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas ( tl, Lalawigan ng Batangas ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. Its capital is the city of Batangas, and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and La ...

is formally founded, as one of the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

' first

encomienda The ''encomienda'' () was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. The labourers, in theory, were provided with benefits by the conquerors for whom they laboured, including military ...

s. * March 11 –

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...

Venustiano Carranza José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February ...

is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives ''

de jure In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...

'' recognition of his government. *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...

– The Russian

Duma A duma (russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were for ...

declares a

Provisional Government A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...

. It was dissolved 4 months later. *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...

– WWI: The

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...

terminates diplomatic relations with Germany. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...

(N.S.) (

, O.S.) – Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicates his throne and his son's claims. This is considered to be the end of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

, after 196 years. * March 16 (N.S.) (

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 &nd ...

, O.S.) –

Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович, r=Mikhail Aleksandrovich; 13 June 1918) was the youngest son and fifth child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and youngest brother of Nicholas ...

refuses the throne, and power passes to the newly formed Provisional Government, under Prince

Georgy Lvov Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (7/8 March 1925) was a Russian aristocrat and statesman who served as the first prime minister of republican Russia from 15 March to 20 July 1917. During this time he served as Russia's ''de facto'' head of stat ...

. *

March 25 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. * 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...

– The

Georgian Orthodox Church The Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამოციქულო ავტოკეფალური მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია, tr), commonly ...

restores the

autocephaly Autocephaly (; from el, αὐτοκεφαλία, meaning "property of being self-headed") is the status of a hierarchical Christian church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop. The term is primarily used in Eastern O ...

, abolished by Imperial Russia in

1811 Events January–March * January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana. * January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Brid ...

. * March 26 – WWI – First Battle of Gaza: British

troops virtually encircle the Gaza garrison, but are then ordered to withdraw, leaving the city to the Ottoman defenders. * March 30 –

Hjalmar Hammarskjöld Knut Hjalmar Leonard Hammarskjöld (; 4 February 1862 – 12 October 1953) was a Swedish politician, scholar, cabinet minister, Member of Parliament from 1923 to 1938 (first chamber), and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917. In 1890, he m ...

steps down as

Prime Minister of Sweden The prime minister ( sv, statsminister ; literally translating to "Minister of State") is the head of government of Sweden. The prime minister and their cabinet (the government) exercise executive authority in the Kingdom of Sweden and are subj ...

; he is replaced by right-wing businessman and politician

Carl Swartz Carl Johan Gustaf Swartz (5 June 1858 – 6 November 1926) was a Swedish right-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from March to October 1917. He also served as Minister for Finance from 1906 to 1911. He married Dagmar L ...

. *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V� ...

– The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the US Virgin Islands, after paying $25 million to Denmark.

April

* April – ''

Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki was once considered to be the first professional Japanese animated film ever made. It was made by Ōten Shimokawa in 1917 to be shown in a cinema, in this case, in the Asakusa Kinema Kurabu, a theater in Tokyo managed directly by the film compa ...

'', the first

anime is Traditional animation, hand-drawn and computer animation, computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside of Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, in Japan and in Japane ...

, is released in

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

. *

April 2 Events Pre-1600 *1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Jo ...

– WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

for a

declaration of war A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state (polity), state announces existing or impending war activity against another. The declaration is a performative speech act (or the signing of a document) by an authorized party of a nationa ...

on Germany. * April 6 – WWI: The United States declares war on Germany. *

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. *1139 – Ro ...

(N.S.) ( March 26, O.S.) – In

, 40,000 ethnic

Estonians Estonians or Estonian people ( et, eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia who speak the Estonian language. The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to other ...

demand

national autonomy In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ow ...

within

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

. *

April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, s ...

–

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...

– WWI: Battle of Arras – British Empire troops make a significant advance on the Western Front but are unable to achieve a breakthrough. *

– 12 – WWI: Canadian troops win the

Battle of Vimy Ridge The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Pas-de-Calais department of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions o ...

. *

April 10 Events Pre-1600 * 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. * 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles). * 1407 ...

–

Eddystone explosion On April 10, 1917, four days after the United States declared war on Germany, an explosion at the Eddystone Ammunition Corporation's artillery shell plant in Eddystone, Pennsylvania, killed 139 people. The majority were women and girls who worked ...

: an explosion at an ammunition plant near

Chester, Pennsylvania Chester is a city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area, it is the only city in Delaware County and had a population of 32,605 as of the 2020 census. Incorporated in 1682, Chester is ...

, kills 139, mostly female workers. * April 11 – WWI:

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

severs diplomatic relations with Germany. * April 12 (N.S.) ( March 30 O.S.) – The

Autonomous Governorate of Estonia In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ow ...

is formed within

, from the Governorate of Estonia and the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia. * April 16 ** (N.S.) ( April 3, O.S.) –

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...

arrives at the Finland Station in

. ** WWI: The Nivelle Offensive commences. *

April 17 Events Pre-1600 *1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. *1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...

** (N.S.) (

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 – ...

, O.S.) –

April Theses The April Theses (russian: апрельские тезисы, transliteration: ') were a series of ten directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his April 1917 return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland via Germany and ...

are published. They become very influential in the following July Days and

Bolshevik Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was ...

. ** WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the Second Battle of Gaza. This unsuccessful frontal attack on strong Ottoman defences along with the first battle, results in 10,000 casualties, the dismissal of force commander General Archibald Murray, and the beginning of the

Stalemate in Southern Palestine The Stalemate in Southern Palestine was a six month standoff between the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Ottoman Army in World War I. The two hostile forces faced each other along the Gaza to Beersheba line during the Sinai and ...

. ** ''

The Times ''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' (fou ...

'' and the ''

Daily Mail The ''Daily Mail'' is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper and news websitePeter Wilb"Paul Dacre of the Daily Mail: The man who hates liberal Britain", ''New Statesman'', 19 December 2013 (online version: 2 January 2014) publish ...

'' (London newspapers both owned by Lord Northcliffe) print atrocity propaganda of the supposed existence of a

German Corpse Factory The German Corpse Factory or ' (literally "Carcass-Utilization Factory"), also sometimes called the "German Corpse-Rendering Works" or "Tallow Factory" was one of the most notorious anti-German atrocity propaganda stories circulated in World War ...

processing dead soldiers' bodies. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at ...

– WWI: Army transport fires the United States' first shots in anger in the war when her gun crew drives off a German

in the

English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...

seven miles southeast of Beachy Head. * April 26 – WWI: The Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, between France, Italy and the United Kingdom, to settle interests in the Middle East, is signed.

May

* May 3 – WWI:

1917 French Army mutinies The 1917 French Army mutinies took place amongst French Army troops on the Western Front in Northern France during World War I. They started just after the unsuccessful and costly Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offens ...

begin. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...

– WWI: The Nivelle Offensive is abandoned. *

May 13 Events Pre-1600 *1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''. * 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...

– Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future

Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his e ...

, is consecrated

Archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...

Pope Benedict XV Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His ...

. *

– October 13 (at monthly intervals) – 10-year-old Lúcia Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto report experiencing a series of Marian apparitions near

Fátima, Portugal Fátima () is a city in the municipality of Ourém and district of Santarém in the Central Region of Portugal, with 71.29 km2 of area and 13,212 inhabitants (2021). The homonymous civil parish encompasses several villages and localities of ...

, which become known as

Our Lady of Fátima Our Lady of Fátima ( pt, Nossa Senhora de Fátima, ); formally known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fátima) is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus, based on the Marian apparitions reported in 1917 by three shepherd children at the Cov ...

. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...

–

Robert Nivelle Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 – 22 March 1924) was a French artillery general officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion and the First World War. In May 1916, he succeeded Philippe Pétain as commander of the French Second Army in the ...

is replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the

French Army The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (french: Armée de Terre, ), is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed For ...

, by Philippe Pétain. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 4 ...

– WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the

, giving the

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...

the power of

conscription Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...

. * May 21 – Over 300 acres (73 blocks) are destroyed in the Great Atlanta fire of 1917 in the United States. *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. * 11 ...

**The Commissioned Officer Corps of the

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system, providing the foundation for transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and a large number of applications ...

is established. **

Ell Persons Ell Persons was a black man who was lynched on 22 May 1917, after he was accused of having raped and decapitated a 15-year-old white girl, Antoinette Rappel, in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. He was arrested and was awaiting trial when he was ...

is lynched in Memphis, in connection with the rape and murder of 16-year-old Antoinette Rappal. * May 23 ** A month of civil violence in

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...

