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Events

Below, the events of the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
have the "WWI" prefix.


January

*
January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
– The
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...
Royal Army Medical Corps The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace. The RAMC, the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, the Royal Army Dental Corps a ...
carries out the first successful
blood transfusion Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but mo ...
, using blood that had been stored and cooled. *
January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– WWI: Gallipoli Campaign: The last British troops are evacuated from
Gallipoli The Gallipoli peninsula (; tr, Gelibolu Yarımadası; grc, Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης, ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles ...
, as the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
prevails over a joint British and French operation to capture
Constantinople la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه , alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...
. *
January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
– WWI: Erzurum Offensive: Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire. *
January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
– The
Gilbert and Ellice Islands The Gilbert and Ellice Islands (GEIC as a colony) in the Pacific Ocean were part of the British Empire from 1892 to 1976. They were a protectorate from 1892 to 12 January 1916, and then a colony until 1 January 1976. The history of the colony w ...
Colony, part of the
British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
, is established in present-day
Tuvalu Tuvalu ( or ; formerly known as the Ellice Islands) is an island country and microstate in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. Its islands are situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia. They lie east-northeast ...
and
Kiribati Kiribati (), officially the Republic of Kiribati ( gil, ibaberikiKiribati),Kiribati
''The Wor ...
. *
January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
– WWI: Battle of Wadi: Ottoman Empire forces defeat the British, during the
Mesopotamian campaign The Mesopotamian campaign was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the Allies represented by the British Empire, troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from British India, against the Central Powe ...
in modern-day
Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
. *
January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler o ...
– WWI: Paris is bombed by
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
zeppelin A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin () who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century. Zeppelin's notions were first formulated in 1874Eckener 1938, pp ...
s. *
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...
– WWI: An attack is planned on
Verdun Verdun (, , , ; official name before 1970 ''Verdun-sur-Meuse'') is a large city in the Meuse department in Grand Est, northeastern France. It is an arrondissement of the department. Verdun is the biggest city in Meuse, although the capital ...
, France.


February

*
February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. * 1539 – The first recorded race is hel ...
– 6.00 p.m. –
Tristan Tzara Tristan Tzara (; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, comp ...
"founds" the art movement
Dadaism Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916). New York Dada began c. 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris ...
(according to
Hans Arp Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp (16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966), better known as Jean Arp in English, was a German-French sculptor, painter, and poet. He was known as a Dadaist and an abstract artist. Early life Arp was born in Straßburg (now Stras ...
). *
February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...
**
Emma Goldman Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was a Russian-born anarchist political activist and writer. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the ...
is arrested, for lecturing on
birth control Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth contr ...
in the United States. ** The
Baltimore Symphony Orchestra The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra is an American symphony orchestra based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Baltimore SO has its principal residence at the Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, where it performs more than 130 concerts a year. In 2005, it bega ...
presents its first concert in the United States. ** The
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
n
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
club Sportul Studențesc is founded in
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
. *
February 12 Events Pre-1600 *1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. *1429 – English forces under ...
– WWI –
Battle of Salaita Hill The Battle of Salaita Hill (German: ''Battle of Oldoboro Hill'') was the first large-scale engagement of the East African Campaign of the First World War to involve British, Indian, Rhodesian, and South African troops. The battle took place on Fe ...
( East African Campaign): South African and other British Empire troops fail to take a
German East Africa German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...
n defensive position. *
February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The Prus ...
– WWI: The
Battle of Verdun The Battle of Verdun (french: Bataille de Verdun ; german: Schlacht um Verdun ) was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the Western Front in France. The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north ...
begins in
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
.


March

*
March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''. *1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bour ...
9
Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
:
Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa (,"Villa"
''Collins English Dictionary''.
; ;
leads about 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 12 U.S. soldiers. A garrison of the U.S.
13th Cavalry Regiment The 13th Cavalry Regiment ("13th Horse") is a unit of the United States Army. The 2nd Squadron is currently stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas, as part of the 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division. History The 13th Cavalry Regimen ...
fights back and drives them away. *
March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a t ...
– The
McMahon–Hussein Correspondence The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during World War I in which the Government of the United Kingdom agreed to recognize Arab independence in a large region after the war Quid pro quo, in exchange fo ...
concludes with an understanding that the United Kingdom would recognise Arab independence in return for
Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi ( ar, الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, al-Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after procla ...
, launching the
Arab Revolt The Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية, ) or the Great Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية الكبرى, ) was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On t ...
against the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
. *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...
– United States President
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.–Mexico border to pursue
Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa (,"Villa"
''Collins English Dictionary''.
; ;
; the 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory. *
March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang. *1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: The U.S.
7th 7 (seven) is the natural number following 6 and preceding 8. It is the only prime number preceding a cube (algebra), cube. As an early prime number in the series of positive integers, the number seven has greatly symbolic associations in religion ...
and 10th Cavalry regiments under
John J. Pershing General of the Armies John Joseph Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948), nicknamed "Black Jack", was a senior United States Army officer. He served most famously as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Wes ...
cross the border, to join the hunt for Villa. *
March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthelr ...
– The temporary
Emperor of China ''Huangdi'' (), translated into English as Emperor, was the superlative title held by monarchs of China who ruled various imperial regimes in Chinese history. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was considered the Son of Heave ...
,
Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
, abdicates the throne, and the
Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
is restored once again. *
March 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. *1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off ...
– French ferry is
torpedo A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, su ...
ed by in the
English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...
, with at least 50 killed (including the composer
Enrique Granados Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados y Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enric Granados in Catalan or Enrique Granados in Spanish, was a composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Catalonia, Spain. ...
), resulting on
May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...
in the ''Sussex'' Pledge by Germany to the United States, suspending its
intensified submarine warfare Intensified submarine warfare, a form of submarine warfare practiced by Germany in the first months of 1916, represented a German political compromise between the internationally recognised Prize Rules (which made submarines virtually ineffective as ...
policy.


April

*
April April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. April is commonly associated with ...
** The toggle
light switch In electrical wiring, a light switch is a switch most commonly used to operate electric lights, permanently connected equipment, or electrical outlets. Portable lamps such as table lamps may have a light switch mounted on the socket, base, or i ...
is invented, by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg. ** Korea Tungsten was founded in
Daegu Daegu (, , literally 'large hill', 대구광역시), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea. It is the third-largest urban agglomeration in South Korea after Seoul and Busan; it is ...
, as predecessor of leading steel product in Asia,
POSCO POSCO (formerly Pohang Iron and Steel Company) is a South Korean steel-making company headquartered in Pohang, South Korea. It had an output of of crude steel in 2015, making it the world's fourth-largest steelmaker by this measure. In 2010, i ...
(Pohang Steel Company). *
April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. * 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. * 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
– WWI: The
Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
begins the occupation of the
Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (now usually ) (, , cop, Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a l ...
. *
April 20 Events Pre-1600 * 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII. 1601–1900 * 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament. * 1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroy ...
– The
Chicago Cubs The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as part of the National League (NL) Central division. The club plays its home games at Wrigley Field, which is located ...
play their first game at Weeghman Park (modern-day
Wrigley Field Wrigley Field is a Major League Baseball (MLB) stadium on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs, one of the city's two MLB franchises. It first opened in 1914 as Weeghman Park for Charles Weeghman's Chicago Wh ...
), defeating the
Cincinnati Reds The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) National League Central, Central division and were a charter member of ...
7–6 in 11 innings. *
April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil. * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. * 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
– The
Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
troop transport capsizes off the Chinese coast; at least 1,000 are killed. *
April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy m ...
30 – The
Easter Rising The Easter Rising ( ga, Éirí Amach na Cásca), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans against British rule in Ireland with the a ...
occurs in Ireland. Members of the
Irish Republican Brotherhood The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; ) was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic republic" in Ireland between 1858 and 1924.McGee, p. 15. Its counterpart in the United States ...
proclaim an Irish Republic, and the
Irish Volunteers The Irish Volunteers ( ga, Óglaigh na hÉireann), sometimes called the Irish Volunteer Force or Irish Volunteer Army, was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists and republicans. It was ostensibly formed in respons ...
and
Irish Citizen Army The Irish Citizen Army (), or ICA, was a small paramilitary group of trained trade union volunteers from the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) established in Dublin for the defence of workers' demonstrations from the Dublin M ...
occupy the
General Post Office The General Post Office (GPO) was the state postal system and telecommunications carrier of the United Kingdom until 1969. Before the Acts of Union 1707, it was the postal system of the Kingdom of England, established by Charles II in 1660. ...
and other buildings in
Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...
, before surrendering to the British Army. *
April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy m ...
May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. *1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...
Voyage of the ''James Caird'': An open boat journey from
Elephant Island Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, west-so ...
in the
South Shetland Islands The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands with a total area of . They lie about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, and between southwest of the nearest point of the South Orkney Islands. By the Antarctic Treaty of 195 ...
to
South Georgia South Georgia ( es, Isla San Pedro) is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is part of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It lies around east of the Falkland Islands. Stretching in the east ...
in the southern Atlantic Ocean () is undertaken by Sir
Ernest Shackleton Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of ...
and five companions, to obtain rescue for the main body of the
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing ...
, following the loss of its ship ''Endurance''. *
April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...
– WWI:
Gas attack at Hulluch The Gas Attacks at Hulluch were two German cloud gas attacks on British troops during World War I, from 27 to 29 April 1916, near the village of Hulluch, north of Loos in northern France. The gas attacks were part of an engagement between di ...
in France: The 47th Brigade,
16th (Irish) Division The 16th (Irish) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, raised for service during World War I. The division was a voluntary 'Service' formation of Lord Kitchener's New Armies, created in Ireland from the 'National Volunteers', i ...
is decimated, in one of the most heavily concentrated German gas attacks of the war. *
April 29 Events Pre-1600 *1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. * 1386 – Battle of the Vikhra River: The Principality of Smolensk is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and beco ...
– WWI:
Mesopotamian campaign The Mesopotamian campaign was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the Allies represented by the British Empire, troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from British India, against the Central Powe ...
– The
Siege of Kut The siege of Kut Al Amara (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the first battle of Kut, was the besieging of an 8,000 strong British Army garrison in the town of Kut, south of Baghdad, by the Ottoman Army. In 1915, its population ...
ends with the surrender of
British Indian Army The British Indian Army, commonly referred to as the Indian Army, was the main military of the British Raj before its dissolution in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of the British Indian Empire, including the princely states, which co ...
forces to the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
at
Kut-al-Amara Kūt ( ar, ٱلْكُوت, al-Kūt), officially Al-Kut, also spelled Kutulamare or Kut al-Imara, is a city in eastern Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris River, about south east of Baghdad. the estimated population is about 389,400 people. It ...
on the
Tigris The Tigris () is the easternmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, and empties into the ...
in Basra Vilayet.


