Events
Below, the events of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
have the "WWI" prefix.
![HMS Formidable 1898](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/HMS_Formidable_1898.jpg)
January
*
January
January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the ...
– British physicist Sir
Joseph Larmor
Sir Joseph Larmor (11 July 1857 – 19 May 1942) was an Irish and British physicist and mathematician who made breakthroughs in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics, and the electron theory of matter. His most influen ...
publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction".
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the ye ...
** WWI: British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against Fr ...
battleship
HMS ''Formidable'' is sunk off
Lyme Regis
Lyme Regis is a town in west Dorset, England, west of Dorchester and east of Exeter. Sometimes dubbed the "Pearl of Dorset", it lies by the English Channel at the Dorset– Devon border. It has noted fossils in cliffs and beaches on the He ...
,
Dorset
Dorset ( ; archaically: Dorsetshire , ) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the unitary authority areas of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole and Dorset. Covering an area of , ...
, England, by an
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
, with the loss of 547 crew.
**
Battle of Broken Hill: A train ambush near
Broken Hill, New South Wales
Broken Hill is an inland mining city in the far west of outback New South Wales, Australia. It is near the border with South Australia on the crossing of the Barrier Highway (A32) and the Silver City Highway (B79), in the Barrier Range. It i ...
, Australia, is carried out by two men (claiming to be in support of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
) who are killed, together with 4 civilians.
*
January 5
Events Pre-1600
* 1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France.
1601–1900
*1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French a ...
–
Joseph E. Carberry
Joseph Eugene Carberry (July 20, 1887 – November 12, 1961) was a pioneer aviator. He won the Mackay Trophy in 1913 with Fred Seydel.
Biography
He was born on July 20, 1887, to John M. Carberry in Waukesha, Wisconsin. He graduated from West Po ...
sets an altitude record of , carrying Capt. Benjamin Delahauf Foulois as a passenger, in a fixed-wing aircraft.
*
January 12
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
* 1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already rei ...
** The
United States House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...
rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote.
** ''
A Fool There Was'' premières in the United States, starring
Theda Bara
Theda Bara ( ; born Theodosia Burr Goodman; July 29, 1885 – April 7, 1955) was an American silent film and stage actress.
Bara was one of the more popular actresses of the silent era and one of cinema's early sex symbols. Her femme fatal ...
as a ''
femme fatale
A ''femme fatale'' ( or ; ), sometimes called a maneater or vamp, is a stock character of a mysterious, beautiful, and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, deadly traps. She is an archetype o ...
''; she quickly becomes one of early cinema's most sensational stars.
*
January 17
Events Pre-1600
* 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey.
* 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people ...
– WWI: Caucasus Campaign –
Battle of Sarikamish
The Battle of Sarikamish (''Sarighamishi chakatamart''), russian: Сражение при Сарыкамыше; tr, Sarıkamış Harekatı, lit=''Operation Sarıkamış'' was an engagement between the Russian and Ottoman empires during World ...
: Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey.
*
January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
*1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chin ...
–
Twenty-One Demands
The Twenty-One Demands ( ja, 対華21ヶ条要求, Taika Nijūikkajō Yōkyū; ) was a set of demands made during the First World War by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu to the government of the Republic of China on 18 ...
from
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
to
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
are made.
*
January 19
Events Pre-1600
* 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
* 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender a ...
**
Georges Claude
Georges Claude (24 September 187023 May 1960) was a French engineer and inventor. He is noted for his early work on the industrial liquefaction of air, for the invention and commercialization of neon lighting, and for a large experiment on gener ...
patents the
neon discharge tube
A gas-filled tube, also commonly known as a discharge tube or formerly as a Plücker tube, is an arrangement of electrodes in a gas within an insulating, temperature-resistant envelope. Gas-filled tubes exploit phenomena related to electric ...
for use in advertising.
** WWI: German
Zeppelin
A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin () who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century. Zeppelin's notions were first formulated in 1874Eckener 1938, pp ...
s bomb the coastal towns of
Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth (), often called Yarmouth, is a seaside town and unparished area in, and the main administrative centre of, the Borough of Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, England; it straddles the River Yare and is located east of Norwich. A pop ...
and
King's Lynn
King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn and colloquially as Lynn, is a port and market town in the borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk in the county of Norfolk, England. It is located north of London, north-east of Peterborough, nor ...
in England for the first time, killing more than 20.
*
January 21
Events Pre-1600
* 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
* 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when ...
–
Kiwanis
Kiwanis International ( ) is an international service club founded in 1915 in Detroit, Michigan. It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, and is found in more than 80 nations and geographic areas. Since 1987, the organizat ...
is founded in
Detroit
Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at t ...
, Michigan, as The Supreme Lodge Benevolent Order Brothers.
*
January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
* 1264 & ...
–
Chilembwe uprising
The Chilembwe uprising was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his Church in the villa ...
:
Baptist
Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing Christian believers only ( believer's baptism), and doing so by complete immersion. Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul c ...
minister
John Chilembwe
John Chilembwe (June 1871 – 3 February 1915) was a Baptist pastor, educator and revolutionary who trained as a minister in the United States, returning to Nyasaland in 1901. He was an early figure in the resistance to colonialism in Nyasaland ...
initiates an ultimately unsuccessful uprising against British colonial rule in
Nyasaland
Nyasaland () was a British protectorate located in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasala ...
(modern-day
Malawi
Malawi (; or aláwi Tumbuka: ''Malaŵi''), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northe ...
).
*
January 24
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula.
* 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt.
*1438 – The Counc ...
– WWI:
Battle of Dogger Bank: The
British Grand Fleet defeats the
German High Seas Fleet
The High Seas Fleet (''Hochseeflotte'') was the battle fleet of the German Imperial Navy and saw action during the First World War. The formation was created in February 1907, when the Home Fleet (''Heimatflotte'') was renamed as the High Seas ...
, sinking the armoured cruiser .
*
January 25
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
- The first United States coast-to-coast
long-distance telephone call
In telecommunications, a long-distance call (U.S.) or trunk call (also known as a toll call in the U.K. ) is a telephone call made to a location outside a defined local calling area. Long-distance calls are typically charged a higher billing rate ...
is facilitated by a newly invented vacuum tube amplifier, ceremonially inaugurated by
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell (, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and T ...
in New York City and his former assistant
Thomas A. Watson
Thomas Augustus Watson (January 18, 1854 – December 13, 1934) was an assistant to Alexander Graham Bell, notably in the invention of the telephone in 1876.
Life and work
Born in Salem, Massachusetts, United States Watson was a bookkeeper an ...
, in San Francisco, California.
*
January 26
Events Pre-1600
* 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.
* 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people.
* 1564 – The Council of T ...
** WWI: The
Ottoman Army
The military of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire.
Army
The military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the ...
begins the
Raid on the Suez Canal.
** The
Rocky Mountain National Park
Rocky Mountain National Park is an American national park located approximately northwest of Denver in north-central Colorado, within the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and ...
is established by an act of the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is Bicameralism, bicameral, composed of a lower body, the United States House of Representatives, House of Representatives, and an upper body, ...
.
*
January 27
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent.
* 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to bec ...
– WWI: French military casualties begin arriving at the
Hôpital Temporaire d'Arc-en-Barrois
Hôpital Temporaire d'Arc-en-Barrois was an emergency evacuation hospital serving the French 3rd Army Corps during World War I. It was organised and staffed by British volunteers and served French soldiers.
History
Hôpital Temporaire d'Arc-en- ...
, established earlier in the month by British volunteers.
*
January 28
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany.
* 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession ...
– An act of the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is Bicameralism, bicameral, composed of a lower body, the United States House of Representatives, House of Representatives, and an upper body, ...
designates the
United States Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country's eight uniformed services. The service is a maritime, military, m ...
, began in
1790
Events
January–March
* January 8 – United States President George Washington gives the first State of the Union address, in New York City.
* January 11 – The 11 minor states of the Austrian Netherlands, which t ...
, as a military branch.
*
January 31
Events Pre-1600
* 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
*1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...
– WWI:
Battle of Bolimów –
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...
's first large-scale use of
poison gas
Many gases have toxic properties, which are often assessed using the LC50 (median lethal dose) measure. In the United States, many of these gases have been assigned an NFPA 704 health rating of 4 (may be fatal) or 3 (may cause serious or perma ...
as a weapon occurs, when 18,000
artillery
Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during si ...
shells containing liquid
xylyl bromide
Xylyl bromide, also known as methylbenzyl bromide or T-stoff ('substance-T'), is any member or a mixture of organic chemical compounds with the molecular formula C6 H4(CH3)(CH2 Br). The mixture was formerly used as a tear gas and has an odor r ...
tear gas
Tear gas, also known as a lachrymator agent or lachrymator (), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial aerosol, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In ...
are fired on the
Imperial Russian Army
The Imperial Russian Army (russian: Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия, tr. ) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the early 1850s, the Russian Ar ...