, Italy ends, after the Italian army forcibly takes over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries; 50 people are killed and 800 arrested. ** WWI: During the

the

Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway The Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway took place on 23 May 1917 after the Second Battle of Gaza and before the Battle of Beersheba (1917), Battle of Beersheba during the Stalemate in Southern Palestine in the Sinai and Palestine Campa ...

, by the British Desert Column, large sections of the railway line linking

Beersheba Beersheba or Beer Sheva, officially Be'er-Sheva ( he, בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, ''Bəʾēr Ševaʿ'', ; ar, بئر السبع, Biʾr as-Sabʿ, Well of the Oath or Well of the Seven), is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. ...

to the main Ottoman desert base are destroyed. *

May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire take ...

– A

tornado A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, altho ...

strikes

Mattoon, Illinois Mattoon ( ) is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States. The population was 16,870 as of the 2020 census. The city is home to Lake Land College and has close ties with its neighbor, Charleston. Both are principal cities of the Charleston� ...

, causing devastation and killing 101 people. *

May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &ndash ...

– WWI:

: Over 30,000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches at

Missy-aux-Bois Missy-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Population See also *Communes of the Aisne department The following is a list of the 799 communes in the French department of Aisne. The ...

. *

–

promulgates the 1917 ''Code of Canon Law''.

June

June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. *1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...

–

: A French infantry regiment seizes

, and declares an anti-war military government. Other French army troops soon apprehend them. * June 4 – The first

Pulitzer Prize The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made h ...

s are awarded:

Laura E. Richards Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards (February 27, 1850 – January 14, 1943) was an American writer. She wrote more than 90 books including biographies, poetry, and several for children. One well-known children's poem is her literary nonsense verse " E ...

, Maud Howe Elliott and Florence Hall receive the first

Pulitzer Pulitzer may refer to: *Joseph Pulitzer, a 20th century media magnate *Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award *Pulitzer (surname) * Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain *Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-pro ...

for a biography, (for '' Julia Ward Howe''). Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first

for history, for his work ''With Americans of Past and Present Days.'' Herbert Bayard Swope receives the first

for journalism, for his work for the ''

New York World The ''New York World'' was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers. It was a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publi ...

.'' *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 *1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights. *1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...

– WWI:

Conscription Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...

begins in the United States. * June 7 – WWI:

Battle of Messines Battle of Messines may refer to: *Battle of Messines (1914) *Battle of Messines (1917) The Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917) was an attack by the British Second Army (General Sir Herbert Plumer), on the Western Front, near the village of ...

opens with the British Army detonating 24 ammonal mines under the German lines, killing 10,000 in the deadliest deliberate non-nuclear man-made explosion in history. *

June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...

–

Speculator Mine disaster The Granite Mountain/Speculator Mine disaster of June 8, 1917, occurred as a result of a fire in a copper mine, and was the most deadly event in underground hard rock mining in United States history. Most men died of suffocation underground as the ...

: A fire at the Granite Mountain and Speculator ore mine, outside

Butte, Montana Butte ( ) is a consolidated city-county and the county seat of Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the sole entity of Butte-Silver Bow. The city covers , and, according to the ...

, kills at least 168 workers. * June 11 – King

Constantine I of Greece Constantine I ( el, Κωνσταντίνος Αʹ, ''Konstantínos I''; – 11 January 1923) was King of Greece from 18 March 1913 to 11 June 1917 and from 19 December 1920 to 27 September 1922. He was commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Army ...

abdicates for the first time, being succeeded by his son Alexander. * June 13 – WWI: The first major German bombing raid on London by fixed-wing aircraft leaves 162 dead and 432 injured. * June 15 – The United States enacts the Espionage Act.

July

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the mont ...

– The first Cottingley Fairies photographs are taken in

Yorkshire Yorkshire ( ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a Historic counties of England, historic county in northern England and by far the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its large area in comparison with other Eng ...

, England, apparently depicting fairies (a hoax not admitted by the child creators until

1981 Events January * January 1 ** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union. ** Palau becomes a self-governing territory. * January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...

). *

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...

East St. Louis riot The East St. Louis Riots were a series of outbreaks of labor and race-related violence by White Americans who murdered between 39 and 150 African Americans in late May and early July 1917. Another 6,000 black people were left homeless, and t ...

: A labor dispute ignites a

race riot This is a list of ethnic riots by country, and includes riots based on ethnic, sectarian, xenophobic, and racial conflict. Some of these riots can also be classified as pogroms. Africa Americas United States Nativist period: 1700s� ...

in East St. Louis, Illinois, which leaves 250 dead. ** Russian General Brusilov begins the major Kerensky Offensive in Galicia, initially advancing towards

Lemberg Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...

. * July 2 – WWI: Greece joins the war on the side of the

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

. * July 6 – WWI: **

Battle of Aqaba The Battle of Aqaba (6 July 1917) was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan) during the Arab Revolt of World War I. The attacking forces, led by Sherif Nasir and Auda abu Tayi and advised by T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), w ...

: Arabian troops, led by

T. E. Lawrence Thomas Edward Lawrence (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918 ...

, capture Aqaba from the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

. ** The

Conscription Crisis of 1917 The Conscription Crisis of 1917 (french: Crise de la conscription de 1917) was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. It was mainly caused by disagreement on whether men should be conscripted to fight in the war, but also b ...

in Canada leads to passage of the Military Service Act. * July 7 – The Lions Clubs International is formed in the United States. *

July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese ...

– 13 – WWI – First Battle of Ramadi: British troops fail to take

Ramadi Ramadi ( ar, ٱلرَّمَادِي ''Ar-Ramādī''; also formerly rendered as ''Rumadiyah'' or ''Rumadiya'') is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah. It is the capital and largest city of Al Anbar Governorate whi ...

from the Ottoman Empire; a majority of British casualties are due to extreme heat. *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...

–

Bisbee Deportation The Bisbee Deportation was the illegal kidnapping and deportation of about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders by 2,000 members of a deputized posse, who arrested them beginning on July 12, 1917, in Bisbee, Ar ...

: The Phelps Dodge Corporation deports over 1,000 suspected

IWW The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members of which are commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international labor union that was founded in Chicago in 1905. The origin of the nickname "Wobblies" is uncertain. IWW ideology combines genera ...

members from Bisbee, Arizona. *

July 16 Events Pre-1600 * 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar. * 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece. * 105 ...

– July 17 – Russian troops mutiny, abandon the

Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...

front, and retreat to

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

; hundreds are shot by their commanding officers during the retreat. *

–

July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...

– July Days: Serious clashes occur in

;

escapes to

Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...

;

Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian ...

is arrested. * July 17 – King

George V George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936. Born duri ...

of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the British Royal Family will bear the surname Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of '' House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha'', which is an offshoot of the historic (800+ years)

House of Wettin The House of Wettin () is a dynasty of German kings, prince-electors, dukes, and counts that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynasty is one of the oldest in Europe, and its ori ...

. * July 20 ** The

Parliament of Finland The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The ...

, with a

Social Democratic Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote soci ...

majority, passes a "Sovereignty Act", declaring itself, as the representative of the Finnish people, sovereign over the Grand Principality of Finland. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the act, as it would have devolved Russian sovereignty over Finland, formerly exercised by the Russian Emperor as Grand Prince of Finland, and alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of an independent Finland. ** ( July 7, O.S.) –

Alexander Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, ; Reforms of Russian orthography, original spelling: ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months ...

becomes

premier Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries. A second in command to a premier is designated as a deputy premier. A premier will normally be a head of governm ...

of the

Russian Provisional Government The Russian Provisional Government ( rus, Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of the Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately ...

, replacing Prince

. ** The Russian Provisional Government enacts

women's suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...

. ** The Corfu Declaration, which enables the establishment of the post-war

Kingdom of Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; sl, Kraljevina Jugoslavija) was a state in Southeast Europe, Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 unt ...

, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and the

Kingdom of Serbia The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Princi ...

. * July 20– July 28 – WWI:

and

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

forces repulse the Russian advance into Galicia. *

July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...

– Sir William Thomas White introduces Canada's first

income tax An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Tax ...

as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%). * July 28 – The

Silent Parade The Negro Silent Protest Parade, commonly known as the Silent Parade, was a silent march of about 10,000 African Americans along Fifth Avenue starting at 57th Street in New York City on July 28, 1917. The event was organized by the NAACP, church ...

is organized by the

NAACP The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E.&nb ...

in New York City, to protest the

of July 2, as well as lynchings in

Tennessee Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to th ...

and

Texas Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...

. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. *1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. *1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands ...

– The

is dissolved by the

. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority. *

July 31 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. * 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...

– WWI –

Battle of Passchendaele The Third Battle of Ypres (german: link=no, Dritte Flandernschlacht; french: link=no, Troisième Bataille des Flandres; nl, Derde Slag om Ieper), also known as the Battle of Passchendaele (), was a campaign of the First World War, fought by t ...

("Third Battle of Ypres"): Allied offensive operations commence in Flanders.

August

August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. *216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...

–

August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...

– The

Green Corn Rebellion The Green Corn Rebellion was an armed uprising that took place in rural Oklahoma on August 2 and 3, 1917. The uprising was a reaction by European-Americans, tenant farmers, Seminoles, Muscogee Creeks, and African-Americans to an attempt to enforc ...

, an uprising by several hundred farmers against the WWI draft, takes place in central

Oklahoma Oklahoma (; Choctaw language, Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the nor ...

. *

– Squadron Commander E.H. Dunningbr>lands his aircraft on the ship
in

Scapa Flow Scapa Flow viewed from its eastern end in June 2009 Scapa Flow (; ) is a body of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, sheltered by the islands of Mainland, Graemsay, Burray,S. C. George, ''Jutland to Junkyard'', 1973. South Ronaldsay and ...

Orkney Orkney (; sco, Orkney; on, Orkneyjar; nrn, Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north ...

. He is killed 5 days later during another landing on the ship. *

– The New York Guard is founded. * August 10 – A general strike begins in Spain; it is smashed after 3 days with 70 left dead, hundreds of wounded and 2,000 arrests. *

August 14 Events Pre-1600 * 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating t ...

– The

declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. * August 17 – One of English literature's important meetings takes place, when Wilfred Owen introduces himself to

Siegfried Sassoon Siegfried Loraine Sassoon (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English war poet, writer, and soldier. Decorated for bravery on the Western Front, he became one of the leading poets of the First World War. His poetry both describ ...

at the

Craiglockhart War Hospital Craiglockhart Hydropathic, now a part of Edinburgh Napier University and known as Craiglockhart Campus, is a building with surrounding grounds in Craiglockhart, Edinburgh, Scotland. As part of a large extension programme by the university in the ...

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...

. * August 18 – The

Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 250px, The fire as seen from the quay in 1917. 250px, The fire as seen from the Thermaic Gulf. The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 ( el, Μεγάλη Πυρκαγιά της Θεσσαλονίκης, 1917) destroyed two thirds of the city of T ...

in Greece destroys 32% of the city, leaving 70,000 individuals homeless. * August 29 – WWI: The Military Service Act is passed in the

House of Commons of Canada The House of Commons of Canada (french: Chambre des communes du Canada) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Crown and the Senate of Canada, they comprise the bicameral legislature of Canada. The House of Common ...

, giving the

Government of Canada The government of Canada (french: gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown is the corporation sole, assuming distinct roles: the executive, as the ''Crown ...

the right to conscript men into the army.

September

* September 14 (September 1 Old Style) – Russia is declared a

republic A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...

by the

. *

September 23 Events Pre-1600 * 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified. * 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...

–

is elected Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. *

September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt a ...

– The Mossovet (

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

Soviet of People's Deputies) votes to side with the

Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...

. * September 26– October 3 – WWI – Battle of Polygon Wood (part of the

) near

Ypres Ypres ( , ; nl, Ieper ; vls, Yper; german: Ypern ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though the Dutch name is the official one, the city's French name is most commonly used in English. The municipality co ...

in Belgium: British and Australian troops capture positions from the Germans. *

September 28 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII. * 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus ...

– 29 – WWI – Second Battle of Ramadi: British troops take

from the Ottoman Empire.

October

* October 4 – WWI: Battle of Broodseinde near Ypres – British Imperial forces overpower the German 4th Army's defences. * October 12 – WWI: First Battle of Passchendaele: – Allies fail to take a German defensive position, with the biggest loss of life in a single day for New Zealand, over 800 men and 45 officers are killed, roughly 1 in 1,000 of the nation's population at this time. * October 12- 19 – WWI:

Operation Albion Operation Albion was a World War I German air, land and naval operation against the Russian forces in October 1917 to occupy the West Estonian Archipelago. The land campaign opened with German landings at the Tagalaht bay on the island of S ...

– German forces land on and capture the West Estonian archipelago. * October 13 – The

Miracle of the Sun The Miracle of the Sun ( pt, Milagre do Sol), also known as the Miracle of Fátima, is a series of events reported to have occurred miraculously on 13 October 1917, attended by a large crowd who had gathered in Fátima, Portugal, in response to ...

is reported at

. * October 19 **

Dallas Love Field Dallas Love Field is a city-owned public airport northwest of downtown Dallas, Texas., effective April 10, 2008 It was Dallas' main airport until 1974 when Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) opened. Love Field covers an area of a ...

Airport is opened in Texas. **

leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after dismal election results for the right-wing in the Riksdag elections in September. He is replaced by liberal leader and history professor

Nils Edén Nils Edén (25 August 1871 – 16 June 1945) was a Swedish historian and liberal politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1917 to 1920, and along with Hjalmar Branting acknowledged as co-architect of Sweden's transition from a c ...

. * October 23 – A

ian ship is destroyed by a German U-Boat, encouraging Brazil to enter World War I. * October 24 – WWI: Battle of Caporetto opens between the

Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia was proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to ...

and the

Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...

near

Kobarid Kobarid (; it, Caporetto, fur, Cjaurêt, german: Karfreit) is a settlement in Slovenia, the administrative centre of the Municipality of Kobarid. Kobarid is known for the 1917 Battle of Caporetto, where the Italian retreat was documented by Erne ...

in the

Austrian Littoral The Austrian Littoral (german: Österreichisches Küstenland, it, Litorale Austriaco, hr, Austrijsko primorje, sl, Avstrijsko primorje, hu, Osztrák Tengermellék) was a crown land (''Kronland'') of the Austrian Empire, established in 1849. ...

. It is the first major engagement for junior German officer Erwin Rommel. * October 26 – WWI:

declares war against the

October 27 Events Pre-1600 * 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. * 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam. * 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia. * 1553 – Condemned as ...

– WWI:

Battle of Buqqar Ridge The Battle of el Buqqar Ridge took place on 27 October 1917, when one infantry regiment and cavalry troops of the Yildirim Army Group, attacked the 8th Mounted Brigade of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) in the last days of the stalemate ...

– Ottoman forces attack British Desert Mounted Corps units garrisoning El-Buqqar Ridge, during the last days of the

. * October 31 – WWI: Battle of Beersheba – The British XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps (

) attack and capture

from Ottoman forces, ending the

stalemate in Southern Palestine The Stalemate in Southern Palestine was a six month standoff between the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Ottoman Army in World War I. The two hostile forces faced each other along the Gaza to Beersheba line during the Sinai and ...

. The battle includes a rare (by this date) mounted charge, by Australian

mounted infantry Mounted infantry were infantry who rode horses instead of marching. The original dragoons were essentially mounted infantry. According to the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Mounted rifles are half cavalry, mounted infantry merely specially m ...

November

November 1 Events Pre-1600 * 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities. * 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...

– WWI: ** The British XXI Corps of the

begins the Third Battle of Gaza. ** The British Desert Mounted Corps begins the

Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe The Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, part of the Southern Palestine Offensive, began on 1 November 1917, the day after the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. ...

, in the direction of

Hebron Hebron ( ar, الخليل or ; he, חֶבְרוֹן ) is a Palestinian. city in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judaean Mountains, it lies above sea level. The second-largest city in the West Bank (after East J ...

and

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

. * November 2 –

Zionism Zionism ( he, צִיּוֹנוּת ''Tsiyyonut'' after ''Zion'') is a Nationalism, nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is ...

: The British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour makes the

Balfour Declaration The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing its support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman regio ...

, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in

Palestine __NOTOC__ Palestine may refer to: * State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia * Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia * Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East ...

of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities". *

November 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign. * 1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Br ...

(N.S.) ( October 23, O.S.) – Estonian and Russian Bolsheviks seize power in

Tallinn Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju ' ...