May

*
May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...
** United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic. **
Britain Britain most often refers to: * The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands * Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
and
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
conclude the secret
Sykes–Picot Agreement The Sykes–Picot Agreement () was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed Sphere of influence, spheres of influence and control in a ...
, which is to divide Arab areas of the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
, following the conclusion of WWI and the
partitioning of the Ottoman Empire The partition of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 19181 November 1922) was a geopolitical event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Constantinople by British, French and Italian troops in November 1918. The partitioning was ...
, into French and British
spheres of influence In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military or political exclusivity. While there may be a formal al ...
. *
May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. *1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– WWI:
Battle of Jutland The Battle of Jutland (german: Skagerrakschlacht, the Battle of the Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy ...
, between the British
Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
's
Grand Fleet The Grand Fleet was the main battlefleet of the Royal Navy during the First World War. It was established in August 1914 and disbanded in April 1919. Its main base was Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. History Formed in August 1914 from the ...
and the
Imperial German Navy The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
's
High Seas Fleet The High Seas Fleet (''Hochseeflotte'') was the battle fleet of the German Imperial Navy and saw action during the First World War. The formation was created in February 1907, when the Home Fleet (''Heimatflotte'') was renamed as the High Seas ...
in the
North Sea The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. An epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian S ...
, the war's only large-scale clash of battleships. The result is tactically inconclusive, but British dominance of the North Sea is maintained.


June

*
June 4 Events Pre-1600 *1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. * 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– WWI: The Brusilov Offensive, the height of Russian operations in the war, begins with their breaking through Austro-Hungarian lines. *
June 5 Events Pre-1600 *1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights. *1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– WWI: sinks, having hit a
mine Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer to: Extraction or digging * Miner, a person engaged in mining or digging *Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground through a mine Grammar *Mine, a first-person English possessive pronoun ...
off the
Orkney Islands Orkney (; sco, Orkney; on, Orkneyjar; nrn, Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north ...
, Scotland, with Lord Kitchener aboard. *
June 10 Events Pre-1600 * 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu. *1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...
: The
Arab Revolt The Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية, ) or the Great Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية الكبرى, ) was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On t ...
against the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
, to create a single unified Arab state spanning from
Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...
to
Aden Aden ( ar, عدن ' Yemeni: ) is a city, and since 2015, the temporary capital of Yemen, near the eastern approach to the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some east of the strait Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000 people. ...
, is formally declared by
Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi ( ar, الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, al-Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after procla ...
. *
June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...
– U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
signs a bill incorporating the
Boy Scouts of America The Boy Scouts of America (BSA, colloquially the Boy Scouts) is one of the largest scouting organizations and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 1.2 million youth participants. The BSA was founded i ...
. *
June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. * ...
-
Mary Pickford Gladys Marie Smith (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979), known professionally as Mary Pickford, was a Canadian-American stage and screen actress and producer with a career that spanned five decades. A pioneer in the US film industry, she co-founde ...
, becomes the first movie star to sign a million-dollar contract, making her one of the highest-paid people in the world.


July

*
July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
November 18 Events Pre-1600 * 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I. * 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. * 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...
– WWI:
Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme ( French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place bet ...
, opening with explosion of the British Y Sap and
Lochnagar mine The Lochnagar mine south of the village of La Boisselle in the Somme was an underground explosive charge, secretly planted by the British during the First World War, to be ready for 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme. The mine was dug by ...
s and the Battle of Albert: More than one million soldiers die, with 57,470
British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
casualties on the first day, 19,240 of them killed, the British Army's bloodiest day. The immediate result is tactically inconclusive. *
July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
12Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916: At least one shark attacks 5 swimmers along of
New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...
coastline, resulting in 4 deaths and the survival of one youth, who requires limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author
Peter Benchley Peter Bradford Benchley (May 8, 1940 – February 11, 2006) was an American author, screenwriter, and ocean activist. He is known for his bestselling novel ''Jaws'' and co-wrote its film adaptation with Carl Gottlieb. Several more of his works w ...
, over half a century later, to write ''
Jaws Jaws or Jaw may refer to: Anatomy * Jaw, an opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth ** Mandible, the lower jaw Arts, entertainment, and media * Jaws (James Bond), a character in ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' and ''Moonraker'' * ...
''. *
July 2 Events Pre-1600 * 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome. * 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
– WWI:
Battle of Erzincan A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n forces defeat troops of the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
in
Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''Ox ...
. *
July 15 Events Pre-1600 *484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 – ...
– In
Seattle Seattle ( ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the seat of King County, Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest regio ...
,
William Boeing William Edward Boeing (; October 1, 1881 – September 28, 1956) was an American aviation pioneer who founded the Pacific Airplane Company in 1916, which a year later was renamed to The Boeing Company, now the largest exporter in the United S ...
incorporates ''Pacific Aero Products'' (later renamed ''
Boeing The Boeing Company () is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, telecommunications equipment, and missiles worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product ...
''). *
July 15 Events Pre-1600 *484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 – ...
19 – WWI:
Battle of Delville Wood The Battle of Delville Wood was a series of engagements in the 1916 Battle of the Somme in the First World War, between the armies of the German Empire and the British Empire. Delville Wood , was a thick tangle of trees, chiefly beech and ...
– 766 men from the South African Brigade are killed, in South Africa's biggest loss during the First World War. *
July 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. * 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is re ...
20 – WWI:
Battle of Fromelles The Attack at Fromelles (, Battle of Fromelles, Battle of Fleurbaix or ) 19–20 July 1916, was a military operation on the Western Front during the First World War. The attack was carried out by British and Australian troops and was subsidiary ...
– An attack by Australian and British troops is repulsed by the German army, with heavy casualties. *
July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of J ...
Preparedness Day Bombing The Preparedness Day Bombing was a bombing in San Francisco, California, United States, on July 22, 1916, of a parade organised by local supporters of the Preparedness Movement which advocated American entry into World War I. During the parade a ...
: In San Francisco, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade, killing 10 and injuring 40;
Warren Billings Warren Knox Billings (July 4, 1893 – September 4, 1972) was a labor leader and political activist, who was convicted with Thomas Mooney of the San Francisco Preparedness Day Bombing of 1916. It is believed that the two were wrongly convicted ...
and
Tom Mooney Thomas Joseph Mooney (December 8, 1882 – March 6, 1942) was an American political activist and labor leader, who was convicted with Warren K. Billings of the San Francisco Preparedness Day Bombing of 1916. It quickly became apparent that Mo ...
are later wrongly convicted of it. *
July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...
– WWI: East African Campaign – The German armed ship SMS ''Graf von Goetzen'' scuttles herself on
Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika () is an African Great Lake. It is the second-oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second-largest by volume, and the second-deepest, in all cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. ...
. *
July 29 Events Pre-1600 * 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple. * 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque Palenque (; Yucatec Maya language, Yucatec Maya: ), also anciently known in the ...
Matheson Fire The great Matheson Fire was a deadly forest fire that passed through the region surrounding the communities of Black River-Matheson and Iroquois Falls, Ontario, Canada, on July 29, 1916. As was common practice at the time, settlers cleared land ...
: In
Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...
, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of
Cochrane Cochrane may refer to: Places Australia *Cochrane railway station, Sydney, a railway station on the closed Ropes Creek railway line Canada * Cochrane, Alberta * Cochrane Lake, Alberta * Cochrane District, Ontario ** Cochrane, Ontario, a town wit ...
and Matheson, killing 233. *
July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. *1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. *1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands ...
– German agents cause the
Black Tom explosion The Black Tom explosion was an act of sabotage by agents of the German Empire, to destroy U.S.-made munitions that were to be supplied to the Allies of World War I, Allies in World War I. The explosions, which occurred on July 30, 1916, in New Y ...
in
Jersey City, New Jersey Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark.August August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. Its zodiac sign is Leo and was originally named ''Sextilis'' in Latin because it was the 6th month in ...
Robert Baden-Powell Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, ( ; (Commonly pronounced by others as ) 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout of the worl ...
publishes ''
The Wolf Cub's Handbook ''The Wolf Cub's Handbook'' is an instructional handbook on Wolf Cubs training, published in various editions since December 1916. Early editions were written and illustrated by Robert Baden-Powell with later editions being extensively rewritten ...
'' in the U.K., establishing the basis of the junior section of the
Scouting Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth movement employing the Scout method, a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking ...
movement, the Wolf Cubs (modern-day
Cub Scout Cub Scouts, Cubs or Wolf Cubs are programs associated with Scouting for young children usually between 7 and 12, depending on the organization to which they belong. A participant in the program is called a Cub. A group of Cubs is called a 'P ...
s). *
August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
5 – WWI: Sinai and Palestine Campaign
Battle of Romani The Battle of Romani was the last ground attack of the Central Powers on the Suez Canal at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine campaign during the First World War. The battle was fought between 3 and 5 August 1916 near the Egyptian town o ...
: British Imperial troops secure victory over a joint Ottoman-German force. *
August 7 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Co ...
– WWI: **
Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
joins the Allies. ** French and British forces make an unopposed entry into German-controlled
Togoland Togoland was a German Empire protectorate in West Africa from 1884 to 1914, encompassing what is now the nation of Togo and most of what is now the Volta Region of Ghana, approximately 90,400 km2 (29,867 sq mi) in size. During the period kno ...
; on
December 27 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated. *1512 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World. *1521 – ...
the country is partitioned between the two allies. *
August 9 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. * 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens ...
Lassen Volcanic National Park Lassen Volcanic National Park is an American national park in northeastern California. The dominant feature of the park is Lassen Peak, the largest lava dome, plug dome volcano in the world and the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range. L ...
is established in
California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
. *
August 15 Events Pre-1600 * 636 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate begins. * 717 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Constant ...
Club Atlas Atlas Fútbol Club () is a Mexican professional football club based in Guadalajara, Jalisco that currently plays in Liga MX. It plays home matches at the Estadio Jalisco. Founded in 1916, Atlas has won three league titles and four domestic cups ...
is founded as an association football club in
Guadalajara Guadalajara ( , ) is a metropolis in western Mexico and the capital of the list of states of Mexico, state of Jalisco. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 7th largest city by population in Me ...
, Mexico, by English-educated players. *
August 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs. * 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamdan ...
– The
Migratory Bird Treaty The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (MBTA), Codification (law), codified at (although §709 is omitted), is a United States federal law, first enacted in 1918 to implement Migratory Bird Treaty, the convention for the protection of migratory bir ...
between Canada and the United States is signed. *
August 17 Events Pre-1600 * 309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike. * 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate. * 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle of ...
(August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
and the
Entente Powers The Triple Entente (from French '' entente'' meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as well a ...
, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
. *
August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. * 1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars. *1169 – Battle o ...
– WWI:
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...
declares neutrality. *
August 25 Events Pre-1600 * 19 – The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to ...
– U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation, creating the
National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages all national parks, most national monuments, and other natural, historical, and recreational propertie ...
. *
August 27 Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days. * 1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned junior king and queen of England. *1232 – Shikken Hojo Yasutoki of the K ...
– WWI: The
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
declares war on the
Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
, entering the war on the side of the
Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
. *
August 28 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna. * 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way ...
– WWI: ** Germany declares war on
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
. ** Italy declares war on Germany. *
August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...
– The United States passes the
Philippine Autonomy Act The Jones Law (, . 416, also known as the Jones Act, the Philippine Autonomy Act, and the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916) was an Organic Act passed by the United States Congress. The law replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 an ...
. *
August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. * 1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
– The crew of the
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing ...
's is rescued from
Elephant Island Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, west-so ...
.