, on the
Rawka River
The Rawka River is a river in central Poland, a right tributary of the Bzura river (which it meets between Łowicz
Łowicz is a town in central Poland with 27,896 inhabitants (2020). It is situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999); p ...
west of
Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officiall ...
; however, freezing temperatures prevent it being effective.
February
*
February
February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years or 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the ''leap day''. It is the first of five months not to have 31 days (th ...
– While working as a
cook
Cook or The Cook may refer to:
Food preparation
* Cooking, the preparation of food
* Cook (domestic worker), a household staff member who prepares food
* Cook (professional), an individual who prepares food for consumption in the food industry
* ...
at New York's
Sloane Hospital for Women
The Sloane Hospital for Women is the obstetrics and gynecology service within NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (P&S) in New York City. It was ...
under an assumed name, "
Typhoid Mary
Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), commonly known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish-born American cook believed to have infected between 51 and 122 people with typhoid fever. The infections caused three confirmed deaths, ...
" (an
asymptomatic carrier
An asymptomatic carrier is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms.
Although unaffected by the pathogen, carriers can transmit it to others or develop symptoms in later stages of the d ...
of
typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by '' Salmonella'' serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over severa ...
) infects 25 people, and is placed in
quarantine
A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests. It is often used in connection to disease and illness, preventing the movement of those who may have been ...
for life on
March 27
Events Pre-1600
*1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
* 1329 – Pope John XXII ...
.
*
February 4
Events Pre–1600
* 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrelling ...
– The
Maritz Rebellion
The Maritz rebellion, also known as the Boer revolt or Five Shilling rebellion,General De Wet publicly unfurled the rebel banner in October, when he entered the town of Reitz at the head of an armed commando. He summoned all the town and dema ...
of disaffected
Boer
Boers ( ; af, Boere ()) are the descendants of the Dutch-speaking Free Burghers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. From 1652 to 1795, the Dutch East India Company controlled this are ...
s against the government of the
Union of South Africa
The Union of South Africa ( nl, Unie van Zuid-Afrika; af, Unie van Suid-Afrika; ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape, Natal, Tr ...
ends with the surrender of the remaining rebels.
*
February 8
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Constantius III becomes co-Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir.
* 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of ...
– The controversial film ''
The Birth of a Nation
''The Birth of a Nation'', originally called ''The Clansman'', is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. The screenplay is adapted from Thomas Dixon Jr.'s 1905 novel and play ''The Clan ...
'', directed by
D. W. Griffith
David Wark Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was an American film director. Considered one of the most influential figures in the history of the motion picture, he pioneered many aspects of film editing and expanded the art of the n ...
, premieres in Los Angeles. It will be the
highest-grossing film
Films generate income from several revenue streams, including theatrical exhibition, home video, television broadcast rights, and merchandising. However, theatrical box-office earnings are the primary metric for trade publications in assess ...
for around 25 years.
*
February 18
Events Pre-1600
*1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
* 1268 &n ...
– WWI: Germany regards the waters around the British Isles to be a war zone from this date, as part of its
U-boat Campaign
The U-boat Campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies. It took place largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean.
The German Empir ...
.
*
February 20
Events Pre-1600
*1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
* 1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotlan ...
– In San Francisco, the
Panama–Pacific International Exposition
The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a world's fair held in San Francisco, California, United States, from February 20 to December 4, 1915. Its stated purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, but it was widely s ...
is opened.
*
February 25
Events Pre-1600
*138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.
* 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.
* ...
–
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
: The Ottoman Empire transfers Armenians from its armed forces to unarmed
Ottoman labour battalions
Ottoman labour battalions ( tr, Amele Taburları, hy, Աշխատանքային գումարտակ, , el, Τάγματα Εργασίας, ) was a form of unfree labour in the late Ottoman Empire. The term is associated with the disarmament a ...
.
March
*
March
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March ...
– The
1915 Palestine locust infestation
From March to October 1915, swarms of locusts stripped areas in and around Palestine, Mount Lebanon and Syria of almost all vegetation. This infestation seriously compromised the already-depleted food supply of the region and sharpened the mise ...
breaks out in
Palestine; it continues until
October
October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus , October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ''ôct ...
.
*
March 1
Events Pre-1600
* 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Dioclet ...
- The first issue of the
La Boheme Magazine
La Bohemе Magazine (russian: w:ru:Богема (журнал), Журнал "Богема") is a Russian Literary magazine, literary and art magazine founded in 1915.
History
The journal was published in 1915 in the publishing houses of M. Si ...
was published in
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
.
*
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome (537–38), Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths, Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Piazza del Popolo, Flaminian Gate; he a ...
–
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
: Earliest recorded deportations.
*
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
*1575 ...
– The
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a United States federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets ...
, the predecessor of
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
NASA was established in 1958, succeedin ...
, is founded in the United States.
*
March 8
Events Pre-1600
* 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''.
*1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León.
* 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bou ...
-
New York City Fire Department Rescue Company 1
New York City Fire Department Rescue Company 1, also known as Rescue 1, is one of five special operations rescue companies of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) that responds to rescue operations that require specialized equipment and traini ...
is put in Service by the
New York City Fire Department
The New York City Fire Department, officially the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY), is an American department of the government of New York City that provides fire protection services, technical rescue/special operations services, ...
.
*
March 10
Events Pre-1600
* 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
* 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a ...
–
13 – WWI:
Battle of Neuve Chapelle
The Battle of Neuve Chapelle (10–13 March 1915) took place in the First World War in the Artois region of France. The attack was intended to cause a rupture in the German lines, which would then be exploited with a rush to the Aubers Ridge a ...
– In the first deliberately planned British offensive of the war, British Indian troops overrun German positions in France, but are unable to sustain the advance.
*
March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
– WWI: British
armed merchantman
An armed merchantman is a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail, piracy and privateers, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in lo ...
is sunk in the
North Channel off the coast of
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to ...
by
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
''
SM U-27''. Around 200 crew are lost, a number of bodies being washed up on the
Isle of Man
)
, anthem = " O Land of Our Birth"
, image = Isle of Man by Sentinel-2.jpg
, image_map = Europe-Isle_of_Man.svg
, mapsize =
, map_alt = Location of the Isle of Man in Europe
, map_caption = Location of the Isle of Man (green)
in Europ ...
, with only 26 saved.
*
March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
*1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Hugu ...
– WWI:
**
Battle of Más a Tierra
The Battle of Más a Tierra was a World War I sea battle fought on 14 March 1915, near the Chilean island of Más a Tierra, between a British squadron and a German light cruiser. The battle saw the last remnant of the German East Asia Squadro ...
: Off the coast of
Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...
, the British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against Fr ...
forces the Imperial German Navy
light cruiser
A light cruiser is a type of small or medium-sized warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light armored cruiser", describing a small ship that carried armor in the same way as an armored cruiser: a protective belt and deck. Prior to th ...
SMS ''Dresden'' (last survivor of the German East Asia Squadron) to scuttle.
**
Constantinople Agreement
The Constantinople Agreement (also known as the Straits Agreement) comprised a secret exchange of diplomatic correspondence between members of the Triple Entente from 4 March to 10 April 1915 during World War I. France and Great Britain promi ...
:
Britain
Britain most often refers to:
* The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands
* Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
and the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
agree to give
Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...
(Istanbul) and the
Bosphorus
The Bosporus Strait (; grc, Βόσπορος ; tr, İstanbul Boğazı 'Istanbul strait', colloquially ''Boğaz'') or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul in northwestern Tu ...
to Russia in case of victory (the treaty is later nullified by the
Bolshevik Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key mom ...
).
*
March 18
Events Pre-1600
* 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10.
* 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ara ...
– WWI:
**
Gallipoli campaign: A Franco-British naval attack on the
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (; tr, Çanakkale Boğazı, lit=Strait of Çanakkale, el, Δαρδανέλλια, translit=Dardanéllia), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli from the Gallipoli peninsula or from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (; ...
fails.
** British Royal Navy battleship sinks
German submarine ''U-29'' with all hands in the
Pentland Firth
The Pentland Firth ( gd, An Caol Arcach, meaning the Orcadian Strait) is a strait which separates the Orkney Islands from Caithness in the north of Scotland. Despite the name, it is not a firth.
Etymology
The name is presumed to be a corrupti ...
off the coast of Scotland by ramming her, the only time this tactic is known to have been successfully used by a battleship.
*
March 19
Events Pre-1600
* 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire.
* 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen en ...