, two days before the

October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...

. * November 6 ** WWI – Second Battle of Passchendaele: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Passchendaele in Belgium (the battle concludes on November 10). ** WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria is launched by the British XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps, against the central Ottoman defences protecting the Gaza to Beersheba Road. ** Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers, to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government. * November 7 ** (N.S.) (

October 25 Events Pre-1600 * 285 (or 286) – Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers. * 473 – Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II a ...

, O.S.) –

in Russia: The workers of the

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

in Russia, led by the Bolshevik Party and leader

, storm the

Winter Palace The Winter Palace ( rus, Зимний дворец, Zimnij dvorets, p=ˈzʲimnʲɪj dvɐˈrʲɛts) is a palace in Saint Petersburg that served as the official residence of the Emperor of all the Russias, Russian Emperor from 1732 to 1917. The p ...

and successfully destroy the

Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, ; original spelling: ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months from late July to early Novembe ...

after less than eight months of rule. This immediately triggers the

Russian Civil War , date = October Revolution, 7 November 1917 – Yakut revolt, 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued Basmachi movement, in Central Asia and Tungus Republic, the Far East th ...

. **

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

(which has provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the Allied Forces after the

. ** WWI – Third Battle of Gaza: The British Army XXI Corps occupies Gaza, after the Ottoman garrison withdraws. ** WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria continues, when the XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps capture Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line. **

Women's Suffrage in the United States In the 1700's to early 1800's New Jersey did allow Women the right to vote before the passing of the 19th Amendment, but in 1807 the state restricted the right to vote to "...tax-paying, white male citizens..." Women's legal right to vote w ...

: Women win the right to vote in New York State. * November 8 ** (N.S.) ( October 26, O.S.) – Following the

, Alexandra Kollontai is appointed

People's Commissar Commissar (or sometimes ''Kommissar'') is an English transliteration of the Russian (''komissar''), which means 'commissary'. In English, the transliteration ''commissar'' often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and Eas ...

for Social Welfare in the

Council of People's Commissars The Councils of People's Commissars (SNK; russian: Совет народных комиссаров (СНК), ''Sovet narodnykh kommissarov''), commonly known as the ''Sovnarkom'' (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of ...

of the

Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic The Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the government of Soviet Russia in 1917–1946. It was established by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deput ...

, the first woman

cabinet Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to: Furniture * Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers * Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets * Filing ...

minister Minister may refer to: * Minister (Christianity), a Christian cleric ** Minister (Catholic Church) * Minister (government), a member of government who heads a ministry (government department) ** Minister without portfolio, a member of government w ...

in Europe. * November 13 – WWI: ** Battle of Mughar Ridge: The

attacks retreating Yildirim Army Group forces, resulting in the capture of 10,000 Ottoman prisoners, 100 guns and of

territory. ** The ANZAC Mounted Division ( Desert Mounted Corps) successfully fights the

Battle of Ayun Kara The Battle of Ayun Kara (14 November 1917) was an engagement in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the First World War. The battle was fought between the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and a similar-sized rearguard from the Turkish 3rd ...

, in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge against strong

rearguards. *

November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. *1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Morg ...

** "Night of Terror" in the United States: Influential suffragettes from the Silent Sentinels are deliberately subjected to physical assaults by guards while imprisoned. ** The

passes another "Sovereignty Act", dissolving Russian sovereignty over Finland and effectively declaring Finland independent. ** (N.S.) ( November 2, O.S.) – The Provincial Assembly of the

declares itself the highest legal body in

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...

, in opposition to

Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...

s. * November 16 ** WWI:

: The ANZAC Mounted Division occupies

Jaffa Jaffa, in Hebrew Yafo ( he, יָפוֹ, ) and in Arabic Yafa ( ar, يَافَا) and also called Japho or Joppa, the southern and oldest part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, is an ancient port city in Israel. Jaffa is known for its association with the b ...

. ** Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France. *

November 17 Events Pre-1600 * 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November. *1183 &n ...

** WWI:

Action of 17 November 1917 The action of 17 November 1917 was a naval battle of the First World War. The action was fought between a German U-boat and two United States Navy destroyers in the North Atlantic Ocean. Action Based in Queenstown, Ireland, USS ''Fanning'' an ...

: United States Navy

destroyer In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against powerful short range attackers. They were originally developed in ...

s USS ''Fanning'' and USS ''Nicholson'' capture

Imperial German Navy The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...

SM ''U-58'' off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships take a submarine (which is then scuttled). ** WWI: The

Battle of Jerusalem (1917) The Battle of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's "Jerusalem Operations" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to ...

begins, with the

launching attacks against Ottoman forces in the

Judean Hills The Judaean Mountains, or Judaean Hills ( he, הרי יהודה, translit=Harei Yehuda) or the Hebron Mountains ( ar, تلال الخليل, translit=Tilal al-Khalīl, links=, lit=Hebron Mountains), is a mountain range in Palestine and Israel whe ...

. ** The

People's Dispensary for Sick Animals The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA) is a veterinary charity in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1917 by Maria Dickin to provide care for sick and injured animals of the poor. It is the UK's leading veterinary charity, carrying ...

is founded in the United Kingdom. *

November 19 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 636 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire at the Battle o ...

– WWI: Battle of Caporetto ends with Austrian and German forces driving the Italian army to retreat 150 kilometres south to the Piave river. The Italians lose 13,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, around 270,000 taken prisoner (mostly willingly) and 50,000 deserted; the government of Paolo Boselli collapses on November 29. *

November 20 Events Pre-1600 * 284 – Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor. * 762 – During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels. *1194 – Palermo is conquered by Henry ...

** WWI: Battle of Cambrai – British forces, using

tank A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engin ...

s, make early progress in an attack on German positions, but are soon beaten back. ** The

is declared a republic. *

November 22 Events Pre-1600 * 498 – After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore. * 845 – The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Fra ...

– In

Montreal Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-most populous city in Canada and List of towns in Quebec, most populous city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian ...

, Quebec, Canada, the National Hockey Association suspends operations. * November 23 – The

release the full text of the previously secret

Sykes–Picot Agreement The Sykes–Picot Agreement () was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed Sphere of influence, spheres of influence and control in a ...

1916 Events Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that had been stored and cooled. * ...

in '' Izvestia'' and ''

Pravda ''Pravda'' ( rus, Правда, p=ˈpravdə, a=Ru-правда.ogg, "Truth") is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the co ...

''; it is printed in the ''

Manchester Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...

'' on

November 26 Events Pre-1600 * 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus. *1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynasty ...

. * November 24 – A bomb kills 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history (until the

September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercia ...

2001 The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...

). *

November 25 Events Pre-1600 *571 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates the first of his three triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans. *1034 – Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethó ...

– WWI:

Battle of Ngomano The Battle of Ngomano or Negomano was fought between Germany and Portugal during the East African Campaign (World War I), East African Campaign of World War I. A force of Germans and Askaris under Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck had recently won a c ...

– German forces defeat a Portuguese army of about 1,200 at

Negomano Negomano or Ngomano is a village in northern Mozambique, in Cabo Delgado Province. It is located on the border with Tanzania on the confluence of the Ruvuma River and the Lugenda River. Negomano was the scene of fierce battle between the German Ar ...

, on the border of modern-day

Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...

and

Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...

. *

– The

National Hockey League The National Hockey League (NHL; french: Ligue nationale de hockey—LNH, ) is a professional ice hockey league in North America comprising 32 teams—25 in the United States and 7 in Canada. It is considered to be the top ranked professional ...

is formed in Montreal, as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association. * November 28 – WWI: The

offer peace terms to the

Germans , native_name_lang = de , region1 = , pop1 = 72,650,269 , region2 = , pop2 = 534,000 , region3 = , pop3 = 157,000 3,322,405 , region4 = , pop4 = ...

December

December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days. December got its name from the Latin word ''decem'' (meaning ten) because it was or ...

–

Annie Besant Annie Besant ( Wood; 1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a British socialist, theosophist, freemason, women's rights activist, educationist, writer, orator, political party member and philanthropist. Regarded as a champion of human f ...

becomes president of the

Indian National Congress The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Em ...