September

*
September 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. * 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancon ...
Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
declares war on
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
, going on to take
Dobruja Dobruja or Dobrudja (; bg, Добруджа, Dobrudzha or ''Dobrudža''; ro, Dobrogea, or ; tr, Dobruca) is a historical region in the Balkans that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania. I ...
. *
September 2 Events Pre-1600 *44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his ''Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of them ...
– WWI: British pilot
Leefe Robinson William Leefe Robinson VC (14 July 1895 – 31 December 1918) was the first British pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain during the First World War. For this, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallan ...
becomes the first to shoot down a German
airship An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air. In early ...
over Britain. *
September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne ove ...
– WWI: East African Campaign
Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam (; from ar, دَار السَّلَام, Dâr es-Selâm, lit=Abode of Peace) or commonly known as Dar, is the largest city and financial hub of Tanzania. It is also the capital of Dar es Salaam Region. With a population of over s ...
surrenders to British Empire forces, securing them control of the Central Line of railway through
German East Africa German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...
. *
September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. * 1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava * 1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Hen ...
D. W. Griffith's film '' Intolerance: Love's Struggle Through the Ages'' is released in the United States. *
September 6 Events Pre-1600 * 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish ''magister militum'' Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later. *1492 – Christopher Colu ...
– The first true
self-service Self-service is the practice of serving oneself, usually when making purchases. Aside from Automated Teller Machines, which are not limited to banks, and customer-operated supermarket check-out, labor-saving of which has been described as self- ...
grocery store A grocery store ( AE), grocery shop ( BE) or simply grocery is a store that primarily retails a general range of food products, which may be fresh or packaged. In everyday U.S. usage, however, "grocery store" is a synonym for supermarket, a ...
,
Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly is an American supermarket chain operating in the American Southern and Midwestern regions run by Piggly Wiggly, LLC, an affiliate of C&S Wholesale Grocers. Its first outlet opened in 1916 in Memphis, Tennessee, and is notable f ...
, is founded in
Memphis, Tennessee Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is the seat of Shelby County in the southwest part of the state; it is situated along the Mississippi River. With a population of 633,104 at the 2020 U.S. census, Memphis is the second-mos ...
, by
Clarence Saunders Clarence Saunders may refer to: * Clarence Saunders (grocer) (1881–1953), American grocer, pioneer of supermarkets * Clarence Saunders (athlete) (born 1963), Bermudian high jumper {{hndis, Saunders, Clarence ...
, opening 5 days later. *
September 11 Events Pre-1600 * 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hun ...
– A mechanical failure causes the central span of the
Quebec Bridge The Quebec Bridge (french: pont de Québec) is a road, rail, and pedestrian bridge across the lower Saint Lawrence River between Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Sainte-Foy (a former suburb that in 2002 became a western area of Quebec City) and Lévis, Q ...
, a
cantilever A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is supported at only one end. Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a canti ...
-type structure, to crash into the
Saint Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River (french: Fleuve Saint-Laurent, ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. Its headwaters begin flowing from Lake Ontario in a (roughly) northeasterly direction, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, connectin ...
for the second time, killing 13 workers. *
September 13 Events Pre-1600 * 585 BC – Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Sabines, and the surrender of Collatia. *509 BC – The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill i ...
Mary Mary may refer to: People * Mary (name), a feminine given name (includes a list of people with the name) Religious contexts * New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below * Mary, mother of Jesus, also calle ...
, a circus elephant, is hanged in the town of
Erwin, Tennessee Erwin is a town in and the county seat of Unicoi County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 6,097 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City– Kingspo ...
for killing her handler, Walter "Red" Eldridge. *
September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
22 – WWI –
Battle of Flers–Courcelette The Battle of Flers–Courcelette (, 15 to 22 September 1916) was fought during the Battle of the Somme in France, by the French Sixth Army and the British Fourth Army and Reserve Army, against the German 1st Army, during the First World War ...
, France: The battle is significant for the first use of the
tank A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engin ...
in warfare; also for the debut of the
Canadian Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...
and
New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
Divisions in the
Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme ( French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place bet ...
. *
September 19 Events Pre-1600 * 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed. * 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...
– WWI: East African Campaign – Belgian troops occupy
Tabora Tabora is the capital of Tanzania's Tabora Region and is classified as a municipality by the Tanzanian government. It is also the administrative seat of Tabora Urban District. According to the 2012 census, the district had a population of 226,999. ...
in
German East Africa German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...
. *
September 27 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England. * 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuto ...
Iyasu V ''Lij'' Iyasu ( gez, ልጅ ኢያሱ; 4 February 1895 – 25 November 1935) was the designated Emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. His baptismal name was Kifle Yaqob (ክፍለ ያዕቆብ ''kəflä y’aqob''). Ethiopian emperors traditio ...
of Ethiopia is deposed in a palace coup, in favour of his aunt
Zewditu , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Zewditu ( gez, ዘውዲቱ, born Askala Maryam; 29 April 1876 – 2 April 1930) was Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 to 193 ...
. *
September 29 Events Pre-1600 *61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday. * 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, ...
John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American business magnate and philanthropist. He has been widely considered the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history. Rockefeller was ...
becomes the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billion


October

*
October 7 Events Pre-1600 * 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar. * 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon. * 1477 ...
– the
Georgia Tech The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or, in the state of Georgia, as Tech or The Institute, is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia. Established in 1885, it is part of ...
and Cumberland College football game ends in a score of 222-0. *
October 12 Events Pre-1600 * 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...
Hipólito Yrigoyen Juan Hipólito del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Yrigoyen (; 12 July 1852 – 3 July 1933) was an Argentine politician of the Radical Civic Union and two-time President of Argentina, who served his first term from 1916 to 1922 and his second ...
is elected
President of Argentina The president of Argentina ( es, Presidente de Argentina), officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation ( es, Presidente de la Nación Argentina), is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under Constitution of Ar ...
. *
October 14 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings. * 1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's i ...
Perm State University Perm State University (now Perm State National Research University; russian: Пермский университет, Пермский государственный университет, , romanised: , ) or PSU, PSNRU (russian: ПГУ, , ro ...
is founded in
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. *
October 16 Events Pre-1600 * 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. * ...
Margaret Sanger Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins; September 14, 1879September 6, 1966), also known as Margaret Sanger Slee, was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control ...
opens the first U.S. birth control clinic, a forerunner of
Planned Parenthood The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is a nonprofit organization that provides reproductive health care in the United States and globally. It is a tax-exempt corporation under Internal Reve ...
. *
October 20 Events Pre-1600 *1568 – The Spanish Duke of Alba defeats a Dutch rebel force under William the Silent. * 1572 – Eighty Years' War: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the rel ...
Black Friday (1916) Black Friday (1916) was October 20, the day a "perfect storm" hit Lake Erie, sinking four large ships, killing forty-nine people. The ships that were dispatched to the depths by the violent weather were the James B. Colgate, Marshall F. Butters, D. ...
: A violent and deadly storm hits
Lake Erie Lake Erie ( "eerie") is the fourth largest lake by surface area of the five Great Lakes in North America and the eleventh-largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has t ...
in the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
. *
October 21 Events Pre-1600 *1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade. *1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of A ...
Friedrich Adler shoots Count
Karl von Stürgkh Count Karl von Stürgkh (30 October 1859 – 21 October 1916) was an Austrian politician and Minister-President of Cisleithania during the 1914 July Crisis that led to the outbreak of World War I. He was shot and killed by the Social Democratic ...
, Minister-President of Austria. *
October 27 Events Pre-1600 * 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. * 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam. * 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia. * 1553 – Condemned as ...
– Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael of Wollo, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor
Iyasu V ''Lij'' Iyasu ( gez, ልጅ ኢያሱ; 4 February 1895 – 25 November 1935) was the designated Emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. His baptismal name was Kifle Yaqob (ክፍለ ያዕቆብ ''kəflä y’aqob''). Ethiopian emperors traditio ...
, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress
Zewditu , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Zewditu ( gez, ዘውዲቱ, born Askala Maryam; 29 April 1876 – 2 April 1930) was Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 to 193 ...
. * October 28 – 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game: game of Australian rules football contested at Queen's Club, West Kensington, London, by two teams of elite footballers selected from men serving in the First Australian Imperial Force, First AIF at the time.