–
Pluto
Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of trans-Neptunian object, bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object to directly orbit the S ...
is photographed for the first time, but is not classified as a
planet
A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is neither a star nor its remnant. The best available theory of planet formation is the nebular hypothesis, which posits that an interstellar cloud collapses out of a nebula to create a you ...
.
*
March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– The
Vancouver Millionaires
The Vancouver Millionaires (later known as the Vancouver Maroons) were a professional ice hockey team that competed in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association and the Western Canada Hockey League between 1911 and 1926. Based in Vancouver, British ...
win the
Stanley Cup
The Stanley Cup (french: La Coupe Stanley) is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League (NHL) playoff champion. It is the oldest existing trophy to be awarded to a professional sports franchise in North America, an ...
in
ice hockey
Ice hockey (or simply hockey) is a team sport played on ice skates, usually on an ice skating rink with lines and markings specific to the sport. It belongs to a family of sports called hockey. In ice hockey, two opposing teams use ice ...
over the
Ottawa Senators
The Ottawa Senators (french: Sénateurs d'Ottawa), officially the Ottawa Senators Hockey Club and colloquially known as the Sens, are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa. They compete in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member ...
, 3 games to 0.
*
March 28
Events Pre-1600
*AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didiu ...
– The first
Roman Catholic liturgy at the newly consecrated
Cathedral of Saint Paul, Minnesota, is celebrated by
Archbishop
In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdio ...
John Ireland
John Benjamin Ireland (January 30, 1914 – March 21, 1992) was a Canadian actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in ''All the King's Men'' (1949), making him the first Vancouver-born actor to receive an Oscar nomin ...
.
April
*
April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...
– Boxer
Jess Willard
Jess Myron Willard (December 29, 1881 – December 15, 1968) was an American world heavyweight boxing champion billed as the Pottawatomie Giant who knocked out Jack Johnson in April 1915 for the heavyweight title. Willard was known for size rat ...
, the latest "Great White Hope", defeats
Jack Johnson with a 26th-round knockout in sweltering heat, at Havana, Cuba. Willard becomes very popular among white Americans, for "bringing back the championship to the white race".
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
*1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
*1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferrare ...
–
Charlie Chaplin
Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. (16 April 188925 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is conside ...
's film ''
The Tramp
The Tramp (''Charlot'' in several languages), also known as the Little Tramp, was English actor Charlie Chaplin's most memorable on-screen character and an icon in world cinema during the era of silent film. '' The Tramp'' is also the title ...
'' is released in the United States.
*
April 19
Events Pre-1600
* AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
* 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persi ...
– The
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
begins at scale with the
defense of Van, continuing to May 17, during which time 55,000 civilians from the
Ottoman Armenian population of
Van Vilayet will be massacred by Turkish Ottoman forces.
*
April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
*1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern h ...
– WWI: Start of
Second Battle of Ypres
During the First World War, the Second Battle of Ypres was fought from for control of the tactically important high ground to the east and south of the Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the pr ...
– Germany makes its first large scale use of
poison gas
Many gases have toxic properties, which are often assessed using the LC50 (median lethal dose) measure. In the United States, many of these gases have been assigned an NFPA 704 health rating of 4 (may be fatal) or 3 (may cause serious or perma ...
on the Western Front.
*
April 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).
*1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...
– Armenian genocide:
deportation of Armenian notables from
Istanbul
)
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code = 34000 to 34990
, area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side)
, registration_plate = 34
, blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD
, blank_i ...
begins.
*
April 25
Events Pre-1600
*404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
* 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the ...
– WWI: Start of the
Gallipoli Campaign by land forces (lasting until January 1916) – A
landing at Anzac Cove
The landing at Anzac Cove on Sunday, 25 April 1915, also known as the landing at Gaba Tepe and, to the Turks, as the Arıburnu Battle, was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula by the forces of the British Empire, whi ...
is conducted by
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was a First World War army corps of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. It was formed in Egypt in December 1914, and operated during the Gallipoli campaign. General William Birdwood com ...
, and a
landing at Cape Helles by British and French troops, to begin the Allied invasion of the
Gallipoli
The Gallipoli peninsula (; tr, Gelibolu Yarımadası; grc, Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης, ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles s ...
peninsula in the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
.
![RMS Luisitania](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/RMS_Luisitania.jpg)
*
April 26
Events Pre-1600
* 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
*1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
* 1 ...
–
Treaty of London: Italy secretly agrees to leave the
Triple Alliance with Germany and
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
, and join with the
Entente Powers, in exchange for certain territories of Austria-Hungary on its borders.
May
*
May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
*1169 – N ...
– WWI:
** General
Louis Botha
Louis Botha (; 27 September 1862 – 27 August 1919) was a South African politician who was the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa – the forerunner of the modern South African state. A Boer war hero during the Second Boer Wa ...
,
Prime Minister of South Africa
The prime minister of South Africa ( af, Eerste Minister van Suid-Afrika) was the head of government in South Africa between 1910 and 1984.
History of the office
The position of Prime Minister was established in 1910, when the Union of Sout ...
, leads the army in the occupation of
German South West Africa
German South West Africa (german: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. With a total area of ...
.
** The
Battle of Gorlice
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
begins. It is one of the bloodiest battles of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
.
*
May 3
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
* 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
– Canadian soldier
John McCrae
Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae (November 30, 1872 – January 28, 1918) was a Canadian poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during World War I, and a surgeon during the Second Battle of Ypres, in Belgium. He is best known for writing the ...
writes the poem "
In Flanders Fields
"In Flanders Fields" is a war poem in the form of a rondeau, written during the First World War by Canadian physician Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. He was inspired to write it on May 3, 1915, after presiding over the funeral of friend and ...
".
*
May 5
Events Pre-1600
* 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins.
*1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta.
*1260 – Kub ...
– WWI: Forces of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
begin shelling
ANZAC Cove from a new position behind their lines.
*
May 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
* 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...
– Baseball player
Babe Ruth
George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed "the Bambino" and "the Su ...
hits his first career home run (off
Jack Warhop
John Milton Warhop (July 4, 1884 – October 4, 1960) was an American baseball pitcher who played eight seasons in Major League Baseball from 1908 to 1915 for the New York Highlanders / Yankees.
Considered by baseball insiders and historians a ...
), for the
Boston Red Sox
The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. Founded in as one of the American League's eight ...
.
* May 6 –
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing ...
: The
SY ''Aurora'' broke loose from its anchorage during a gale, beginning a 312-day ordeal.
*
May 7
Events Pre-1600
* 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch.
* 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I imm ...
– WWI:
Sinking of the RMS ''Lusitania'': 's main rival, the British
ocean liner
An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships).
Ca ...
, is sunk by
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
''
U-20'' off the south-west coast of Ireland, killing 1,198 civilians en route from New York City to
Liverpool
Liverpool is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the List of English districts by population, 10th largest English district by population and its E ...
. The best-known of the celebrities on board was
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Sr. (October 20, 1877 – May 7, 1915) was a wealthy American businessman, and a member of the Vanderbilt family. A sportsman, he participated in and pioneered a number of related endeavors. He died in the sinking of ...
. American sportsman (b.
1877
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed ''Empress of India'' by the ''Royal Titles Act 1876'', introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .
* January 8 – Great ...
)
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
* 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally r ...
– WWI –
Second Battle of Artois:
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
and
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
forces fight to a standstill; German forces defeat the British at the
Battle of Aubers Ridge
The Battle of Aubers (Battle of Aubers Ridge) was a British offensive on the Western Front on 9 May 1915 during the First World War. The battle was part of the British contribution to the Second Battle of Artois, a Franco-British offensive in ...
.
*
May 17
Events Pre-1600
*1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...
– The last purely
Liberal
Liberal or liberalism may refer to:
Politics
* a supporter of liberalism
** Liberalism by country
* an adherent of a Liberal Party
* Liberalism (international relations)
* Sexually liberal feminism
* Social liberalism
Arts, entertainment and m ...
government in the United Kingdom ends, when the prime minister
H. H. Asquith
Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928), generally known as H. H. Asquith, was a British statesman and Liberal Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ...
forms an all-party
coalition government
A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election, an atypical outcome in ...
, the
Asquith coalition ministry
The Asquith coalition ministry was the Government of the United Kingdom under the Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith from May 1915 to December 1916. It was formed as a multi-party war-time coalition nine months after the beginning of the Firs ...
, effective
May 25
Events Pre-1600
* 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
*240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Tol ...
.
*
May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
– WWI: The
third attack on Anzac Cove
The third attack on Anzac Cove (19 May 1915) was an engagement during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War. The attack was conducted by the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, against the forces of the British Empire defending the ...
by Ottoman forces is repelled by the
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was a First World War army corps of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. It was formed in Egypt in December 1914, and operated during the Gallipoli campaign. General William Birdwood com ...