. * December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on August 29, 1907 and September 11, 1916). Senate1917

* December 6 ** The

Senate of Finland The Senate of Finland ( fi, Suomen senaatti, sv, Senaten för Finland) combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1816 to 1917 and in the independent Finland from 1917 to 1918. The body that would beco ...

officially declares the country's independence from

. **

Halifax Explosion On the morning of 6 December 1917, the French cargo ship collided with the Norwegian vessel in the waters of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The ''Mont-Blanc'', laden with high explosives, caught fire and exploded, devastating the Richmond ...

: Two freighters collide in

Halifax Harbour Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality. Halifax largely owes its existence to the harbour, being one of the largest and deepest ice-free natural harbo ...

Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819, with 348,634 people in its urban area. The ...

, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the

Trinity The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the central dogma concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God the F ...

nuclear test in 1945). ** WWI: U.S. Navy

is torpedoed and sunk in the

Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...

by German submarine , killing 66 crew in the first significant American naval loss of the war. * December 9 – WWI – Battle of Jerusalem: The British

accepts the surrender of

by the mayor,

Hussein al-Husayni Hussein Bey al-Husayni ( ar, حسين الحسيني; died 1918) was a Palestinian politician who served as mayor of Jerusalem from 1909 to 1917, the last years of Ottoman rule over the city. Born into the prominent Jerusalemite Arab family ...

, following the effective defeat of the

's Yildirim Army Group. * December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British

into

on foot through, the

Jaffa Gate Jaffa Gate ( he, שער יפו, Sha'ar Yafo; ar, باب الخليل, Bāb al-Khalīl, "Hebron Gate") is one of the seven main open Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem. The name Jaffa Gate is currently used for both the historical Ottoman gate ...

. *

December 17 Events Pre-1600 * 497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome. * 546 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Byzantine garrison. * 920 – Romanos I Lekap ...

– The ''

Raad van Vlaanderen The Council of Flanders ( nl, Raad van Vlaanderen, or RVV) was formed by members of the "activist" or "maximalist" faction of the Flemish Movement in German-occupied Belgium on 4 February 1917 with tacit German support. Its founders, who incl ...

'' proclaims the independence of

Flanders Flanders (, ; Dutch: ''Vlaanderen'' ) is the Flemish-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. However, there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, ...

. * December 20 (N.S.) ( December 7, O.S.) – The

Cheka The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission ( rus, Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия, r=Vserossiyskaya chrezvychaynaya komissiya, p=fsʲɪrɐˈsʲijskəjə tɕrʲɪzvɨˈtɕæjnəjə kɐˈmʲisʲɪjə), abbreviated ...

, a predecessor to the

KGB The KGB (russian: links=no, lit=Committee for State Security, Комитет государственной безопасности (КГБ), a=ru-KGB.ogg, p=kəmʲɪˈtʲet ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)əj bʲɪzɐˈpasnəsʲtʲɪ, Komitet gosud ...

, is established in Russia. * December 23 (N.S.) ( December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring

Narva Narva, russian: Нарва is a municipality and city in Estonia. It is located in Ida-Viru County, Ida-Viru county, at the Extreme points of Estonia, eastern extreme point of Estonia, on the west bank of the Narva (river), Narva river which ...

and Ivangorod (''Jaanilinn'') from the

Petrograd Governorate Saint Petersburg Governorate (russian: Санкт-Петербу́ргская губе́рния, ''Sankt-Peterburgskaya guberniya''), or Government of Saint Petersburg, was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Tsardom of Russia ...

, to the

. * December 25 –

Jesse Lynch Williams Jesse Lynch Williams (August 17, 1871 – September 14, 1929) was an American author and dramatist. He won the first Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play '' Why Marry?'' (1917). He was a journalist for three New York publications and co-founded ...

's ''

Why Marry? ''Why Marry?'' is a 1917 play written by American playwright Jesse Lynch Williams. It won the first Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1918. Productions ''Why Marry?'' premiered on Broadway at the Astor Theatre on December 25, 1917 and closed on April ...

'', the first dramatic play to win a

, opens at the Astor Theatre, New York City. * December 26 – United States President

uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to transport troops and materials for the war effort more efficiently. *

December 30 Events Pre-1600 *534 – The second and final edition of the Code of Justinian comes into effect in the Byzantine Empire. *999 – Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushi ...

– WWI: The

secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous Yildirim Army Group counterattacks.

Date unknown

* The first edition of the World Book Encyclopedia – simply known as The World Book – is published by the Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company, and is one of the first American encyclopedias to cover the major areas of knowledge to a mass audience. * Women are permitted to stand in national elections in the Netherlands. * The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing. * Nakajima Aircraft Company, as predecessor of

Subaru ( or ; ) is the automaker, automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate (company), conglomerate Subaru Corporation (formerly known as Fuji Heavy Industries), the Automotive industry#By manufacturer, twenty-first ...

, a car manufacturing company in Japan, founded in Ota, Gunma

Prefecture A prefecture (from the Latin ''Praefectura'') is an administrative jurisdiction traditionally governed by an appointed prefect. This can be a regional or local government subdivision in various countries, or a subdivision in certain international ...

Births

January

Ernest Borgnine McHale McHale's Navy 1962

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...

** Vera Zorina, Norwegian dancer, actress (d.

2003 File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ...

) **

K. M. Mathew Kandathil Mammen Mathew (2 January 1917 – 1 August 2010) was an Indian newspaper editor who served as the editor-in-chief of the Malayalam-language daily, ''Malayala Manorama''.

, Indian newspaper editor (d.

2010 File:2010 Events Collage New.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2010 Chile earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in history; The Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland disrupts air travel in Europe; A scene from the opening ceremony of ...

) *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

Liu Zhonghua Liu Zhonghua (; 3 January 1917 – 16 January 2018) was a Chinese military officer. He was commander and political commissar of the PLA Navy 6th Fleet in 1953, and president of Naval Senior Institute (now Naval Aeronautical Engineering Institu ...

, Chinese military officer (d.

2018 File:2018 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in PyeongChang, South Korea; Protests erupt following the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi; March for Our Lives protests take place across the United ...

) **

D. J. Finney David John Finney (3 January 1917 – 12 November 2018), was a British statistician and Professor Emeritus of Statistics at the University of Edinburgh. He was Director of the Agricultural Research Council's Unit of Statistics from 1954 to 1984 ...

, British statistician (d.

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...

Adolfo Consolini Adolfo Consolini (5 January 1917 – 20 December 1969) was an Italian discus thrower. He competed at the 1948, 1952, 1956 and 1960 Olympics and finished in 1st, 2nd, 6th and 17 place, respectively. While winning the gold medal in 1948 he set an O ...

, Italian discus thrower (d.

1969 This year is notable for Apollo 11's first landing on the moon. Events January * January 4 – The Government of Spain hands over Ifni to Morocco. * January 5 **Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 701 crashes into a house on its approach to ...

) ** Lucienne Day, British textile designer (d.

) **

Francis L. Kellogg Francis Leonard Kellogg (January 5, 1917 – April 6, 2006) was an American diplomat, a special assistant to the Secretary of State during the Nixon and Ford Administrations and a prominent socialite in New York City. Biography Early life Fran ...

, American diplomat, prominent socialite (d.

2006 File:2006 Events Collage V1.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2006 Winter Olympics open in Turin; Twitter is founded and launched by Jack Dorsey; The Nintendo Wii is released; Montenegro 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, votes to declare ...

) ** Jane Wyman, American actress, philanthropist, and first wife of

Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan ( ; February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician, actor, and union leader who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He also served as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 ...

(d.

2007 File:2007 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Steve Jobs unveils Apple's first iPhone; TAM Airlines Flight 3054 overruns a runway and crashes into a gas station, killing almost 200 people; Former Pakistani Prime Minister of Pakistan, Pr ...

) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...

–

Koo Chen-fu Koo Chen-fu (, 6 January 1917 – 3 January 2005), also known as C.F. Koo, was a Taiwanese businessman and diplomat. He led the Koos Group of companies from 1940 until his death. As a chairman of the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF), Koo arrange ...

, Nationalist Chinese negotiator (d.

2005 File:2005 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico; the Funeral of Pope John Paul II is held in Vatican City; "Me at the zoo", the first video ever to be uploaded to YouTube; Eris was discovered in ...

) *

** Saul Cherniack, Canadian politician, lawyer (d.

) **

Jerry Wexler Jerry may refer to: Animals * Jerry (Grand National winner), racehorse, winner of the 1840 Grand National * Jerry (St Leger winner), racehorse, winner of 1824 St Leger Stakes Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Jerry'' (film), a 2006 Indian fil ...