November

* November 1 ** Pavel Milyukov delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government. ** The first 40-hour work week officially begins, in the Endicott-Johnson factories of Western New York. * November 5 ** The Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) is proclaimed by a joint act of the emperors of Germany and Austria. ** Everett massacre: An armed confrontation in Everett, Washington, between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World results in seven deaths. ** Honan Chapel, Cork (city), Cork, Ireland, a product of the Irish Arts and Crafts movement (1894–1925), is dedicated. * November 7 ** 1916 United States presidential election: Democratic President
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
narrowly defeats Republican Charles Evans Hughes, when
California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
is called a week after Election Day. ** Republican Party (United States), Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives. ** Radio station Radio 2XG#1916 election night broadcast, 2XG, located in the Highbridge section of New York City, makes the first audio broadcast of presidential election returns. * November 13 – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Australian Labor Party, Labor Party, over his support for conscription. *
November 18 Events Pre-1600 * 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I. * 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. * 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...
– WWI –
Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme ( French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place bet ...
: In
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle, which started on
July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
. * November 21 ** Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria dies of pneumonia at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, aged 86, after a reign of 68 years and is succeeded by his grandnephew Charles I of Austria, Charles I. ** WWI: Hospital ship HMHS Britannic, HMHS ''Britannic'', designed as the third for White Star Line, sinks in the Kea Channel of the Aegean Sea after hitting a mine; 30 lives are lost. At 48,158 gross register tons, she is the largest ship lost during the war. * November 23 – WWI: Eastern Front (World War I), Eastern Front –
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
, the capital of
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
, is occupied by troops of the
Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
.


December

* December 12 – "White Friday (1916), White Friday": In the Dolomites, 100 avalanches bury 18,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers. * December 16 –
Robert Baden-Powell Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, ( ; (Commonly pronounced by others as ) 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout of the worl ...
gives the first public display of the new Cub Scout, Wolf Cub section of
Scouting Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth movement employing the Scout method, a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking ...
at Caxton Hall, Westminster. * December 18 – WWI: The
Battle of Verdun The Battle of Verdun (french: Bataille de Verdun ; german: Schlacht um Verdun ) was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the Western Front in France. The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north ...
ends in
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
with German troops defeated. * December 21 – WWI: Battle of Magdhaba#Advance to El Arish, El Arish occupied by the British Empire Desert Column during advance across the Sinai Peninsula. * December 22 – The British Sopwith Camel aircraft makes its maiden flight. It is designed to counter the German Fokker aircraft. * December 23 – WWI: The Desert Column captures the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman garrison during the Battle of Magdhaba. * December 30 ** Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca Department, Arauca in Colombia and declare the ''Republic of Arauca''. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela. ** (December 17 Old Style and New Style dates, Old Style) – The mystic Grigori Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg. * December 31 – The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the United States at the time, burns to the ground.


Date unknown

* The 1916 Summer Olympics are cancelled in Berlin, Germany. * Food is rationed in German Empire, Germany. * Ferdinand de Saussure's ''Course in General Linguistics, Cours de linguistique générale'' is collected posthumously and published. * Oxycodone, a narcotic painkiller closely related to codeine, is first synthesized in Germany. * Ernst Rüdin publishes his initial results on the genetics of schizophrenia. * Louis Enricht claims he has a substitute for gasoline. * Rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute is designed and made by the Bascom brothers (Raymond, Mel, and Earl Bascom, Earl) and their father, John W. Bascom, at Welling, Alberta, Welling, Alberta, Canada. * Gustav Holst composes ''The Planets, Opus 32''. * Bray Studios begins the ''Farmer Al Falfa'' series, the first of the ''Terrytoons''. * The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers is founded in the United States as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. * Ishikawajima Automobile Manufacturing, as predecessor of Isuzu, a Truck, truck brand in Japan, was founded.


Sport

* March 30 - National Hockey Association's Montreal Canadiens win their First Stanley Cup by defeating the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's Portland Rosebuds (hockey), Portland Rosebuds 3 games to 2. All Games were played at Montreal's Montreal Arena. * Due to the outbreak of World War I, the 1916 Summer Olympics in Berlin, German Empire, Germany, is cancelled.


In fiction

* In the 1941 film ''Citizen Kane'', Charles Foster Kane runs for New York governor and loses. Also in 1916, Emily Monroe Norton divorces him and, in either this year or in 1917, he marries Susan Alexander.


Births


January

*
January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
** Giuseppe Aquari, Italian film cinematographer (d. 1982) ** Italo Viglianesi, Italian trade unionist politician and syndicalist (d. 1995) * January 2 – Joseph W. Schmitt, American aircraft mechanic and spacesuit technician (d. 2017) * January 3 ** Maxene Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 1995) ** Betty Furness, American actress and consumer activist (d. 1994) ** Bernard Greenhouse, American cellist (d. 2011) ** Erik Ågren (boxer), Erik Ågren, Swedish boxer (d. 1985) ** Warren King (cartoonist), Warren King, American cartoonist (d. 1978) * January 4 ** Princess Niloufer (d. 1989) ** Sidney Siegel, American psychologist (d. 1961) * January 5 ** Alfred Ryder, American film, radio and television actor (d. 1995) ** Wilhelm Szewczyk, Polish writer, poet, literary critic and translator (d. 1991) * January 7 ** Elena Ceaușescu, Romanian politician, First Lady of Romania and Deputy Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1989) ** Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (d. 1975) *
January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– Peter Twinn, English mathematician and WWII code-breaker (d. 2004) *
January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
** Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) ** Bernard Binlin Dadié, Ivorian novelist, playwright, poet, and Minister of Culture (d. 2019) ** Richard Münch (actor), Richard Münch, German actor (d. 1987) *
January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
** Ruth R. Benerito, American chemist (d. 2013) ** P. W. Botha, 9th President of South Africa (d. 2006) ** Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx, Mary Wilson, Lady Wilson of Rievaulx, English poet (d. 2018) * January 15 – Hugh Gibb, English drummer and bandleader (d. 1992) * January 17 ** Peter Frelinghuysen Jr., American politician (d. 2011) ** Tatyana Karpova, Soviet and Russian actress (d. 2018) * January 18 – Silviu Brucan, Romanian author and politician (d. 2006) * January 19 – Harry Huskey, American computer designer (d. 2017) * January 22 – Henri Dutilleux, French composer (d. 2013) * January 23 – David Douglas Duncan, American photojournalist (d. 2018) * January 24 ** Rafael Caldera, 39th President of Venezuela (d. 2009) ** Marvin Creamer, American sailor (d. 2020) ** Arnoldo Foà, Italian actor (d. 2014) ** Daphne Lorraine Gum, Australian educator (d. 2017) * January 27 – Stjepan Filipović, a People's Hero of Yugoslavia (d. 1942) * January 28 – Dottie Hunter, Canadian baseball player (d. 2005) *
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...
– Sangoulé Lamizana, 2nd President and Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (d. 2005)


February

* February 10 – Louis Guttman, American-born Israeli university professor (d. 1987) *
February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...
– Ivan Hristov Bashev, Bulgarian Foreign Minister (d. 1971) *
February 12 Events Pre-1600 *1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. *1429 – English forces under ...
– Damián Iguacén Borau, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2020) * February 13 – John Reed (actor), John Reed, British actor and opera singer (d. 2010) * February 14 ** Marcel Bigeard, French military officer (d. 2010) ** Sally Gray, English actress (d. 2006) ** Denham Harman, American gerontologist (d. 2014) ** Edward Platt, American actor (d. 1974) ** Charles Wycliffe Joiner, American judge (d. 2017) ** Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese film director (d. 1996) * February 15 ** Ernest Millington, English politician (d. 2009) ** Mary Jane Croft, American actress (d. 1999) ** Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, 4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 2008) * February 16 – Karel Dufek, Czechoslovak diplomat (d. 2009) * February 18 – Maria Altmann, Austrian Holocaust survivor and heiress (d. 2011) * February 20 – Jean Erdman, American dancer (d. 2020) * February 23 – Retta Scott, first woman to receive screen credit as an animator at the Walt Disney Animation Studios (d. 1990) * February 26 **Jackie Gleason, American comedian, actor and musician (d. 1987) ** Preacher Roe, American baseball player (d. 2008) * February 28 ** Svend Asmussen, Danish jazz violinist (d. 2017) ** Cesar Climaco, Filipino politician, Mayor of Zamboanga (d. 1984) ** Frank Crean, Australian politician (d. 2008)


March

* March 1 – Emelyn Whiton, American Olympic sailor (d. 1962) * March 2 – George E. Bria, Italian-American journalist (d. 2017) * March 3 – Paul Halmos, Hungarian-born mathematician (d. 2006) * March 4 ** William Alland, American actor, producer, writer and director (d. 1997) ** Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer (d. 2000) ** Hans Eysenck, German-born psychologist (d. 1997) * March 5 – Jack Hamm, American cartoonist (d. 1996) * March 6 – Rochelle Hudson, American actress (d. 1972) * March 7 – Marie-Thérèse Bourquin, Belgian lawyer (d. 2018) *
March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a t ...
– Ethel Bush, British police officer (d. 2016) * March 11 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995) * March 13 ** Lindy Boggs, American politician (d. 2013) ** Jacque Fresco, American futurist and designer (d. 2017) ** John Aspinwall Roosevelt, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1981) ** Robert O. Peterson, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1994) * March 14 – Horton Foote, American writer (d. 2009) *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...
** Frank Coghlan Jr., American actor (d. 2009) ** Harry James, American musician and band leader (d. 1983) *
March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang. *1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
** Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (d. 2004) ** Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Japanese survivor of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings (d. 2010) * March 17 ** Lyle Smith, American football coach (d. 2017) ** Volodia Teitelboim, Chilean author and politician (d. 2008) * March 19 – Irving Wallace, American novelist (d. 1990) * March 20 – Pierre Messmer, French politician (d. 2007) *
March 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. *1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off ...
** Donald Hamilton, Swedish writer (d. 2006) ** Anna Maria Bottini, Italian actress (d. 2020) * March 26 ** Christian B. Anfinsen, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995) ** Dai Zijin, Chinese aviator (d. 2017) ** Harry Rabinowitz, British film composer and conductor (d. 2016) * March 29 ** Sam Beazley, British actor (d. 2017) ** Peter Geach, British philosopher (d. 2013) ** Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, 6th President of Bangladesh (d. 1997) ** Eugene McCarthy, U.S. Senator from Minnesota and Presidential candidate (d. 2005) * March 31 – Lucille Bliss, American voice actor (d. 2012)