.
*
May 22
Events Pre-1600
* 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
* 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
*11 ...
**
Quintinshill rail disaster in Scotland: The collision and fire kill 226, mostly troops, the largest number of fatalities in a
rail accident in the United Kingdom.
**
Lassen Peak
Lassen Peak ( ), commonly referred to as Mount Lassen, is a lava dome volcano and the southernmost active volcano in the Cascade Range of the Western United States. Located in the Shasta Cascade region of Northern California, it is part of the ...
, one of the
Cascade Volcanoes
The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of volcanoes in a volcanic arc in western North America, extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern ...
in
California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...
, erupts, sending an ash plume 30,000 feet in the air, and devastating the nearby area with
pyroclastic flow
A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of b ...
s and
lahar
A lahar (, from jv, ꦮ꧀ꦭꦲꦂ) is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.
Lahars are extr ...
s. It is the only volcano to erupt in the contiguous United States this century, until the
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
*
May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
*1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
* 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
– WWI:
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
joins the
Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
after declaring war on
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
.
*
May 25
Events Pre-1600
* 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
*240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Tol ...
–
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
agrees to the
Twenty-One Demands
The Twenty-One Demands ( ja, 対華21ヶ条要求, Taika Nijūikkajō Yōkyū; ) was a set of demands made during the First World War by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu to the government of the Republic of China on 18 ...
of the Japanese.
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
–
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
: The
Tehcir Law
The Temporary Law of Deportation, also known as the Tehcir Law (; from ''tehcir'', an Ottoman Turkish word meaning "deportation" or "forced displacement" as defined by the Turkish Language Institute), or, officially by the Republic of Turkey, the ...
is promulgated by the Turkish
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
authorizing deportation of the
Ottoman Armenian population to
Deir ez-Zor
, population_urban =
, population_density_urban_km2 =
, population_density_urban_sq_mi =
, population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
, population_blank1 =
, population_blank2_title = Religions
, population_blank2 =
...
in the Syrian desert, leading to the deaths of anywhere between 800,000 and over 1,500,000 civilians and confiscation of their property.
*
May 28
Events Pre-1600
*585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...
–
International Congress of Women
The International Congress of Women was created so that groups of existing women's suffrage movements could come together with other women's groups around the world. It served as a way for women organizations across the nation to establish formal m ...
meet at the Hague as a major peace initiative.
*
May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
–
Teófilo Braga becomes president of
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of th ...
.
June
* June –
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
: 15,000 civilians from the
Ottoman Armenian population of
Bitlis
Bitlis ( hy, Բաղեշ '; ku, Bidlîs; ota, بتليس) is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of Bitlis Province. The city is located at an elevation of 1,545 metres, 15 km from Lake Van, in the steep-sided valley of the Bitlis R ...
are massacred by Ottoman Turks and Kurds.
*
June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depo ...
–
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: Troops of
Álvaro Obregón
Álvaro Obregón Salido (; 17 February 1880 – 17 July 1928) better known as Álvaro Obregón was a Sonoran-born general in the Mexican Revolution. A pragmatic centrist, natural soldier, and able politician, he became the 46th President of Me ...
and
Pancho Villa
Francisco "Pancho" Villa (, Orozco rebelled in March 1912, both for Madero's continuing failure to enact land reform and because he felt insufficiently rewarded for his role in bringing the new president to power. At the request of Madero's c ...
clash at
León; Obregón loses his right arm in a grenade attack, but Villa is decisively defeated.
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
* 1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles of Salerno.
*1288 & ...
–
Women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
in national elections is introduced in Denmark.
*
June 9
Events Pre-1600
*411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.
* 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
* 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending th ...
– U.S. Secretary of State
William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American lawyer, orator and politician. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the History of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, running ...
resigns over a disagreement regarding his nation's handling of the
sinking of the RMS ''Lusitania''.
*
June 11
Events Pre-1600
* 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...
– Friar
Leonard Melki
Leonard Melki (4 October 1881 – 11 June 1915) – born Yūsuf Habīb Melkī and in religious Līūnār from B'abdāt – was a Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. His name is often Romanized in var ...
and hundreds of other Christians are driven out of
Mardin
Mardin ( ku, Mêrdîn; ar, ماردين; syr, ܡܪܕܝܢ, Merdīn; hy, Մարդին) is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location ...
and massacred by
Ottoman troops.
*
June 16
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians.
* 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...
–
Women's Institutes
The Women's Institute (WI) is a community-based organisation for women in the United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand. The movement was founded in Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada, by Erland and Janet Lee with Adelaide Hoodless being th ...
are established in Britain.
*
June 19
Events Pre-1600
* 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.
*1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle chan ...
– In
Iceland
Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its ...
, at this time a dependency of Denmark:
**
Women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
is granted to those over 40.
** The modern civil
flag of Iceland
The flag of Iceland ( is, íslenski fáninn) was officially described in Law No. 34, set out on 17 June 1944, the day Iceland became a republic. The law is entitled "The Law of the National Flag of Icelanders and the State Arms" and describes ...
is adopted officially.
*
June 22
Events Pre-1600
* 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
* 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus ...
– WWI: The
Battle of Gorlice
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
ends in the victory of the
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in W ...
.
July
*
July
July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the mont ...
** WWI:
South West Africa Campaign
The South West Africa campaign was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by forces from the Union of South Africa acting on behalf of the British imperial government at the beginning of the First World War.
Background
Th ...
– The
Union of South Africa
The Union of South Africa ( nl, Unie van Zuid-Afrika; af, Unie van Suid-Afrika; ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape, Natal, Tr ...
occupies
German South West Africa
German South West Africa (german: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. With a total area of ...
with assistance from Canada, the United Kingdom, the
Portuguese Republic
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the ...
and
Portuguese Angola
Portuguese Angola refers to Angola during the historic period when it was a territory under Portuguese rule in southwestern Africa. In the same context, it was known until 1951 as Portuguese West Africa (officially the State of West Africa).
I ...
. South Africa will occupy
South West Africa
South West Africa ( af, Suidwes-Afrika; german: Südwestafrika; nl, Zuidwest-Afrika) was a territory under South African administration from 1915 to 1990, after which it became modern-day Namibia. It bordered Angola (Portuguese colony before 1 ...
until March
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...
.
**
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
: 17,000 civilians from the
Ottoman Armenian population of
Trebizond are massacred by Ottoman Turks.
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and th ...
– WWI: In
aerial warfare
Aerial warfare is the use of military aircraft and other flying machines in warfare. Aerial warfare includes bombers attacking enemy installations or a concentration of enemy troops or strategic targets; fighter aircraft battling for contr ...
, German fighter pilot
Kurt Wintgens
''Leutnant'' Kurt Wintgens (1 August 1894 – 25 September 1916) was a German World War I fighter ace. He was the first military fighter pilot to score a victory over an opposing aircraft, while piloting an aircraft armed with a synchronized mac ...
becomes the first person to shoot down another plane, using a
machine gun
A machine gun is a fully automatic, rifled autoloading firearm designed for sustained direct fire with rifle cartridges. Other automatic firearms such as automatic shotguns and automatic rifles (including assault rifles and battle rifles ...
equipped with
synchronization gear
A synchronization gear (also known as a gun synchronizer or interrupter gear) was a device enabling a single-engine tractor configuration aircraft to fire its forward-firing armament through the arc of its spinning propeller without bullets str ...
.
*
July 7
Events Pre-1600
* 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
* 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistad ...
** An extremely overloaded
International Railway (New York–Ontario)
The International Railway Company (IRC) was a transportation company formed in a 1902 merger between several Buffalo-area interurban and street railways. The city railways that merged were the ''West Side Street Railway'', the ''Crosstown Street ...
trolleycar with 157 passengers crashes near
Queenston, Ontario
Queenston is a compact rural community and unincorporated place north of Niagara Falls in the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. It is bordered by Highway 405 to the south and the Niagara River to the east; its location at the epony ...
, resulting in 15 casualties.
**
Sinhalese militia captain
Henry Pedris
Duenuge Edward Henry Pedris ( si, හෙන්රි පේද්රිස්; 16 August 1888 – 7 July 1915) was a Ceylonese militia officer and a prominent socialite. Pedris was executed for treason by the 17th Punjab Regiment of the Britis ...
is executed in
British Ceylon
British Ceylon ( si, බ්රිතාන්ය ලංකාව, Britānya Laṃkāva; ta, பிரித்தானிய இலங்கை, Biritthāṉiya Ilaṅkai) was the British Crown colony of present-day Sri Lanka between ...
for inciting race riots, a charge later proved false; he becomes a hero of the
Sri Lankan independence movement
The Sri Lankan independence movement was a peaceful political movement which was aimed at achieving independence and self-rule for the country of Sri Lanka, then British Ceylon, from the British Empire. The switch of powers was generally kn ...