, American record producer (d.

2008 File:2008 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Lehman Brothers went bankrupt following the Subprime mortgage crisis; Cyclone Nargis killed more than 138,000 in Myanmar; A scene from the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing; ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...

–

Jimmy Skinner James Donald Skinner (January 12, 1917 – July 11, 2007) was the head coach, chief scout and farm director, director of player personnel, director of hockey operations, assistant general manager, and general manager for the Detroit Red Wings ...

, American hockey coach (d.

) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...

–

K. A. Thangavelu Karaikal Arunachalam Thangavelu (15 January 1917 – 28 September 1994) popularly known as "Danaal Thangavelu", was an Indian actor and comedian popular in the 1950s to 1970s. Not known for physical, acrobatic comedy like his contemporarie ...

, Indian film actor, comedian (d.

1994 File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...

) *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

– M. G. Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu chief minister, actor (d.

1987 File:1987 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The MS Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes after leaving the Port of Zeebrugge in Belgium, killing 193; Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashes after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, k ...

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Co ...

– Erling Persson, Swedish businessman, founder of H&M (d. 2002) * January 24 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012) *

** Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist, chemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d.

) ** Jânio Quadros, 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992) *

– Louis Zamperini, American prisoner of war (World War II), Olympic distance athlete (1936), and Christian evangelist (d. 2014) * January 29 – John Raitt, American actor, singer (d.

)

February

* February 2 – Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese leader (d.

) *

– Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel (d.

) * February 4 – Yahya Khan, 3rd President of Pakistan (d. 1980) *

– Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress (d. 2012) * February 6 ** John Franzese, Italian-born American prisoner (d. 2020) ** Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (d. 2016) * February 9 – Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (d.

) * February 11 ** T. Nagi Reddy, Indian revolutionary (d. 1976) ** Sidney Sheldon, American author, television writer (d.

) * February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2011) * February 17 ** Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (d. 2002) ** Whang-od, Filipino ''mambabatok'' or tattoo artist * February 18 – Tuulikki Pietilä, Finnish artist (d. 2009) * February 19 – Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967) * February 20 – Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan harpist, composer (d. 2019) *

– Lucille Bremer, American actress, dancer (d. 1996) *

– Abdelmunim Al-Rifai, 2-time prime minister of Jordan (d. 1985) * February 25 ** Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993) ** Brenda Joyce (actress), Brenda Joyce, American actress (d. 2009) * February 27 ** John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993) ** Laine Mesikäpp, Estonian actress, singer and folk song collector (d. 2012) * February 28 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, cinematographer, and producer (d.

)

March

** Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977) ** Dinah Shore, American singer (d.

) *

** Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician, and television producer; co-founder of Desilu Productions (d. 1986) ** Babiker Awadalla, 8th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2019) ** Max Webb, Polish-American real estate developer and philanthropist (d.

) *

– Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear scientist (d. 1952) * March 5 – Raymond P. Shafer, 39th Governor of Pennsylvania (d.

) * March 6 ** Samael Aun Weor, Colombian writer (d. 1977) ** Will Eisner, American cartoonist (d.

) *

** Giovanni Benedetti, Italian Catholic prelate (d. 2017) ** Leonard Chess, Polish-American record company executive, co-founder of Chess Records (d.

) ** Googie Withers, British actress (d. 2011) * March 16 – Mehrdad Pahlbod, Iranian royal and politician (d.

) * March 18 – Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Romanian politician (d. 2017) * March 19 ** Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950) ** Sardon Jubir, Malaysian politician (d. 1985) * March 20 ** Haddon Donald, New Zealand Army Lieutenant Colonel and politician (d.

) ** Dame Vera Lynn, English actress, singer (d. 2020) * March 21 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician, and Military Chief of Staff (d. 1984) * March 22 – Virginia Grey, American actress (d. 2004) * March 24 ** Constantine Andreou, Brazilian-Greek artist (d.

) ** John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997) * March 26 – Rufus Thomas, American singer (d.

) * March 27 – Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002)

April

* April 1 – Sydney Newman, Canadian-born television producer (d. 1997) * April 5 – Robert Bloch, American writer (d.

) * April 7 ** R. G. Armstrong, American actor (d. 2012) ** Mongo Santamaría, Cuban jazz musician (d.

) *

– Hubertus Ernst, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017) *

– Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002) *

– Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) * April 11 – Morton Sobell, American spy (d.

) * April 12 – Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav politician (d. 1977) * April 13 ** Bill Clements, Governor of Texas (d. 2011) ** Li Rui (politician), Li Rui, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2019) * April 14 – Valerie Hobson, British actress (d. 1998) * April 15 – Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982) * April 16 – Barry Nelson, American actor (d.

) * April 22 – Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016) * April 23 – Dorian Leigh, American model (d.

) * April 25 – Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996) * April 26 – I. M. Pei, Chinese-born architect (d. 2019) * April 28 – Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor (d. 1999) * April 29 ** Bernard Blossac, French fashion illustrator (d. 2002) ** Celeste Holm, American actress (d. 2012) ** Maya Deren, Russian-American experimental filmmaker (d. 1961)

May

* May 1 ** John Beradino, American baseball player and actor, best known for his role in ''General Hospital'' (d. 1996) ** Ulric Cross, Trinidadian judge, diplomat and war hero (d. 2013) ** Danielle Darrieux, French singer, actress (d. 2017) ** Fyodor Khitruk, Russian animator (d. 2012) * May 3 ** José Del Vecchio, Venezuelan physician, youth baseball promoter (d. 1990) ** George Gaynes, Finland-born American actor (d. 2016) ** Kiro Gligorov, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2012) * May 6 – Morihiro Higashikuni, Japanese prince (d.

) * May 7 – David Tomlinson, English actor (d. 2000) * May 12 – Frank Clair, Canadian football coach (d.

) * May 14 – Lou Harrison, American composer (d.

) *

– Jerzy Duszyński (actor), Jerzy Duszyński, Polish actor (d. 1978) *

– Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer, photographer (d. 1986) * May 20 – Bergur Sigurbjörnsson, Icelandic politician (d.

) * May 21 – Raymond Burr, Canadian actor, best known for his role in ''Perry Mason (1957 TV series), Perry Mason'' (d. 1993) *

– Georg Tintner, Austrian conductor (d. 1999) * May 24 – Florence Knoll, American architect, furniture designer (d. 2019) * May 28 ** Papa John Creach, African-American fiddler (d.

) ** Marshall Reed, American film, television actor (d. 1980) * May 29 – John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (d. 1963) * May 31 – Zilka Salaberry, Brazilian actress (d.

)

June

– William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) * June 4 – Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004) * June 6 – Kirk Kerkorian, Armenian-American businessman, billionaire (d. 2015) * June 7 ** Gwendolyn Brooks, African-American writer (d. 2000) ** Dean Martin, American actor, singer (d. 1995) *

– Byron White, American American football, football player and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2002) * June 9 – Eric Hobsbawm, Egyptian-born British historian (d. 2012) * June 10 – Ruari McLean, Scottish-born typographer (d.

) * June 13 – Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan writer (d.

) * June 14 ** Lise Nørgaard, Danish journalist, writer ** Atle Selberg, Norwegian mathematician (d.

) * June 15 – John Fenn (chemist), John Fenn, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * June 16 ** Phaedon Gizikis, President of Greece (d. 1999) ** Katharine Graham, American publisher (d.

) ** Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009) * June 17 – Huang Feili, Chinese conductor, musical educator (d. 2017) * June 18 ** Richard Boone, American actor (d.

) ** Erik Ortvad, Danish artist (d.

) * June 24 – Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer, political activist and politician (d. 2013) * June 25 ** Nils Karlsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2012) ** Claude Seignolle, French author (d.

) * June 26 – Idriz Ajeti, Albanian albanologist (d. 2019) * June 29 – Ling Yun (politician), Ling Yun, Chinese politician (d.

) * June 30 ** Susan Hayward, American actress (d. 1975) ** Lena Horne, American singer, actress (d.

)

July

Reg Smyth from a family photograph owned by the Smyth family 2007

** Shyam Saran Negi, Indian schoolteacher (d. 2022) ** Virginia Dale, American actress, dancer (d.

) ** Álvaro Domecq y Díez, Spanish aristocrat (d.

) * July 2 – André Lafargue, French journalist, resistance fighter (d. 2017) * July 4 – Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947) * July 6 ** Heribert Barrera, Spanish chemist, politician (d. 2011) ** Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner, athletics coach (d. 2004) * July 7 ** Larry O'Brien, American politician, former NBA commissioner (d. 1990) ** Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d.