April

* April 1 ** John Holter, American toolmaker and inventor (d. 2003) ** Balilla Lombardi, Italian football player (d. 1987) * April 2 – Menachem Porush, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2010) * April 3 ** Herb Caen, American journalist (d. 1997) ** Peter Gowland, American photographer (d. 2010) ** Louiguy, Spanish-French musician of Italian extraction (d. 1991) * April 4 ** David White (actor), David White, American actor (d. 1990) ** Nikola Ljubičić, 10th President of Serbia (d. 2005) * April 5 ** Albert Henry Ottenweller, American bishop (d. 2012) ** Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003) ** Carmen Silva, Brazilian actress (d. 2008) * April 10 – Lee Jung-seob, Korean oil painter (d. 1956) *
April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. * 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. * 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
** Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (d. 1983) ** Armando León Bejarano, Mexican politician (d. 2016) * April 12 ** Beverly Cleary, American children's book author (d. 2021) ** Benjamin Libet, American pioneering scientist in the field of human consciousness (d. 2007) ** Movita Castaneda, American actress (d. 2015) * April 14 – Pehr Victor Edman, Swedish chemist (d.1977) * April 15 ** Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American department store heir (d. 1982) ** Helene Hanff, American writer and critic (d. 1997) ** Mikiel Fsadni, Maltese friar and historian (d. 2013) * April 16 – Hon Sui Sen, Malaysian-Singaporean politician (d. 1983) * April 17 ** Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2000) ** A. Thiagarajah, Sri Lankan Tamil teacher and politician (d. 1981) ** Win Maung, 3rd President of Myanmar (d. 1989) * April 18 ** Carl Burgos, American comic book artist (d. 1984) ** José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, President of Costa Rica (d. 2010) * April 19 ** Bruno Chizzo, Italian association footballer (d. 1969) ** Delio Rodríguez, Spanish road racing cyclist and sprinter (d. 1994) * April 21 ** Walter Berg (footballer), Walter Berg, German footballer (d. 1949) *
April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil. * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. * 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
** Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999) ** Yvette Lundy, French resistance fighter (d. 2019) *
April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy m ...
** Stanley Kauffmann, American film critic (d. 2013) ** Lou Thesz, American professional wrestler (d. 2002) * April 25 – R. J. Rushdoony, American founder of Christian Reconstructionism (d. 2001) * April 26 ** Dorothy Salisbury Davis, American writer (d. 2014) ** Vic Perrin, American voice actor (d. 1989) ** Paulette Coquatrix, French costume designer (d. 2018) ** Ken Wallis, British aviator, engineer, and inventor (d. 2013) ** Werner Bischof, Swiss photographer and photojournalist (d. 1954) ** George Tuska, American comic strip artist (d. 2009) *
April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...
– Enos Slaughter, American baseball player (d. 2002) * April 28 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993) *
April 29 Events Pre-1600 *1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. * 1386 – Battle of the Vikhra River: The Principality of Smolensk is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and beco ...
– Ramón Amaya Amador, Honduran author (d. 1966) * April 30 ** Claude Elwood Shannon, American information theorist (d. 2001) ** Robert Shaw (conductor), Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999)


May

* May 1 – Glenn Ford, Canadian actor (d. 2006) *
May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...
– Jane Jacobs, née Butzner, American-born urban activist (d. 2006) * May 5 – Zail Singh, Indian politician and 7th President of India (d. 1994) * May 6 ** Adriana Caselotti, American actress (d. 1997) ** Robert H. Dicke, American experimental physicist (d. 1997) ** Sif Ruud, Swedish actress (d. 2011) * May 8 ** Chinmayananda, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1993) ** Jens Risom, Danish American furniture designer (d. 2016) ** João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president (d. 2016) *
May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. *1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...
– Milton Babbitt, American composer (d. 2011) * May 11 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002) * May 14 – Sammy Luftspring, Canadian boxer (d. 2000) ** Del Moore, American actor, comedian and radio announcer (d. 1970) * May 15 ** Vera Gebuhr, Danish actress (d. 2014) ** Abbott Pattison, American sculptor and abstract artist (d. 1999) *
May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...
** Adriana Caselotti, American Actress, Voice Actress and Singer (d. 1997) ** Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (d. 2009) ** Carlos Aldunate Lyon, Colombian lawyer, educator and activist (d. 2018) * May 17 ** Jenő Fock, 49th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2001) ** Lenka Reinerová, Czech writer (d. 2008) * May 18 – Miriam Goldberg, American newspaper publisher (d. 2017) * May 20 ** Owen Chadwick, British author and historian (d. 2015) ** Trebisonda Valla, Italian athlete (d. 2006) * May 21 ** Louis Crump, American politician (d. 2019) ** Dennis Day, American singer and actor (d. 1988) ** Leonard Manasseh, British architect (d. 2017) ** Lydia Mendoza, American musician (d. 2007) ** Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (d. 2002) ** Harold Robbins, American novelist (d. 1997) ** Tan Siew Sin, Malaysian minister of Commerce and Industry (d. 1988) * May 26 ** Halil İnalcık, Turkish historian (d. 2016) ** Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972) *
May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
** Bert Haanstra, Dutch filmmaker (d. 1997) ** Bernard Lewis, British-American historian (d. 2018)


June

* June 3 – Jack Manning (actor), Jack Manning, American film, stage and television actor (d. 2009) *
June 4 Events Pre-1600 *1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. * 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) *
June 5 Events Pre-1600 *1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights. *1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– Eddie Joost, baseball player and manager (d. 2011) * June 6 – Hamani Diori, 1st President of Niger (d. 1989) * June 8 – Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) * June 9 ** Jurij Brězan, Sorbian writer (d. 2006) ** Robert McNamara, 8th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2009) * June 11 – Bob Berry (dendrologist), Bob Berry, New Zealand dendrologist (d. 2018) * June 12 – Raúl Héctor Castro, American politician (d. 2015) * June 13 – Ronald Atkins, Welsh politician (d. 2020) * June 14 – Dorothy McGuire, American actress (d. 2001) *
June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...
** Olga Erteszek, American undergarment designer and lingerie company owner (d. 1989) ** Horacio Salgán, Argentine tango musician (d. 2016) ** Herbert A. Simon, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) * June 16 – Phil Chambers, American actor (d. 1993) * June 17 – Einar Englund, Finnish composer (d. 1999) * June 18 ** Julio César Turbay Ayala, 25th President of Colombia (d. 2005) ** Roman Toi, Estonian composer, choir conductor, and organist (d. 2018) * June 21 ** Tchan Fou-li, Chinese photographer (d. 2018) ** Herbert Friedman, American physicist (d. 2000) * June 22 ** Anne Olivier Bell, English literary editor and art scholar (d. 2018) ** Richard Eastham, American actor (d. 2005) ** Emil Fackenheim, noted Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi (d. 2003) * June 23 ** Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990) ** Irene Worth, American actress (d. 2002) ** Al G. Wright, American bandleader and conductor (d. 2020) *
June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. * ...
** Saloua Raouda Choucair, Lebanese painter and sculptor (d. 2017) ** Lidia Wysocka, American actress (d. 2006) ** William B. Saxbe, American politician (d. 2010) * June 25 – Thomas Reddin, American police (d. 2004) * June 26 ** Dennis Filmer, Malaysian sports shooter (d. 1981) ** Alvin Wistert, American football player (d. 2005) * June 27 ** Max Müller (cross-country skier), Max Müller, Swiss cross-country skier (d. unknown) ** Ivy Cooke, Jamaican educator (d. 2017) * June 28 ** Richard Best (film editor), Richard Best, British film editor (d. 2004) ** John Evelyn Anderson, British Army officer (d. 2007) * June 29 – Ruth Warrick, American actress (d. 2005)


July

*
July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
** Olivia de Havilland, Japanese-born British-American film actress (d. 2020) ** Lawrence Halprin, American architect (d. 2009) ** Thomas Hamilton-Brown, South African boxer *
July 2 Events Pre-1600 * 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome. * 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
** Reino Kangasmäki, Finnish wrestler (d. 2010) ** Alec Hill, Australian military historian (d. 2008) ** Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer (d. 2008) ** Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982) ** Ken Curtis, American screen actor and singer (d. 1991) * July 3 – John Kundla, American basketball coach (d. 2017) * July 4 ** Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose"), American propaganda broadcaster (d. 2006) ** Adam Curle, British academic and peace activist (d. 2006) ** Naseem Banu, Indian actress (d. 2002) ** Fernand Leduc, Canadian painter (d. 2014) * July 5 ** Lívia Rév, Hungarian classical pianist (d. 2018) ** Ivor Powell, Welsh footballer (d. 2012) * July 6 ** Harold Norse, American writer (d. 2009) ** Hugh Gibbons, Irish Fianna Fáil politician (d. 2007) ** Don R. Christensen, American animator, cartoonist, illustrator, writer and inventor (d. 2006) * July 7 – Werner G. Scharff, American arts patron and fashion designer (d. 2006) * July 8 ** Marion Hartzog Smoak, American lawyer and politician (d. 2020) ** Ronald R. Van Stockum, American writer (d. 2022) ** Jean Rouverol, American actress, screenwriter and author (d. 2017) ** Otto Luedeke, American cyclist (d. 2005) * July 9 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005) * July 10 – Nicholas D'Antonio Salza, American bishop (d. 2009) * July 11 ** Mortimer Caplin, American lawyer and educator (d. 2019) ** Hans Maier, Dutch water polo player (d. 2018) ** Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2002) ** Reg Varney, British actor (d. 2008) ** Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2014) * July 14 ** André Franco Montoro, Franco Montoro, Brazilian politician and lawyer (d. 1999) ** Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (d. 1991) *
July 15 Events Pre-1600 *484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 – ...
** Sumner Gerard, American politician and diplomat (d. 2005) ** Les Dye, American football player (d. 2000) * July 16 ** Victor Fontana, Brazilian engineer, businessman and politician (d. 2017) ** Sudono Salim, Indonesian-Chinese businessman (d. 2012) * July 17 ** Eleanor Hadley, American economist and policymaker (d. 2007) ** Henning Brandis, German physician and microbiologist (d. 2004) * July 18 ** Charles Kittel, American physicist (d. 2019) ** L. Patrick Gray III, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 2005) ** Ed Cifers, American football end (d. 2005) ** Sid Kiel, South African doctor and cricketer (d. 2007) *
July 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. * 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is re ...
– Phil Cavarretta, baseball player (d. 2010) * July 20 ** Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. 2013) ** Hans von Blixen-Finecke Jr., Swedish officer and horse rider (d. 2005) * July 21 ** Douglas Freeman, English cricketer (d. 2013) ** Sergeant Stubby, World War I American hero war dog (d. 1926) *
July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of J ...
** Irene Galitzine, Russian-Georgian fashion designer (d. 2006) ** William A. Culpepper, American judge (d. 2015) ** William Harper (Rhodesian politician), William Harper, Rhodesian politician (d. 2006) ** Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949) * July 23 – Sandra Gould, American actress (d. 1999) * July 25 – Fred Lasswell, American cartoonist (d. 2001) * July 27 ** Elizabeth Hardwick (writer), Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic and novelist (d. 2007) ** Keenan Wynn, American actor (d. 1986) * July 28 – David Brown (producer), David Brown, American producer (d. 2010) *
July 29 Events Pre-1600 * 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple. * 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque Palenque (; Yucatec Maya language, Yucatec Maya: ), also anciently known in the ...
– Rupert Hamer, Australian politician and Premier of Victoria (d. 2004) *
July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. *1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. *1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands ...
– Dick Wilson, American actor (d. 2007) * July 31 ** Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979) ** Ignacio Trelles, Mexican football player and coach (d. 2020)