.
*
July 9
Events Pre-1600
*118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...
– WWI: Theodore Seitz, governor of
German South West Africa
German South West Africa (german: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. With a total area of ...
, surrenders to General
Louis Botha
Louis Botha (; 27 September 1862 – 27 August 1919) was a South African politician who was the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa – the forerunner of the modern South African state. A Boer war hero during the Second Boer Wa ...
, between
Otavi
Otavi is a town of 4,000 inhabitants in the Otjozondjupa Region of central Namibia. Situated 360 km north of Windhoek, it is the district capital of the Otavi electoral constituency.
Geography
The towns of Otavi, Tsumeb (to the north) and ...
and
Tsumeb
, nickname =
, settlement_type = City
, motto = ''Glück Auf'' (German for ''Good luck'')
, image_skyline = Welcome to tsumeb.jpg
, imagesize =
, image_caption =
, image_flag ...
.
*
July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...
– WWI:
Battle of Rufiji Delta
The Battle of the Rufiji Delta was fought in German East Africa (modern Tanzania) from October 1914–July 1915 during the First World War, between the German Navy's light cruiser , and a powerful group of British warships. The battle was a seri ...
– German cruiser is forced to
scuttle in the
Rufiji River
The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania. It is also the largest and longest river in the country. The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers. It is approximately long, with its source in southwestern Tanzani ...
,
German East Africa
German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mo ...
(present-day
Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands ...
).
*
July 14
Events Pre-1600
* 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy.
*1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II.
*1420 ...
– The
McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during World War I in which the Government of the United Kingdom agreed to recognize Arab independence in a large region after the war in exchange for the Sharif ...
between
Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca
Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi ( ar, الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, al-Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after procl ...
and the British official
Henry McMahon concerning the
Arab revolt
The Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية, ) or the Great Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية الكبرى, ) was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On ...
against the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
begins; in exchange for assistance against the Ottomans, the British offer bin Ali their recognition of an independent Arab kingdom, although clear terms are never agreed.
*
July 22 – WWI: The "
Great Retreat
The Great Retreat (), also known as the retreat from Mons, was the long withdrawal to the River Marne in August and September 1914 by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Fifth Army. The Franco-British forces on the Western Fro ...
" is ordered on the Eastern Front; Russian forces pull back out of Poland (at this time part of the Russian Empire), taking machinery and equipment with them.
*
July 24
Events Pre-1600
*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
* 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirl ...
– Steamer capsizes in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives.
*
July 28
Events Pre-1600
*1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
*1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, Thom ...
– The
American occupation of Haiti
The United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915, when 330 U.S. Marines landed at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, after the National City Bank of New York convinced the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, to take control of ...
(1915–34) begins.
August
![Galveston Hurricane 1915 wrecked home](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Galveston_Hurricane_1915_wrecked_home.jpg)
*
August 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty.
* 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...
–
23 – Hurricane Two of the
1915 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1915 Atlantic hurricane season featured the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the United States since the 1900 Galveston hurricane. The first storm, which remained a tropical depression, appeared on April 29 near the Bahamas ...
over
Galveston
Galveston ( ) is a coastal resort city and port off the Southeast Texas coast on Galveston Island and Pelican Island in the U.S. state of Texas. The community of , with a population of 47,743 in 2010, is the county seat of surrounding Ga ...
and
leaves 275 dead.
*
August 6
Events Pre-1600
*1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
*1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesad ...
– WWI:
Battle of Sari Bair
The Battle of Sari Bair ( tr, Sarı Bayır Harekâtı), also known as the August Offensive (), represented the final attempt made by the British in August 1915 to seize control of the Gallipoli peninsula from the Ottoman Empire during the Firs ...
– The
Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
mount a diversionary attack timed to coincide with a major Allied landing of reinforcements at
Suvla Bay
View of Suvla from Battleship Hill
Suvla () is a bay on the Aegean coast of the Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey, south of the Gulf of Saros.
On 6 August 1915, it was the site for the Landing at Suvla Bay by the British IX Corps as par ...
.
*
August 16
Events Pre-1600
*1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs.
* 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamda ...
– WWI: The
Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
promises the
Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Prin ...
, should victory be achieved over
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
and its allied
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in W ...
, the territories of
Baranja,
Srem
Syrmia ( sh, Srem/Срем or sh, Srijem/Сријем, label=none) is a region of the southern Pannonian Plain, which lies between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is divided between Serbia and Croatia. Most of the region is flat, with the ex ...
and
Slavonia
Slavonia (; hr, Slavonija) is, with Dalmatia, Croatia proper, and Istria, one of the four historical regions of Croatia. Taking up the east of the country, it roughly corresponds with five Croatian counties: Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Bar ...
from the
Cisleithania
Cisleithania, also ''Zisleithanien'' sl, Cislajtanija hu, Ciszlajtánia cs, Předlitavsko sk, Predlitavsko pl, Przedlitawia sh-Cyrl-Latn, Цислајтанија, Cislajtanija ro, Cisleithania uk, Цислейтанія, Tsysleitaniia it, Cislei ...
n part of the Dual Monarchy,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and ...
, and eastern
Dalmatia
Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, str ...
(from the river of
Krka to Bar).
September
*
September 5
Events Pre-1600
* 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
*1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
*1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
– The
Zimmerwald Conference
The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from September 5 to 8, 1915. It was the first of three international socialist conferences convened by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral ...
begins in
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
.
*
September 6
Events Pre-1600
* 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish ''magister militum'' Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later.
*1492 – Christopher Colu ...
– The prototype
military tank
A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engin ...
is first tested by the
British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurkha ...
.
*
September 7 – Crtoonist
John B. Gruelle is given a patent for his ''
Raggedy Ann
Raggedy Ann is a character created by American writer Johnny Gruelle (1880–1938) that appeared in a series of books he wrote and illustrated for young children. Raggedy Ann is a rag doll with red yarn for hair and a triangle nose. Gruelle r ...
'' doll.
*
September 8
Events Pre-1600
* 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
*1100 – Election of Antipope Theodo ...
– WWI: A
Zeppelin
A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin () who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century. Zeppelin's notions were first formulated in 1874Eckener 1938, pp ...
raid destroys No. 61
Farringdon Road
Farringdon Road is a road in Clerkenwell, London.
Route
Farringdon Road is part of the A201 route connecting King's Cross to Elephant and Castle. It goes southeast from King's Cross, crossing Rosebery Avenue, then turns south, crossing ...
, London; it is rebuilt in
1917
Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January
* January 9 – WWI – Battle of Rafa: The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Fo ...
, and called The Zeppelin Building.
*
September 11
Events Pre-1600
* 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hu ...
– The
Pennsylvania Railroad
The Pennsylvania Railroad (reporting mark PRR), legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company also known as the "Pennsy", was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was named ...
begins electrified commuter rail service between
Paoli and
Philadelphia
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Since ...
, using overhead AC trolley wires for power. This type of system is later used in long-distance passenger trains between New York City, Washington, D.C., and
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Harrisburg is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of Dauphin County. With a population of 50,135 as of the 2021 census, Harrisburg is the 9th largest city and 15th largest municipality in ...
.
*
September 12
Events Pre-1600
*490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece.
* 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin ...
– French soldiers rescue over 4,000
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
survivors stranded on Musa Dagh, a mountain in the Hatay province of
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...
.
*
September 25
Events Pre-1600
* 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus.
* 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ...
–
October 14
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings.
*1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's ...
– WWI:
Battle of Loos
The Battle of Loos took place from 1915 in France on the Western Front, during the First World War. It was the biggest British attack of 1915, the first time that the British used poison gas and the first mass engagement of New Army units. Th ...
– British forces take the
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
town of
Loos, but with substantial casualties, and are unable to press their advantage. This is the first time the British use
poison gas in World War I, and also their first large-scale use of 'New' (or
Kitchener's Army
The New Army, often referred to as Kitchener's Army or, disparagingly, as Kitchener's Mob,
was an (initially) all-volunteer portion of the British Army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914 onwards following the outbreak of hostilities in the Fi ...
) units.
*
September 30 – WWI:
Serbian Army
The Serbian Army ( sr-cyr, Копнена војска Србије, Kopnena vojska Srbije, lit=Serbian Land Army) is the land-based and the largest component of the Serbian Armed Forces.
History
Originally established in 1830 as the Army of Pr ...
private
Private or privates may refer to:
Music
* " In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album ''Reputation''
* Private (band), a Denmark-based band
* "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album ''Private'', written and also recorde ...