) * July 9 ** Krystyna Dańko, Polish orphan, survivor of the Holocaust (d. 2019) ** Peter Moyes, Australian educator (d.

) * July 10 ** Şeref Alemdar, Turkish basketball player (d. unknown) ** Dayton S. Mak, U.S. diplomat (d.

) ** Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (d. 1998) * July 11 – Per Carleson, Swedish épée fencer (d. 2004) *

** Luigi Gorrini, Italian soldier, pilot (d. 2014) ** Andrew Wyeth, American painter (d. 2009) ** Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Indian statesman (d.

) * July 15 ** Robert Conquest, British historian (d. 2015) ** Reidar Liaklev, Norwegian speed skater (d.

) ** Joan Roberts, American actress (d. 2012) * July 17 ** Gus Arriola, Mexican-American comic strip cartoonist, animator (d.

) ** Phyllis Diller, American actress, comedian (d. 2012) ** Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (d. 2015) ** Generoso Jiménez, Cuban trombone player (d.

) ** Nur Muhammad Taraki, Afghan revolutionary communist politician, journalist and writer (d. 1979) *

** Henri Salvador, French singer (d.

) ** Paul Streeten, Austrian-born British economics professor (d. 2019) * July 19 – William Scranton, American politician (d. 2013) * July 20 – Paul Hubschmid, Swiss actor (d.

) * July 21 ** Alan B. Gold, Canadian lawyer, jurist (d.

) ** Sidney Leviss, American Democratic politician (d.

) * July 22 ** Larry Hooper, American singer, musician (d. 1983) ** Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1984) * July 23 – Omar Yoke Lin Ong, Malaysian politician, diplomat and businessman (d.

) * July 24 – Henri Betti, French composer, pianist (d.

) *

– Fritz Honegger, 79th president of Switzerland (d. 1999) * July 26 – Lorna Gray, American actress (d. 2017) * July 27 – Wu Zhonghua, Chinese physicist, pioneered three-dimensional flow theory (d. 1992) *

– Keith Rae (footballer), Keith Rae, Australian rules footballer (d. 2021)

August

Jack-Kirby art-of-jack-kirby wyman-skaar

* August 6 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (d. 1997) * August 7 – Raja Perempuan Zainab, Queen of Malaysia (d. 1993) * August 8 – Earl Cameron (actor), Earl Cameron, Bermudian actor (d. 2020) * August 9 – Jao Tsung-I, Chinese-born Hong Kong scholar, poet, calligrapher and painter (d.

) * August 11 – Vasiľ Biľak, Slovak Communist leader (d. 2014) * August 12 – Marjorie Reynolds, American actress (d. 1997) * August 15 ** Jack Lynch, 5th Taoiseach, Prime Minister of Ireland (d. 1999) ** Óscar Romero, El Salvador, Salvadoran Roman Catholic Archbishop (d. 1980) * August 17 – Zvi Keren, American-born Israeli pianist, musicologist and composer (d.

) * August 18 – Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense (d.

) * August 21 – Esther Cooper Jackson, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2022) * August 22 – John Lee Hooker, African-American musician (d.

) * August 23 ** Hu Chengzhi, Chinese palaeontologist, palaeoanthropologist (d.

) ** Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Mexican biologist (d. 1996) * August 25 ** Mel Ferrer, Cuban-American actor, film director, producer (d.

) ** Lisbeth Movin, Danish actress (d. 2011) ** Lou van Burg, Dutch television personality, game show host (d. 1986) * August 26 – William French Smith, 74th United States Attorney General (d. 1990) * August 28 – Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d.

) * August 29 – Isabel Sanford, African-American actress, best known for her role in ''The Jeffersons'' (d. 2004) * August 30 – Denis Healey, English politician, author (d. 2015)

September

100 años del natalicio del Santo -i---i- (36184746106) (cropped)

* September 5 – Pedro E. Guerrero, American photographer (d. 2012) * September 6 – Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer, failed assassin of Adolf Hitler (d.

) * September 7 ** Xerardo Fernández Albor, Spanish politician and physician (d.

) ** Leonard Cheshire, British war hero (d. 1992) ** John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) ** Tetsuo Hamuro, Japanese swimmer (d.

) * September 10 – Miguel Serrano, Chilean diplomat, explorer and journalist (d. 2009) * September 11 ** Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d.

) ** Herbert Lom, Czech-born British actor (d. 2012) ** Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines (d. 1989) ** Jessica Mitford, Anglo-American writer (d. 1996) ** Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer, racehorse owner (d.

) * September 17 – Henry Pearce (politician), Henry Pearce, Australian politician (d. 1992) * September 18 – June Foray, American voice actress (d. 2017) * September 20 ** Red Auerbach, American basketball coach, official (d.

) ** Fernando Rey, Spanish actor (d.

) * September 22 – Anna Campori, Italian actress (d.

) *

**Asima Chatterjee, Indian chemist (d.

) **El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler and actor (d. 1984) * September 24 – Otto Günsche, German general (d.

) * September 26 – Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese phenomenologist and Marxist philosopher (d. 1993) *

– Wee Chong Jin, Singaporean judge (d.

)

October

* October 2 ** Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013) ** Charles Drake (actor), Charles Drake, American actor (d.

) * October 6 – Fannie Lou Hamer, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1977) * October 7 – June Allyson, American actress (d.

) * October 8 – Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) * October 10 – Thelonious Monk, African-American jazz pianist (d. 1982) * October 15 – Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., American historian, political commentator (d.

) * October 17 ** Martin Donnelly (cricketer), Martin Donnelly, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999) ** Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917), Marsha Hunt, American actress (d. 2022) * October 19 – Walter Munk, Austrian-born American oceanographer (d. 2019) * October 20 ** Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973) ** Stéphane Hessel, French diplomat and writer (d. 2013) ** X. M. Sellathambu, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 1984) * October 21 – Dizzy Gillespie, African-American musician (d. 1993) * October 22 – Joan Fontaine, British-born actress (d. 2013) * October 24 – Fang Huai, Chinese military officer and major general of PLA (d. 2019) *

– Oliver Tambo, South African activist, revolutionary (d. 1993) * October 28 ** Shams Pahlavi, Iranian royal (d. 1996) ** Jack Soo, Japanese-American actor (d. 1979) * October 30 ** Paul Eberhard, Swiss bobsledder (d. 1983) ** Maurice Trintignant, French racing driver (d.

) * October 31 – Gordon Steege, Australian military officer (d. 2013)

November

– Erich Rudorffer, German fighter ace (d. 2016) * November 2 ** Durward Knowles, Bahamian sailor, Olympic champion (d.

) ** Ann Rutherford, Canadian actress (d. 2012) * November 3 – Chung Sze-yuen, Hong Kong politician (d.

) * November 4 – Virginia Field, British-born actress (d. 1992) *

– Jacqueline Auriol, French aviator (d. 2000) * November 10 – Koun Wick, Cambodian statesman and diplomat (d. 1999) * November 11 – Madeleine Damerment, French WWII heroine (d. 1944) * November 12 ** Hedley Jones, Jamaican musician (d. 2017) ** Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim, Malaysian judge (d. 2000) ** Jo Stafford, American traditional pop singer (d.

) * November 13 – Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria, Austrian-born Spanish and Italian princess (d. 2017) * November 14 – Park Chung-hee, 3rd president of South Korea (d. 1979) * November 18 – Pedro Infante, Mexican actor, singer (d. 1957) *

– Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984) *

– Andrew Huxley, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012) * November 24 – Shabtai Rosenne, British-born Israeli diplomat, jurist (d.

) * November 28 ** Orville Rogers, American pilot, competitive runner (d. 2019) ** Xiang Shouzhi, Chinese general (d. 2017) * November 29 – Pierre Gaspard-Huit, French film director, screenwriter (d. 2017)

December

Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F062164-0004, Bonn, Heinrich Böll

* December 5 – Wenche Foss, Norwegian actress (d. 2011) * December 6 – Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977) * December 7 – Hurd Hatfield, American actor (d. 1998) * December 8 – Ian Johnson (cricketer), Ian Johnson, Australian cricketer (d. 1998) * December 9 – James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986) * December 10 – Sultan Yahya Petra of Kelantan, King of Malaysia (d. 1979) * December 15 – Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee, Pakistani poet, author and lexicographer (d.