August

* August 1 ** Fiorenzo Angelini, Italian Cardinal (d. 2014) ** Olimpio Bizzi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 1976) ** Edna Hughes, English competition swimmer (d. 1990) * August 2 – Zein Al-Sharaf Talal, Queen of Jordan (d. 1994) *
August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
– Hertha Feiler, Austrian actress (d. 1970) * August 5 – Kermit Love, American puppeteer (d. 2008) * August 6 – Dom Mintoff, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 2012) *
August 7 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Co ...
** Lawrence Picachy, Indian Jesuit priest (d. 1992) ** Rose Wolfe, Canadian social worker and philanthropist (d. 2016) * August 8 – Shigeo Arai, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 1944) *
August 9 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. * 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens ...
– Manea Mănescu, 50th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2009) * August 10 – Lorna McDonald (historian), Lorna McDonald, Australian historian and author (d. 2017) * August 11 ** Johnny Claes, English racing driver (d. 1956) ** William Coors, American executive (d. 2018) * August 12 – Ralph Nelson, American film and television director, producer, writer, and actor (d. 1987) * August 13 – Sybren Valkema, Dutch glass artist and teacher, and founder of the European Studio Glass Movement, also known as VRIJ GLAS. (d. 1996) * August 14 ** Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, German night fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 1944) ** Ralph de Toledano, American conservationist and author (d. 2007) *
August 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs. * 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamdan ...
** Edythe Wright, American singer (d. 1965) ** Iggy Katona, American race car driver (d. 2003) * August 18 – Neagu Djuvara, Romanian historian, essayist, and diplomat (d. 2018) * August 19 – Dennis Poore, British entrepreneur, financier and racing driver (d. 1987) * August 20 ** George Rosenkranz, Mexican co-inventor of oral contraceptive pill (d. 2019) ** Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian chess player (d. 1984) *
August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. * 1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars. *1169 – Battle o ...
** Frank O. Braynard, American maritime writer and historian (d. 2007) ** Geoffrey Keen, English actor (d. 2005) ** Bill Lee (singer), Bill Lee, American playback singer (d. 1980) ** Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005) * August 22 ** Robert H. Krieble, American chemist (d. 1997) ** Joe Martinelli, American soccer forward (d. 1991) * August 24 ** Hal Smith (actor), Hal Smith, American actor (d. 1994) ** Léo Ferré, French-born Monégasque poet and composer (d. 1993) *
August 25 Events Pre-1600 * 19 – The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to ...
** Van Johnson, American actor (d. 2008) ** Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist (d. 2003) ** Saburō Sakai, Japanese fighter ace (d. 2000) *
August 27 Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days. * 1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned junior king and queen of England. *1232 – Shikken Hojo Yasutoki of the K ...
** Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994) ** Larry Thor, Canadian actor (d. 1976) ** Robert Van Eenaeme, Belgian cyclist (d. 1959) *
August 28 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna. * 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way ...
** C. Wright Mills, American sociologist (d. 1962) ** Jack Vance, American writer (d. 2013) *
August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...
– Luther Davis, American screenwriter (d. 2008) *
August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. * 1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
** Shag Crawford, American baseball umpire (d. 2007) ** Kenneth Keith, Baron Keith of Castleacre, British life peer (d. 2004) * August 31 ** Daniel Schorr, American journalist (d. 2010) ** John S. Wold, American politician (d. 2017)


September

*
September 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. * 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancon ...
** Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player (d. 2014) ** Joseph Minish, American politician (d. 2007) * September 3 – Tommy J. Smith, Australian trainer (d. 1998) *
September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. * 1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava * 1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Hen ...
** Allan Louisy, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. 2011) ** Frank Yerby, American writer (d. 1991) * September 7 – Shen Panwen, Chinese chemist (d. 2017) * September 12 ** Leoncio Afonso, Spanish scientist (d. 2017) ** Edward Binns, American stage, film, and television actor (d. 1990) *
September 13 Events Pre-1600 * 585 BC – Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Sabines, and the surrender of Collatia. *509 BC – The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill i ...
– Roald Dahl, Welsh-born author (d. 1990) * September 14 ** Eric Bentley, English-born American critic and playwright (d. 2020) ** John Heyer, Australian documentary filmmaker (d. 2001) *
September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
** Margaret Lockwood, Indian-born English actress (d. 1990) ** Frederick C. Weyand, U.S. Army General (d. 2010) * September 16 – Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (d. 1999) * September 17 – Mary Stewart (novelist), Mary Stewart, born Mary Rainbow, English-born fantasy and mystery writer (d. 2014) * September 18 – John Jacob Rhodes, American politician and lawyer (d. 2003) * September 21 – Zinovy Gerdt, Russian actor (d. 1996) * September 23 – Aldo Moro, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1978) * September 24 – Ruth Leach Amonette, American businesswoman (d. 2004) *
September 27 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England. * 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuto ...
** Frank Handlen, American artist ** Trento Longaretti, Italian painter (d. 2017) ** S. Yizhar (aka Yizhar Smilansky), Israeli author (d. 2006) * September 28 – Peter Finch, English-born Australian actor (d. 1977)


October

* October 2 – Jim L. Gillis Jr., American politician (d. 2018) * October 3 ** Frank Pantridge, Irish physician and inventor (d. 2004) ** James Herriot, English veterinarian and author (d. 1995) ** Shelby Storck, American television producer (d. 1969) * October 4 – Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2009) *
October 7 Events Pre-1600 * 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar. * 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon. * 1477 ...
– Sir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet, British army officer (d. 2017) * October 9 – Robert Brubaker, American actor (d. 2010) * October 10 ** Bernard Heuvelmans, Belgian-French cryptozoologist (d. 2001) ** Sumiko Mizukubo, Japanese actress * October 11 – Maurice Gaffney, Irish barrister (d. 2016) *
October 12 Events Pre-1600 * 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...
– Alice Childress, American actress, playwright, and novelist (d. 1994) *
October 14 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings. * 1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's i ...
– C. Everett Koop, United States Surgeon General (d. 2013) * October 15 – Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (d. 2006) * October 19 ** Jean Dausset, French immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) ** Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1985) *
October 21 Events Pre-1600 *1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade. *1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of A ...
– Eddie Carnett, American baseball player (d. 2016) * October 25 – Thérèse Kleindienst, French librarian (d. 2018) * October 26 – François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996) * October 30 – Leon Day, American baseball player (d. 1995) * October 31 ** Phil Monroe, American animator and director (d. 1988) ** Carl Johan Bernadotte, Prince of Sweden (d. 2012)


November

* November 4 – Walter Cronkite, American television journalist (d. 2009) * November 5 – Jim Tabor, American baseball player (d. 1953) * November 6 – Harry Blamires, British Anglican theologian, literary critic and novelist (d. 2017) * November 8 – Lady Ursula d'Abo, English socialite (d. 2017) * November 10 – Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter (d. 2012) * November 11 – Robert Carr, English politician (d. 2012) * November 12 – Rogelio de la Rosa, Filipino actor and politician (d. 1986) * November 14 – Sherwood Schwartz, American television writer and producer (d. 2011) * November 15 – Bill Melendez, American animator (d. 2008) * November 16 – Daws Butler, American voice actor (d. 1988) * November 17 – Shelby Foote, American historian and novelist, author of ''The Civil War: A Narrative'' (d. 2005) * November 20 ** Hamida Habibullah, Indian politician (d. 2018) ** Evelyn Keyes, American actress (d. 2008) * November 23 ** Michael Gough, Malayan-born English actor (d. 2011) ** P. K. Page, Canadian poet (d. 2010) * November 24 ** Forrest J Ackerman, American writer (d. 2008) ** Frankie Muse Freeman, American civil rights attorney (d. 2018) * November 25 – Cosmo Haskard, Irish-born British colonial administrator and British Army officer (d. 2017) * November 26 – Gerhard Unger, German tenor (d. 2011) * November 27 – Chick Hearn, American basketball announcer (d. 2002) * November 28 ** Lilian, Princess of Réthy, born Mary Lilian Baels, English-born Belgian queen consort of Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III (d. 2002) ** Ramón José Velásquez, 44th President of Venezuela (d. 2014) * November 29 ** Fran Ryan, American actress (d. 2000) ** Helen Clare (singer), Helen Clare, British singer (d. 2018) * November 30 – John C. Harkness, American architect (d. 2016)


December

* December 1 – Wan Li, Chinese government official (d. 2015) * December 2 – Nancye Wynne Bolton, Australian tennis player (d. 2001) * December 5 – Hilary Koprowski, Polish virologist and immunologist (d. 2013) * December 6 ** Kristján Eldjárn, 3rd President of Iceland (d. 1982) ** Pratap Chandra Lal, Indian military advisor (d. 1982) ** Hugo Peretti, American songwriter and record producer (d. 1986) * December 7 ** George Russell Weller, American salesman known for the Santa Monica Farmer's Market incident (d. 2010) ** John G. Morris, American picture editor (d. 2017) * December 8 ** Richard Fleischer, American film director (d. 2006) ** T. K. Whitaker, Irish economist and public servant (d. 2017) * December 9 ** Jerome Beatty, Jr., American author of children's literature (d. 2002) ** Kirk Douglas, American film actor (d. 2020) ** Esther Wilkins, American dentist (d. 2016) * December 11 – Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (d. 1989) * December 12 – Charan Singh (Sant), Maharaj Charan Singh, Fourth Satguru of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (d. 1990) * December 12 – Anne Vermeer, Dutch politician (d. 2018) * December 14 – Shirley Jackson, American writer (d. 1965) * December 15 – Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) * December 16 – Birgitta Valberg, Swedish actress (d. 2014) * December 18 ** Douglas Fraser, Scottish-born union leader (d. 2008) ** Betty Grable, American actress (d. 1973) ** Franciszek Kornicki, Polish fighter pilot (d. 2017) * December 19 ** Roy Ward Baker, Roy Baker, English film director (d. 2010) ** Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist (d. 2010) ** John Crutcher, American politician (d. 2017) * December 20 – Morrie Schwartz, American professor (d. 1995) * December 21 – Arsène Tchakarian, Armenian-French resistance fighter (d. 2018) * December 24 ** Ron G. Mason, English oceanographer (d. 2009) ** Cecília Schelingová, Czechoslovakian Roman Catholic religious professed, martyr and blessed (d. 1955) * December 25 ** Ahmed Ben Bella, Algerian politician, 1st President of Algeria (d. 2012) ** Graciela Naranjo, Venezuelan singer and actress (d. 2001) *
December 27 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated. *1512 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World. *1521 – ...
– Cathy Lewis, American actress (d. 1968)