Radoje Ljutovac becomes the first soldier in history to shoot down an enemy aircraft, with
ground-to-air
A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-aircraft syst ...
fire.
October
*
October
October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus , October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ''ôct ...
–
Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic. It typ ...
's
novella
A novella is a narrative prose fiction whose length is shorter than most novels, but longer than most short stories. The English word ''novella'' derives from the Italian ''novella'' meaning a short story related to true (or apparently so) fact ...
''
The Metamorphosis
''Metamorphosis'' (german: Die Verwandlung) is a novella written by Franz Kafka which was first published in 1915. One of Kafka's best-known works, ''Metamorphosis'' tells the story of salesman Gregor Samsa, who wakes one morning to find himsel ...
'' (''Die Verwandlung'') is first published in Germany.
*
October 12
Events Pre-1600
* 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar)
* 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...
– WWI: British nurse
Edith Cavell
Edith Louisa Cavell ( ; 4 December 1865 – 12 October 1915) was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides without discrimination and for helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Be ...
is executed by a
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
firing squad, for helping
Allied soldiers escape from Belgium.
*
October 15
Events Pre-1600
* 1066 – Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later.
*12 ...
– WWI:
Serbian Campaign
The Serbian campaign was a series of military expeditions launched in 1914 and 1915 by the Central Powers against the Kingdom of Serbia during the First World War.
The first campaign began after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 J ...
–
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
invades the
Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Prin ...
.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
enters the war, also invading Serbia. The
Serbian First Army
The Serbian First Army (Српска Прва Армија / Srpska Prva Armija) was a Serbian field army that fought during World War I.
Order of battle
August 1914
*First Army - staff in the village Rača
**I Timok Infantry Division - Smed ...
retreats towards
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...
.
*
October 16
Events Pre-1600
* 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire.
* 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire.
* ...
– WWI: France declares war on
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
.
*
October 19
Events Pre-1600
* 202 BC – Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage.
* 439 – The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in ...
** WWI:
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
and
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
declare war on
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
.
**
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: The U.S. recognizes the Mexican government of
Venustiano Carranza
José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February ...
''
de facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with '' de jure'' ("by l ...
'' (not ''
de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legall ...
'' until
1917
Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January
* January 9 – WWI – Battle of Rafa: The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Fo ...
).
*
October 21
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade.
*1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of A ...
– The
United Daughters of the Confederacy
The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) is an American neo-Confederate hereditary association for female descendants of Confederate Civil War soldiers engaging in the commemoration of these ancestors, the funding of monuments to them, ...
holds its first annual meeting outside the South, in
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish for " Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17t ...
. Historian General
Mildred Rutherford addresses the gathering on the "Historical Sins of Omission & Commission", of
Yankee
The term ''Yankee'' and its contracted form ''Yank'' have several interrelated meanings, all referring to people from the United States. Its various senses depend on the context, and may refer to New Englanders, residents of the Northern United S ...
historians.
*
October 23
Events Pre-1600
*4004 BC – James Ussher's proposed creation date of the world according to the Bible.
*42 BC – Liberators' civil war: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat an army under Brutus in the second part of the Batt ...
– WWI: The torpedoing of
armored cruiser
The armored cruiser was a type of warship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was designed like other types of cruisers to operate as a long-range, independent warship, capable of defeating any ship apart from a battleship and fast eno ...
results in only 3 men being rescued from a crew of 675, the greatest single loss of life for the
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
in the
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain.
The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from ...
during the war.
*
October 25
Events Pre-1600
* 285 (or 286) – Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers.
* 473 – Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II ...
–
Lyda Conley
Eliza Burton "Lyda" Conley ( – 1946) was a Wyandot-American lawyer of Native American and European descent, the first woman admitted to the Kansas Bar Association. She was notable for her campaign to prevent the sale and development of ...
, the first
American Indian woman to appear before the
Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. Federal tribunals in the United States, federal court cases, and over Stat ...
as a lawyer, is admitted to practice there.
*
October 27
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
* 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
* 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia.
* 1553 – Condemned as ...
–
William Morris "Billy" Hughes becomes the 7th
Prime Minister of Australia
The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the princip ...
.
*
October 28 –
St. Johns School fire
The St. John's School fire was a deadly fire that occurred on the morning of October 28, 1915, at the St. John's School on Chestnut Street in the downtown area of Peabody, Massachusetts. Twenty-one girls between the ages of 7 and 17 were burned o ...
: Fire at St. John's School in
Peabody, Massachusetts
Peabody () is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 54,481 at the time of the 2020 United States Census. Peabody is located in the North Shore region of Massachusetts, and is known for its rich industrial hist ...
, claims the lives of 21 girls between the ages of 7 and 17.
November
*
November 2
Events Pre-1600
* 619 – A qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is assassinated in a Chinese palace by Eastern Turkic rivals after the approval of Tang emperor Gaozu.
* 1410 – The Peace of Bicêtre suspends hostilities in the ...
–
PSM Makassar
Persatuan Sepakbola Makassar ( 'Football Association of Makassar'; abbreviated as PSM) is an Indonesian professional football club based in Makassar, South Sulawesi that competes in Liga 1. PSM was founded in 1915 as , making it the oldest ...
is founded as Makassar Voetbal Bond, making it the oldest Indonesian association football club.
*
November 18
Events Pre-1600
* 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I.
* 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy.
* 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...
– The U.S.
silent film
A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound (or more generally, no audible dialogue). Though silent films convey narrative and emotion visually, various plot elements (such as a setting or era) or key lines of dialogue may, w ...
''
Inspiration
Inspiration, inspire, or inspired often refers to:
* Artistic inspiration, sudden creativity in artistic production
* Biblical inspiration, the doctrine in Judeo-Christian theology concerned with the divine origin of the Bible
* Creative inspirat ...
'', the first mainstream movie in which a leading actress (
Audrey Munson
Audrey Marie Munson (June 8, 1891 – February 20, 1996) was an American artist's model and film actress, considered to be "America's first supermodel." In her time, she was variously known as "Miss Manhattan", the "Panama–Pacific Girl", the " ...
) appears
nude
Nudity is the state of being in which a human is without clothing.
The loss of body hair was one of the physical characteristics that marked the biological evolution of modern humans from their hominin ancestors. Adaptations related to h ...
, is released.
*
November 21 – British polar exploration ship ''
Endurance
Endurance (also related to sufferance, resilience, constitution, fortitude, and hardiness) is the ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time, as well as its ability to resist, withstand, recover from an ...
'' finally breaks apart from pressure of ice around it and sinks into the
Weddell Sea
The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean and contains the Weddell Gyre. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. The easternmost point is Cape Norvegia at Princess Martha ...
, stranding
Ernest Shackleton
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age o ...
's
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing ...
party in the Antarctic. The wreck is discovered at a depth of 3,008 metres (9,869 ft), 107 years later in 2022.
*
November 23
Events Pre-1600
* 534 BC – Thespis of Icaria becomes the first recorded actor to portray a character on stage.
* 1248 – Conquest of Seville by Christian troops under King Ferdinand III of Castile.
* 1499 – Pretender to the t ...
– The ''
Triangle Film Corporation
Triangle Film Corporation (also known as Triangle Motion Picture Company) was a major American motion-picture studio, founded in July 1915 in Culver City, California and terminated 7 years later in 1922.
History
The studio was founded in July 1 ...
'' opens its new motion picture theater in
Massillon, Ohio
Massillon is a city in Stark County, Ohio, Stark County in the U.S. state of Ohio, approximately west of Canton, Ohio, Canton, south of Akron, and south of Cleveland. The population was 32,146 at the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census. Mass ...
.
*
November 24
Events Pre-1600
* 380 – Theodosius I makes his '' adventus'', or formal entry, into Constantinople.
*1190 – Conrad of Montferrat becomes King of Jerusalem upon his marriage to Isabella I of Jerusalem.
* 1221 – Genghis Khan d ...
–
William J. Simmons revives the American Civil War era
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Cat ...
at
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome Inselberg, monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park, east of Atlanta, Georgia. Outside the park is the small city of Stone Mountain, Georgia. The park is the most visited tourist site in the state o ...
,
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
.
*
November 25
Events Pre-1600
*571 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates the first of his three triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans.
* 1034 – Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethó ...
–
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theor ...
presents part of his theory of
general relativity
General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
to the
Prussian Academy of Sciences
The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (german: Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin ...
.
December
*
December 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1317 – The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköpi ...
– The 1 millionth
Ford
Ford commonly refers to:
* Ford Motor Company, an automobile manufacturer founded by Henry Ford
* Ford (crossing), a shallow crossing on a river
Ford may also refer to:
Ford Motor Company
* Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company
* Ford F ...
car rolls off the assembly line, at the
River Rouge Plant in
Detroit
Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at t ...