) * December 16 ** Sir Arthur C. Clarke, English science-fiction author, best known for co-writing the screenplay of ''2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 2001: A Space Odyssey'' (d.

) ** Beatrice Wright (psychologist), Beatrice Wright, American psychologist (d.

) * December 18 – Ossie Davis, African-American actor, film director and activist (d.

) * December 19 – Paul Brinegar, American actor (d. 1995) * December 20 ** David Bohm, American-born physicist, philosopher and neuropsychologist (d. 1992) ** Petrus Hugo, South African Second World War, WWII fighter pilot (d. 1986) ** Audrey Totter, American actress (d. 2013) * December 21 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) * December 22 – Marthe Gosteli, Swiss women's suffrage campaigner (d. 2017) * December 25 ** Lincoln Verduga Loor, Ecuadorian journalist, politician (d. 2009) ** Arseny Mironov, Russian scientist, engineer and pilot (d. 2019) * December 28 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (d.

) * December 29 – Ramanand Sagar, Indian film director (d.

) *

– Seymour Melman, American industrial engineer (d. 2004) * December 31 – Suzy Delair, French actress, singer (d. 2020)

Date unknown

* Hazza' al-Majali, 22nd & 32nd Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1960)

Deaths

January–March

– Edward Burnett Tylor, Sir Edward Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832) * January 4 – Frederick Selous, British explorer (b. 1851) *

** Frederick William Borden, Sir Frederick Borden, Canadian politician (b. 1847) **Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack, Dutch economist, historian (b. 1834) * January 8 – Mary Arthur McElroy, ''de facto'' First Lady of the United States (b. 1841) *

– Buffalo Bill, American frontiersman (b. 1846) *

– George Dewey, U.S. admiral (b. 1837) * January 18 – Andrew Murray (minister), Andrew Murray, South African author, educationist and pastor (b. 1828) *

– Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank (b. 1838) * January 29 – Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, British diplomat and colonial administrator (b. 1841) *

– Alexey Abaza, Russian admiral and politician (b. 1853) *

– Jaber II Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1860) * February 8 – Anton Haus, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1851) * February 10 – John William Waterhouse, Italian-born English artist (b. 1849) * February 16 – Octave Mirbeau, French art critic and novelist (b. 1848) * February 17 – Carolus-Duran, French painter (b. 1837) *

** Joaquín Dicenta, Spanish writer (b. 1862) ** Fred Mace, American actor (b. 1878) * March 5 – Manuel de Arriaga, 1st President of Portugal (b. 1840) * March 6 – Jules Vandenpeereboom, 17th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843) * March 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and inventor (b. 1838) *

- Robert Viren, Imperial Russian Navy admiral (b. 1857) * March 17 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher, psychologist (b. 1838) * March 29 – Maximilian von Prittwitz, German general (b. 1848) *

– Emil von Behring, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)

April–June

* April 1 – Scott Joplin, African-American ragtime composer, pianist (b. c.1868) * April 3 – Milton Wright (bishop), Milton Wright, American bishop, father of the Wright brothers (b. 1828) * April 6 – Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1893–1917), Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (b. 1893) * April 7 – George Brown (missionary), George Brown, British missionary (b. 1835) *

– Richard Olney, American politician (b. 1835) * April 13 – Diamond Jim Brady, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1856) * April 14 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (b. 1859) * April 18 – F. C. Burnand, British playwright and comic writer (b. 1836) * April 29 – Tehaapapa III, Tahitian queen (b. 1879) * May 7 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, posthumous Victoria Cross recipient (killed in action) (b. 1896) * May 17 **Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak (b. 1829) **Radomir Putnik, Serbian field marshal (b. 1847) *

– John Nevil Maskelyne, English magician and inventor (b. 1839) * May 20 – Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (b. 1850) * May 23 – Queen Ranavalona III of Madagascar (b. 1855) * May 24 – Les Darcy, Australian boxer (b. 1895) * May 25 ** Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (b. 1891) ** René Dorme, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1894) *

– Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Imperial Russian Navy admiral and politician (b. 1843) * May 29 – Kate Harrington (poet), Kate Harrington, American teacher, writer and poet (b. 1831) * June 3 – Matilda Carse, Irish-born American businesswoman, social reformer (b. 1835) *

– Karl Emil Schäfer, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891) * June 12 – Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist, singer, composer and conductor (b. 1853) * June 14 – Thomas W. Benoist, American aviator, aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the worlds first scheduled airline (b. 1874) * June 15 – Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist (b. 1867) * June 17 – José Manuel Pando, 25th President of Bolivia (b. 1849) * June 18 – Titu Maiorescu, Romanian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1840) * June 26 – Ella Giles Ruddy, American author and essayist (b. 1851) * June 27 ** Karl Allmenröder, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1896) ** Gustav von Schmoller, German economist (b. 1838) * June 29 – Frans Schollaert, 19th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1851) * June 30 ** Antonio de La Gándara, French painter (b. 1861) ** Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (b. 1825)

July–September

* July 2 ** William Henry Moody, 35th United States Secretary of the Navy, 45th United States Attorney General, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1853) ** Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, British actor (b. 1852) *

– Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b. 1877) *

** Donald Cunnell, British World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1893) ** Hugo Simberg, Finnish symbolist painter and graphic artist (b. 1873) * July 15 – Andrey Selivanov, Russian general and politician (b. 1847) *

– Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (b. 1847) * July 20 – Ignaz Sowinski, Polish architect (b. 1858) * July 27 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1841) * July 28 – Ririkumutima, Queen regent of Burundi *

** Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (killed in action) (b. 1887) ** Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet (killed in action) (b. 1887) *

– Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician (b. 1849) * August 7 – Edwin Harris Dunning, British aviator (b. 1892) * August 13 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860) * August 17 – John W. Kern, American Democratic politician (b. 1849) * August 20 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835) * August 30 – Alan Leo, British astrologer (b. 1860) * September 9 ** Boris Stürmer, Russian statesman, former prime minister (b. 1848) ** Madge Syers, British figure skater (b. 1881) * September 11 – Georges Guynemer, French World War I fighter ace (missing in action) (b. 1894) * September 15 – Kurt Wolff (aviator), Kurt Wolff, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895) *

– Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897) * September 26 – Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (b. 1837) * September 27 – Edgar Degas, French painter (b. 1834) * September 30 – Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, Spanish admiral (b. 1839)

October–December

* October 3 – Eduardo di Capua, Neapolitan composer and songwriter (b. 1865) * October 4 – Dave Gallaher, New Zealand rugby union football player (killed in action) (b. 1873) * October 9 – Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt, (b. 1853) * October 11 – Duke Philipp of Württemberg (b. 1838) * October 13 – Florence La Badie, American actress (accident) (b. 1888) * October 15 – Mata Hari, Dutch dancer, spy (executed) (b. 1876) * October 17 – Bobby Atherton, Welsh footballer (b. 1876) * October 22 – Bob Fitzsimmons, British boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (b. 1863) * October 23 – Eugène Grasset, Swiss artist (b. 1845) *

– Arthur Rhys-Davids, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897) * October 28 – Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1831) * October 30 – Heinrich Gontermann, German fighter ace (flying accident) (b. 1896) * November 2 – Tringe Smajli, Albanian guerrilla fighter and sworn virgin (b. 1880) * November 3 – Frederick Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1842) * November 7 – Margaret Cleaves, American physician and writer (b. 1848) * November 8 – Colin Blythe, English cricketer (b. 1879) * November 11 – Liliʻuokalani, last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii (b. 1838) *

– Émile Durkheim, French sociologist (b. 1858) * November 16 – Adolf Reinach, German philosopher (killed in action) (b. 1883) *

** Neil Primrose (politician), Neil Primrose, British Liberal MP (killed in action) (b. 1882) ** Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840) * December 8 – Mendele Mocher Sforim, Russian Yiddish, Hebrew writer (b. 1836) * December 10 – Mackenzie Bowell, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823) * December 12 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (b. 1828) *

– Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, English physician and suffragette (b. 1836) * December 19 – Richard Maybery, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895) * December 20 – Eric Campbell (actor), Eric Campbell, Scottish actor (accident) (b. 1879) * December 22 ** Frances Xavier Cabrini, first American canonized as a saint (b. 1850) ** Stanisław Tondos, Polish painter (b. 1854) * December 24 – Ivan Goremykin, Russian statesman, former prime minister (b. 1839) * December 28 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1892)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Charles Glover Barkla * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Births

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Nobel Prizes

References

Further reading

Primary sources and year books