Date unknown

* Saad Jumaa, 17th Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1979)


Deaths


January

*
January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
** Max Bastelberger, German doctor and entomologist (b. 1851) ** Adán Cárdenas, Nicaraguan doctor and politician, 16th President of Nicaragua (b. 1836) * January 2 ** Joseph Rucker Lamar, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1857) ** Félix Sardà y Salvany, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and writer (b. 1844) * January 5 – Ulpiano Checa, Spanish painter, sculptor and illustrator (b. 1860) * January 7 – Andrés Baquero, Spanish teacher and writer (b. 1853) * January 8 ** Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (b. 1884) ** Eugene W. Hilgard, German-born American soil scientist (b. 1833) *
January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– Ada Rehan, Irish-born American Shakespearean actress (b. 1859) *
January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
– Guido Baccelli, Italian physician (b. 1830) * January 11 ** Cyril VIII Geha, Greek Catholic patriarch (b. 1840) ** Takashima Tomonosuke, Japanese general (b. 1844) *
January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
** Léon Autonne, French engineer and mathematician (b. 1859) ** Georgios Theotokis, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1844) *
January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
** George Bengescu-Dabija, Wallachian-born Romanian poet, playwright, and general (b. 1844) ** Vasile Hossu (bishop of Gherla), Vasile Hossu, Romanian Orthodox priest and bishop (b. 1866) ** Victoriano Huerta, Mexican general and statesman, 35th President of Mexico (b. 1850) * January 14 – Otto Ammon, German anthropologist (b. 1842) * January 15 – Vojtech Alexander, Slovakian radiologist (b. 1857) * January 16 ** Arnold Aletrino, Dutch physician (b. 1858) ** William Montrose Graham Jr., American general (b. 1834) ** Juana María Condesa Lluch, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862) * January 17 – Arthur V. Johnson, American actor and director (b. 1876) * January 18 – Lorenzo Latorre, Uruguayan officer and politician, 11th President of Uruguay (b. 1844) * January 19 ** Dora Knowlton Ranous, American actress, author and translator (b. 1859) ** Antoine Simon (composer), Antoine Simon, French composer (b. 1850) * January 20 – Ephraim Francis Baldwin, American architect (b. 1837) * January 30 – Clements Markham, Sir Clements Markham, British explorer and geographer (b. 1830)


February

* February 3 – Metropolitan Ioan Mețianu, Romanian cleric (b. 1828) * February 6 ** Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan writer (b. 1867) ** Isala Van Diest, Belgian physician (b. 1842) * February 7 ** Franklin E. Brooks, U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado (b. 1847) ** Ludwika Szczęsna, Polish Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1863) *
February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. * 1539 – The first recorded race is hel ...
– Anton Yegorovich von Saltza, Russian general (b. 1843) *
February 12 Events Pre-1600 *1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. *1429 – English forces under ...
– Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (b. 1831) * February 13 ** Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (b. 1864) ** Carlos Antonio Mendoza, Panamanian politician, acting President of Panama (b. 1856) * February 18 – Hans Schmidt (priest), Hans Schmidt, German Roman Catholic priest (executed) (b. 1881) * February 19 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (b. 1838) * February 20 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1844) *
February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The Prus ...
– Karl Begas, German sculptor (b. 1845) * February 23 ** Jabez Balfour, English businessman (b. 1843) ** Domenico Lovisato, Italian geologist (b. 1842) ** Hugo von Pohl, German admiral (b. 1855) * February 25 – David Bowman (politician), David Bowman, Australian politician (b. 1860) * February 26 – Tomasa Ortiz Real, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1842) * February 27 – Ugo Balzani, Italian historian (b. 1847) * February 28 – Henry James, American writer (b. 1843)


March

* March 2 – Elisabeth of Wied, Queen consort of Romania (b. 1843) * March 4 ** Franz Marc, German Expressionist painter (killed in action) (b. 1880) ** William Sooy Smith, American Union general and engineer (b. 1830) * March 7 – Fred Donovan, American baseball player (b. 1844) *March 9 - Arnold Spencer-Smith, British explorer, clergyman, and amateur photographer (b. 1883) * March 11 ** Florence Baker, Hungarian-born British explorer (b. 1841) ** Henry G. Davis, American politician (b. 1823) * March 12 – William M. O. Dawson, 12th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1853) *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...
– John Beveridge (mayor), John Beveridge, Australian businessman, Municipality of Redfern, Mayor of Redfern (b. 1848) *
March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang. *1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
– Thomas King (astronomer), Thomas King, New Zealander astronomer (b. 1858) * March 19 ** John J. Davis (congressman), John J. Davis, American politician, U.S. Representatives from West Virginia (b. 1835) ** Girolamo Maria Gotti, Italian Discalced Carmelite friar and Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1834) ** Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (b. 1848) * March 20 – Ota Benga, Belgian Congo, Congolese pygmy brought to America as part of an exhibition at the Bronx zoo (b. 1883) *
March 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. *1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off ...
** Herman Gesellius, French architect (b. 1874) **
Enrique Granados Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados y Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enric Granados in Catalan or Enrique Granados in Spanish, was a composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Catalonia, Spain. ...
, Spanish composer (ship sinking) (b. 1867) * March 25 – Ishi, last known member of the Yana people (b. 1860) * March 28 – Paul von Plehwe, Russian general (b. 1850) * March 30 – Nakamuta Kuranosuke, Japanese admiral (b. 1837)


April

* April 4 ** Alfred Cogniaux, Belgian botanist (b. 1841) ** Max Lewandowsky, German neurologist (b. 1876) * April 7 – Shigeyoshi Matsuo, Japanese businessman (b. 1843) *
April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. * 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. * 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
– Richard Harding Davis, American journalist and author (b. 1864) *April 14 – Gina Krog, Norwegian suffragist, activist and editor (b. 1847) * April 16 – Alexander Meyrick Broadley, British barrister (b. 1846) * April 19 – Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839) * April 21 ** Ubaldo Pacchierotti, Italian composer (b. 1876) ** John Surratt, suspected of involvement in the Abraham Lincoln assassination, son of Mary Surratt (b. 1844) *
April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...
– Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1878) * April 28 – Edward Felix Baxter, English recipient of the Victorian Cross (b. 1885)


May

* May 1 – Lydia Zvereva, first Russian woman to earn a pilot's license (b. 1890) * May 2 – Jules Blanchard, French sculptor (b. 1832) * May 3 ** Patrick Pearse, Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, political activist, and nationalist (executed) (b. 1879) ** Thomas MacDonagh, Irish poet, playwright, educationalist and revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1878) ** Tom Clarke (Irish republican), Tom Clarke, Irish republican, leader of the
Irish Republican Brotherhood The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; ) was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic republic" in Ireland between 1858 and 1924.McGee, p. 15. Its counterpart in the United States ...
(executed) (b. 1858) *
May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...
** Lord John Hay (Royal Navy officer, born 1827), Lord John Hay, British admiral and politician (b. 1827) ** Joseph Plunkett, Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary (executed) (b. 1887) ** Hector Sévin, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1852) * May 6 – Hans Chiari, Austrian pathologist (b. 1851) * May 8 ** Mabel Beardsley, English actress (b. 1871) ** William Burnyeat, British politician (b. 1837) ** Éamonn Ceannt, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1881) **Aeneas Mackintosh, British Merchant Navy officer and Antarctic explorer (b. 1879) **Victor Hayward, British explorer (b. 1887) * May 11 ** Max Reger, German Modernism (music), modernist composer (b. 1873) ** Karl Schwarzschild, German physicist (b. 1873) ** Tirésias Simon Sam, 16th President of Haiti (b. 1835) * May 12 ** James Connolly, Irish socialist and political activist (executed) (b. 1868) ** Seán Mac Diarmada, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1883) * May 13 ** Sholem Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish writer (b. 1859) ** Ján Bahýľ, Slovak engineer and inventor (b. 1856) ** Margaret Benson, English author (b. 1865) ** Émile Petitot, French Roman Catholic missionary (b. 1838) *May 18 - Chen Qimei, Chen Qiemi, Chinese politician (b. 1878) * May 19 – Georges Boillot, French Grand Prix driver (killed in action) (b. 1884) * May 21 – Artúr Görgei, Hungarian military general and politician (b. 1818) * May 23 – Vladimír Jindřich Bufka, Czechoslovak photographer (b. 1887) * May 27 – Joseph Gallieni, French general (b. 1849) * May 28 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer and political activist (b. 1856) *
May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
– Horace Hood, Sir Horace Hood, British admiral (killed in action) (b. 1870)


June

* June 2 – Paul von Bruns, German surgeon (b. 1846) *
June 5 Events Pre-1600 *1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights. *1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and statesman (drowned) (b. 1850) * June 6 –
Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
, Chinese military official and politician,
Emperor of China ''Huangdi'' (), translated into English as Emperor, was the superlative title held by monarchs of China who ruled various imperial regimes in Chinese history. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was considered the Son of Heave ...
and 1st President of the Republic of China (b. 1859) * June 7 ** Alberto Elmore Fernández de Córdoba, Peruvian diplomat and politician, 52nd Prime Minister of Peru (b. 1844) ** Émile Faguet, French writer and critic (b. 1847) * June 12 – Silvanus P. Thompson, English professor of physics, electrical engineer, member of the Royal Society and author (b. 1851) * June 17 – Edwin Monroe Bacon, English writer (b. 1844) * June 18 ** Max Immelmann, German fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1890) ** Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, German general (b. 1848) * June 22 – Tanaka Yoshio, Japanese naturalist (b. 1838) *
June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. * ...
– Victor Chapman, French-born American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1890) * June 25 – Thomas Eakins, American realist painter (b. 1844) * June 30 ** Russell Barton, British-born Australian politician (b. 1830) ** Eunice Eloisae Gibbs Allyn, American correspondent, author, and songwriter (b. 1847)