, Michigan.
*
December 12 –
President of the Republic of China
The president of the Republic of China, now often referred to as the president of Taiwan, is the head of state of the Republic of China (ROC), as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. The position once had ...
Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
declares himself
Emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother ( ...
.
*
December 18
Events Pre-1600
*1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty of Mongolia and China.
*1499 – A rebellion breaks out in Alpujarras in response to the forced conversions ...
– United States President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
marries Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, Edith B. Galt, in Washington, D.C.
* December 23 – HMHS Britannic, HMHS ''Britannic'', which will be the largest British ship lost in WWI (though with only 30 fatalities), departs
Liverpool
Liverpool is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the List of English districts by population, 10th largest English district by population and its E ...
on her maiden voyage as a hospital ship.
* December 26 – The Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage an Easter Rising in 1916.
Date unknown
* Alfred Wegener publishes his theory of Pangaea.
* The first stop sign appears in
Detroit
Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at t ...
.
* The Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis is founded in the United States.
* Carrier Engineering, predecessor of Carrier Global, a global air conditioning brand, is founded in New Jersey, United States.
Births
January
![Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R65485, Joachim Peiper](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R65485%2C_Joachim_Peiper.jpg)
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the ye ...
** Branko Ćopić, Yugoslav writer (d. 1984)
** Fazlollah Reza, Iranian university professor, electrical engineer (d. 2019)
* January 3 – Mady Rahl, German stage, film actress (d. 2009)
* January 4 – Adolf Opálka, Czechoslovak soldier (d. 1942)
*
January 5
Events Pre-1600
* 1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France.
1601–1900
*1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French a ...
– Humberto Teixeira, Brazilian flautist (d. 1979)
* January 6 – Alan Watts, British philosopher (d. 1973)
* January 7
** Franz Bartl, Austrian field handball player (d. 1941)
** Helen Mussallem, Canadian nursing administrator (d. 2012)
* January 9
** Fernando Lamas, Argentine-born actor (d. 1982)
** Anita Louise, American actress (d. 1970)
* January 11 – Robert Blair Mayne, British soldier, co-founder of the Special Air Service (d. 1955)
* January 16
** Susan Ahn Cuddy, United States Navy gunnery officer (d. 2015)
** Leslie H. Martinson, American film director (d. 2016)
*
January 17
Events Pre-1600
* 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey.
* 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people ...
– Sammy Angott, American boxer (d. 1980)
*
January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
*1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chin ...
– Santiago Carrillo, Spanish politician (d. 2012)
* January 20 – Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Pakistani civil servant, 7th President of Pakistan (d. 2006)
*
January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
* 1264 & ...
**W. Arthur Lewis, British economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
**Potter Stewart, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1985)
*
January 24
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula.
* 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt.
*1438 – The Counc ...
– Robert Motherwell, American painter (d. 1991)
*
January 25
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
– Ewan MacColl, English folk singer, songwriter, and poet (d. 1989)
* January 29
**Albert Henderson (actor), Albert Henderson, American actor (d. 2004)
**V. V. Sadagopan, Indian film actor, music teacher, performer and composer (d. unknown)
* January 30
** Ed Keats, American rear admiral (d. 2019)
** Joachim Peiper, German Waffen-SS officer (d. 1976)
** John Profumo, British politician (d. 2006)
*
January 31
Events Pre-1600
* 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
*1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...
– Thomas Merton, American monk, author (d. 1968)
February
![Paul W](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Paul_W._Tibbets.JPG)
* February 1
** Alicia Rhett, American actress (d. 2014)
** Artur London, Czech statesman (d. 1986)
** Sir Stanley Matthews, English footballer (d. 2000)
* February 2
** Abba Eban, South African-born Israeli foreign affairs minister (d. 2002)
** Khushwant Singh, Indian writer (d. 2014)
*
February 4
Events Pre–1600
* 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrelling ...
** Ray Evans, American composer (d. 2007)
** Sir Norman Wisdom, English comedian, singer, and actor (d. 2010)
* February 5 – Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...
)
* February 6 – Danuta Szaflarska, Polish actress (d. 2017)
* February 7
** Teoctist Arăpașu, Ex-Romanian Orthodox Church Patriarch (d. 2007)
** Georges-André Chevallaz, 78th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 2002)
** Liu Jie, Chinese politician (d. 2018)
* February 10 – Karl Winsch, American professional baseball player, manager (d. 2001)
* February 11
** Patrick Leigh Fermor, British author (d. 2011)
** Harry Walker (rugby union), Harry Walker, English rugby union player (d. 2018)
** Richard Hamming, American mathematician (d. 1998)
* February 12
** Richard G. Colbert, American admiral (d. 1973)
** Lorne Greene, Canadian actor (d. 1987)
** Olivia Hooker, American civil rights figure (d. 2018)
* February 13 – Aung San, Burmese national leader (d. 1947)
* February 16
** Elisabeth Eybers, South African poet (d. 2007)
** Jim O'Hora, American college football coach (d. 2005)
* February 19
**Fred Freiberger, American screenwriter, television producer (d. 2003)
**John Freeman (British politician), John Freeman, British politician (d. 2014)
*
February 20
Events Pre-1600
*1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
* 1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotlan ...
– Danuta Szaflarska Polish screen, stage actress (d. 2017)
* February 21
** Ann Sheridan, American film actress (d. 1967)
** Anton Vratuša, 8th Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 2017)
* February 23
**Jon Hall (actor), Jon Hall, American actor (d. 1979)
**Paul Tibbets, American World War II bomber pilot (''Enola Gay'') (d. 2007)
*
February 25
Events Pre-1600
*138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.
* 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.
* ...
– S. Rajaratnam, 1st Senior Minister of Singapore (d. 2006)
* February 27 – Dick Crockett, American actor, stunt performer (d. 1979)
* February 28
** Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1987)
** Zero Mostel, American film, stage actor (d. 1977)
March
![Jacques Chaban-Delmas-1 (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas-1_%28cropped%29.jpg)
*
March 1
Events Pre-1600
* 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Dioclet ...
– Elizabeth Peet McIntosh, American spy (d. 2015)
* March 4
**László Csatáry, László Csizsik-Csatáry, Hungarian convicted Nazi war criminal (d. 2013)
**Carlos Surinach, Spanish composer (d. 1997)
* March 5 – Sydney Sturgess, British-Canadian actress (d. 1999)
* March 6
** Mary Ward (actress), Mary Ward, Australian actress (d. 2021)
** Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, Indian leader of the Dawoodi Bohra Community (d. 2014)
* March 7 – Jacques Chaban-Delmas, French politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 2000)
*
March 8
Events Pre-1600
* 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''.
*1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León.
* 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bou ...
– Drue Heinz, American literary publisher (d. 2018)
* March 9 – Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer), John Edgar "Johnnie" Johnson, English pilot (d. 2001)
*
March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
– Vijay Hazare, Indian cricketer (d. 2004)
* March 15 – Carl Emil Schorske, American cultural historian (d. 2015)
* March 17 – Bill Roycroft, Australian equestrian (d. 2011)
*
March 19
Events Pre-1600
* 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire.
* 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen en ...
– Patricia Morison, American actress (d. 2018)
* March 20
** Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian politician, 8th President of Austria (d. 2000)
** Sviatoslav Richter, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1997)
** Marie M. Runyon, American politician, activist (d. 2018)
** Sister Rosetta Tharpe, American singer (d. 1973)
* March 23
** Tom Pashby, Canadian ophthalmologist and sport safety advocate (d. 2005)
** Vasily Zaitsev (sniper), Vasily Zaytsev, Soviet sniper (d. 1991)
*
March 27
Events Pre-1600
*1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
* 1329 – Pope John XXII ...
– Robert Lockwood Jr., American musician (d. 2006)
*
March 28
Events Pre-1600
*AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didiu ...
– Jeremy Hutchinson, Baron Hutchinson of Lullington, Jeremy Hutchinson, British lawyer, peer (d. 2017)
* March 30
** Brockway McMillan, American government official and scientist (d. 2016)
** Arsenio Erico, Paraguayan footballer (d. 1977)
** Pietro Ingrao, Italian politician (d. 2015)
* March 31 – Albert Hourani, English historian (d. 1993)
April
![Anthony Quinn publicity photo, unknown date (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Anthony_Quinn_publicity_photo%2C_unknown_date_%28cropped%29.jpg)
* April 1 – O. W. Fischer, Austrian actor (d. 2004)
* April 3
** Axel Axgil, Danish LGBT rights activist (d. 2011)
** Piet de Jong, Dutch politician, naval officer, Ministry of Defence (Netherlands), Minister of Defence (1963–1967), and Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1967–1971) (d. 2016)
** İhsan Doğramacı, Turkish physician, academic (d. 2010)
** Paul Touvier, French Nazi collaborator (d. 1996)
* April 4 – Dorothy Fay, American actress (d. 2003)
* April 6
** Tadeusz Kantor, Polish painter, assemblage designer and theatre director (d.
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...