July

*
July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– First Day on the Somme (killed in action) ** Eugene Bourdon (architect), Eugene Bourdon, French architect (b. 1870) ** Gilbert Waterhouse, English architect and war poet (b. 1883) *
July 2 Events Pre-1600 * 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome. * 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
– Mikhail Pomortsev, Russian meteorologist (b. 1851) * July 3 ** Hetty Green, American businesswoman (b. 1834) ** Alfred Kleiner, Swiss physicist (b. 1849) ** Jeremiah Lomnytskyj, Ukrainian Order of Saint Basil the Great, Basilian priest, missionary and servant of God (b. 1860) * July 6 – Odilon Redon, French painter (b. 1840) * July 7 – Margarethe Hormuth-Kallmorgen, German painter (b. 1835) * July 12 – Cesare Battisti (politician), Cesare Battisti, Italian patriot, geographer and politician (b. 1875) *
July 15 Events Pre-1600 *484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 – ...
– Élie Metchnikoff, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845) * July 16 ** Regino Garcia, Filipino artist (b. 1840) ** Victor Horsley, Sir Victor Horsley, English physician and surgeon (b. 1857) * July 20 – Reinhard Sorge, German dramatist and poet (killed in action) (b. 1892) *
July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of J ...
– James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (b. 1849) * July 23 – Sir William Ramsay, British chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852) *
July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...
** Gustave Maria Blanche, French Roman Catholic priest and bishop (b. 1849) ** Johannes Ranke, German physiologist (b. 1836) * July 27 ** Arthur Winton Brown, New Zealander politician, Mayor of Wellington (b. 1856) ** Charles Fryatt, British mariner (executed) (b. 1872) *
July 29 Events Pre-1600 * 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple. * 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque Palenque (; Yucatec Maya language, Yucatec Maya: ), also anciently known in the ...
– Claude Castleton, Australian VC recipient (killed in action) (b. 1893)


August

*
August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
– Roger Casement, Irish nationalist (executed) (b. 1864) * August 5 – George Butterworth, English composer (b. 1885) *
August 7 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Co ...
– Kittredge Haskins, American lawyer and politician, U.S. House of Representatives from Vermont (b. 1836) * August 8 ** Lily Braun, German writer (b. 1865) ** Kamimura Hikonojō, Japanese admiral (b. 1849) ** Oscar Linkson, English football player (b. 1888) *
August 9 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. * 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens ...
– Guido Gozzano, Italian poet and writer (b. 1883) * August 10 – S. Isadore Miner, American columnist writing as "Pauline Periwinkle" (b. 1863) * August 13 – Pierre de Ségur, French historian (b. 1853) *
August 17 Events Pre-1600 * 309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike. * 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate. * 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle of ...
– Umberto Boccioni, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1882) * August 18 – Marcel Brindejonc des Moulinais, French aviator (b. 1892) *
August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. * 1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
– Alexander Boarman, American judge, U.S. House of Representatives of Louisiana (b. 1839) * August 31 ** Martha McClellan Brown, American activist (b. 1838) ** John St. John (American politician), John St. John, American temperance leader and Governor of Kansas (b. 1833)


September

*
September 2 Events Pre-1600 *44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his ''Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of them ...
** Gennady Ladyzhensky, Russian painter (b. 1852) ** Felipe Trigo, Spanish writer (b. 1864) *
September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne ove ...
– José Echegaray, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1832) * September 7 – Annie Le Porte Diggs, Canadian-born American activist and librarian (b. 1853) * September 8 ** Friedrich Baumfelder, German composer, conductor, and pianist (b. 1836) ** James Gray (mayor), James Gray, American journalist, 19th Mayor of Minneapolis (b. 1862) * September 12 – Zygmunt Balicki, Polish sociologist (b. 1858) * September 14 – Pierre Duhem, French physicist (b. 1861) *
September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
** Raymond Asquith, English barrister (b. 1878) ** Josiah Royce, American philosopher (b. 1855) * September 17 – Seth Low, American politician and educator, Mayor of New York City (b. 1850) * September 25 – Gerald Arbuthnot, British soldier and politician (b. 1872) *
September 29 Events Pre-1600 *61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday. * 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, ...
– Albert John Cook, American entomologist and zoologist (b. 1842)


October

* October 3 ** James Burgess (archaeologist), James Burgess, British archaeologist (b. 1832) ** Dmytro Yaremko, Ukrainian Eastern Catholic hierarch and bishop (b. 1879) * October 6 – Isidore De Loor, Belgian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1881) * October 10 – Antonio Sant'Elia, Italian architect (killed in action) (b. 1888) * October 11 – King Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto of Bavaria (b. 1848) *
October 12 Events Pre-1600 * 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...
– Tony Jannus, American aviator and aircraft designer (b. 1889) * October 18 – Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench, Spanish painter (b. 1849) *
October 21 Events Pre-1600 *1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade. *1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of A ...
** Olindo Guerrini, Italian poet (b. 1845) **
Karl von Stürgkh Count Karl von Stürgkh (30 October 1859 – 21 October 1916) was an Austrian politician and Minister-President of Cisleithania during the 1914 July Crisis that led to the outbreak of World War I. He was shot and killed by the Social Democratic ...
, Prime Minister of Austria (b. 1859) * October 25 – Gérard Encausse, Gérard Encausse, ''Papus'', French occultist (b. 1865) * October 28 ** Oswald Boelcke, German World War I fighter ace, (b. 1891) ** Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (b. 1838) * October 29 – John Sebastian Little, American politician and congressman (b. 1851) * October 31 **Tina Blau, Austrian painter (b. 1845) ** Charles Taze Russell, Protestant evangelist, forerunner of Jehovah's Witnesses (b. 1852) **Huang Xing, Chinese revolutionary leader and politician, and the first commander-in-chief of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China (b. 1874)


November

* November 1 – Franz, Prince of Thun and Hohenstein, Austrian noble and statesman, Prime Minister (b. 1847) * November 2 – Prince Mircea of Romania (b. 1913) * November 3 – August Lindberg (actor), August Lindberg, Swedish actor, director and manager (b. 1846) * November 4 ** John Bingham, 5th Baron Clanmorris, Irish peer (b. 1838) ** Ella Loraine Dorsey, American author, journalist, and translator (d. 1935) * November 5 – Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1844) * November 6 – Sultan Ali Dinar (b. 1856) * November 8 – Prince Heinrich of Bavaria (b. 1884) * November 9 ** Ludwig Bruns, German neurologist (b. 1856) ** Ion Dragalina, Romanian general (died of wounds) (b. 1860) * November 10 – Walter Sutton, American geneticist and physician (b. 1877) * November 11 ** Frank Chesterton (architect), Frank Chesterton, British architect (b. 1877) ** Francisco da Veiga Beirão, Portuguese politician, 53rd Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1841) * November 12 – Percival Lowell, American astronomer (b. 1855) * November 14 ** Franklin Ware Mann, American inventor (b. 1856) ** Saki, British writer (b. 1870) * November 15 – Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846) * November 21 – ** Chester Adgate Congdon, American mining magnate (b. 1853) ** Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (b. 1830) * November 22 – Jack London, American author (b. 1876) * November 23 – Lanoe Hawker Victoria Cross, VC, British World War I fighter ace, killed in action by Manfred von Richthofen (b. 1890) * November 24 ** Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1833) ** John Francis Barnett, English teacher (b. 1851) ** Hiram Stevens Maxim, Sir Hiram Maxim, American firearms inventor (b. 1840) * November 27 – Émile Verhaeren, Belgian poet (b. 1855) * November 28 – Martinus Theunis Steyn, Boer lawyer, politician, and statesman, sixth and last President of the Orange Free State (1896-1902) (b. 1857) * November 30 – Demetrio Alonso Castrillo, Spanish politician (b. 1841)


December

* December 1 – Charles de Foucauld, French Roman Catholic religious professed, priest and blessed (b. 1858) * December 2 ** William Brownell (politician), William Brownell, Australian politician (b. 1862) ** Hughie Hughes, British racecar driver (b. 1885) ** José Veríssimo, Brazilian writer (b. 1857) * December 4 – Paul Allard, French archaeologist and historian (b. 1841) * December 5 ** Princess Augusta of Cambridge (b. 1822) ** Hans Richter (conductor), Hans Richter, Austrian–Hungarian conductor (b. 1843) * December 6 – Signe Hornborg, Finnish architect (b. 1856) * December 8 – John Porter Merrell, American admiral (b. 1846) * December 9 ** Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, French economist (b. 1843) ** Natsume Sōseki, Japanese writer (b. 1867) ** Clara Ward, Princesse de Caraman-Chimay (b. 1873) * December 10 – Ōyama Iwao, Japanese field marshal and a founder of the Imperial Japanese Army (b. 1842) * December 11 ** Valentín Díaz, Filipino patriot, during the Philippine Revolution (b. 1845) ** Zoilo H. Garcia, Dominican engineer and aviator (b. 1881) * December 12 – Edwin Atlee Barber, American archaeologist (b. 1851) * December 14 – Nicolai Soloviev, Russian composer (b. 1846) * December 15 – José Maria de Alpoim, Portuguese journalist (b. 1857) * December 16 ** Friedrich Ernst Dorn, German physicist (b. 1848) ** Honorat da Biała, Polish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1829) ** Hugo Münsterberg, German-born American psychologist (b. 1856) ** Ognjeslav Kostović Stepanović, Ognjeslav Stepanović, Serbian inventor (b. 1851) * December 18 ** George W. Cook, U.S. Representative from Colorado (b. 1851) ** Giulia Valle, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1847) * December 19 ** Doug Allison, American baseball player (b. 1846) ** Thibaw Min, King of Burma (b. 1859) * December 22 – George A. Woodward, American general (b. 1835) * December 25 ** Albert Chmielowski, Polish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1845) ** John Dunne (bishop of Wilcannia), John Dunne, Australian Roman Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1846) * December 28 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (b. 1835) * December 30 ** Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (assassinated) (b. 1869) ** Leopold Sulerzhitsky, Russian painter (b. 1872)


Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded


References


Further reading

* Williams, John. ''The Other Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914-1918'' (1972) pp 109–74.


Primary sources and year books


''New International Year Book 1916'' (1917)
Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 938pp *
Early Advertising, "Fishing for Suckers"
at Duke University {{DEFAULTSORT:1916 1916, Leap years in the Gregorian calendar