)
** Thelma McKenzie, Australian cricketer
* April 7
** Stanley Adams (actor), Stanley Adams, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1977)
** Albert O. Hirschman, German-born economist (d. 2012)
** Billie Holiday, African-American singer (d. 1959)
* April 8
** Sir Alan Dawtry, British local government official (d. 2018)
** Ivan Supek, Croatian physicist, author, and human rights activist (d. 2007)
* April 10
** Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Kashmiri guerrilla leader (d. 2003)
** Harry Morgan, American actor and director (d. 2011)
* April 12
** George Hogan (basketball), George Hogan, American professional basketball player (d. 1965)
** Hound Dog Taylor, American guitarist, singer (d. 1975)
*
April 19
Events Pre-1600
* AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
* 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persi ...
– Vonda Phelps, American actress (d. 2004)
* April 20
** Aurora Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 2005)
** Zita Szeleczky, Hungarian actress (d. 1999)
* April 21 – Anthony Quinn, Mexican actor (d. 2001)
*
April 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).
*1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...
– Sam Burston, Australian farmer (d. 2015)
* April 29 – Donald Mills, lead tenor of the Mills Brothers (d. 1999)
* April 30 – Elio Toaff, Italian rabbi (d. 2015)
May
![MarioMonicelli](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/MarioMonicelli.jpg)
*
May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
*1169 – N ...
– Archie Williams, American athlete (d. 1993)
* May 2
** Van Alexander, American bandleader, arranger and composer (d. 2015)
** Doris Fisher (songwriter), Doris Fisher, American singer and songwriter (d. 2003)
*
May 3
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
* 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
** Michele Cozzoli, Italian composer, conductor and arranger (d. 1961)
** Stu Hart, Canadian wrestling trainer (d. 2003)
*
May 5
Events Pre-1600
* 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins.
*1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta.
*1260 – Kub ...
– Alice Faye, American entertainer (d. 1998)
*
May 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
* 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...
** Sydney Carter, British musician, poet and songwriter (d. 2004)
** Orson Welles, American actor and director (d. 1985)
* May 8 – John Archer (actor), John Archer, American actor (d. 1999)
* May 10
** Beyers Naudé, South African cleric, theologian and activist (d. 2004)
** Sir Denis Thatcher, British businessman, husband of Margaret Thatcher (d. 2003)
* May 12
** Brother Roger, Swiss founder of the Taizé Community (d. 2005)
** Tadashi Sasaki (engineer), Tadashi Sasaki, Japanese engineer (d. 2018)
* May 15
** Ida Keeling, American track and field athlete (d. 2021)
** Evelyn Owen, Australian gun designer (d. 1949)
** Paul Samuelson, American economist, Nobel Prize in Economics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009)
* May 16 – Mario Monicelli, Italian film director (d. 2010)
*
May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
– Renée Asherson, British actress (d. 2014)
* May 20 – Moshe Dayan, Israeli military leader and politician (d. 1981)
*
May 25
Events Pre-1600
* 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
*240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Tol ...
– Aarne Kainlauri, Finnish athlete (d. 2020)
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
** Ester Soré, Chilean musician (d. 1996)
** Herman Wouk, American author (d. 2019)
*
May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Karl Münchinger, German conductor (d.
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...
)
* May 31 – Carmen Herrera, Cuban-American painter (d. 2022)
June
![Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F054628-0037, Ludwigshafen, CDU-Bundesparteitag, Rumor](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054628-0037%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%2C_Rumor.jpg)
* June 1
** Johnny Bond, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 1978)
** John Randolph (actor), John Randolph, American actor (d. 2004)
* June 2
** Jason Lee (judge), Jason Lee, American politician and judge (d. 1980)
** Tapio Wirkkala, Finnish designer (d. 1985)
*
June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depo ...
– Milton Cato, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 1997)
* June 4 – Modibo Keïta, 1st President of Mali (d. 1977)
*
June 9
Events Pre-1600
*411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.
* 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
* 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending th ...
** Ken Feltscheer, Australian rules footballer (d. 2017)
** Les Paul, American inventor and musician (d. 2009)
* June 10
** Saul Bellow, Canadian-born writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
** Peride Celal, Turkish author (d. 2013)
** Inia Te Wiata, New Zealand Māori bass-baritone opera singer, film actor, whakairo (carver) and artist (d. 1971)
*
June 11
Events Pre-1600
* 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...
** Buddy Baer, American boxer and actor (d. 1986)
** Magda Gabor, Hungarian-American actress (d. 1997)
* June 12
** William MacVane, American surgeon and politician (d. 2010)
** David Rockefeller, American banker and philanthropist (d. 2017)
* June 14
** Loke Wan Tho, Singaporean business magnate, ornithologist, and photographer (d. 1964)
** Zoe Dell Nutter, American dancer, model, promoter, pilot and philanthropist (d. 2020)
* June 15
** Kaiser Matanzima, President of the Transkei bantustan (d. 2003)
** Nini Theilade, Danish ballet dancer, choreographer and teacher (d. 2018)
** Thomas Huckle Weller, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2008)
*
June 16
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians.
* 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...
– Mariano Rumor, Italian politician and Prime Minister of Italy from 1968 to 1970 and again from 1973 to 1974 (d.
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...
)
* June 17
** Mario Echandi Jiménez, President of Costa Rica (d. 2011)
** Karl Targownik, Hungarian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor (d. 1996)
** Walter J. Zable, American founder and CEO of Cubic Corporation (d. 2012)
* June 20 – Terence Young (director), Terence Young, British film director and screenwriter (d. 1994)
* June 21 – Karol Miklosz, Polish-Soviet footballer, Soviet referee and Soviet-Ukrainian football administrator (d. 2003)
*
June 22
Events Pre-1600
* 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
* 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus ...
** Duncan Clark (athlete), Duncan Clark, Scottish athlete (d. 2003)
** Randolph Hokanson, American pianist (d. 2018)
** Hatsuko Morioka, Japanese freestyle swimmer
** Cornelius Warmerdam, American track & field athlete (d. 2001)
* June 24
** Fred Hoyle, British astronomer (d. 2001)
** Bill Radovich, American football guard (d. 2002)
* June 25 – Floyd Boring, American Secret Service agent (d. 2008)
* June 26
** George Haigh, English professional footballer (d. 2019)
** Charlotte Zolotow, American author (d. 2013)
* June 27
** Grace Lee Boggs, American author, social activist, and philosopher (d. 2015)
** Graham Botting, New Zealand cricketer and hockey (d. 2007)
** Marie Clarke, American activist and labor leader (d. 2020)
** Aideu Handique, Indian actress (d. 2002)
** John Alexander Moore, American zoology professor emeritus (d. 2002)
* June 28
** David "Honeyboy" Edwards, American musician (d. 2011)
** Muzz Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1998)
** Carmen Vidal, Spanish cosmetologist and businesswoman (d. 2003)
* June 29 – John Charles Cutler, American surgeon (d. 2003)
* June 30
** Oskar-Hubert Dennhardt, German officer (d. 2014)
** Robert E. Hopkins, president of the Optical Society of America in 1973 (d. 2009)
July
![Lt](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Lt._Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Jr._Navy.JPG)
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and th ...
** A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, 9th President of Bangladesh (d. 2001)
** Willie Dixon, American blues musician (d. 1992)
** Philip Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme, British peer (d. 2000)
** Rudolf Pernický, Czechoslovak soldier and paratrooper (d. 2005)
** Boots Poffenberger, American Major League Baseball pitcher (d. 1999)
** Oscar Valicelli, Argentine actor (d. 1999)
* July 3
** Ralph Chapin, American businessman (d. 2000)
** Marta Grandi, Italian entomologist (d. 2005)
* July 4 – Timmie Rogers, American actor and singer-songwriter (d. 2006)
* July 5
** Yu Guangyuan, Chinese economist (d. 2013)
** Al Timothy, Trinidadian musician (d. 2000)
** John Woodruff (athlete), John Woodruff, American athlete (d. 2007)
* July 6
** Leonard Birchall, Royal Canadian Air Force (d. 2004)
** Javare Gowda, Indian language author (d. 2016)
*
July 7
Events Pre-1600
* 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
* 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistad ...
** Reynaldo Guerra Garza, American judge (d. 2004)
** Adalbert Gurath Sr., Romanian fencer (d.
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...
)
** Billy Mure, American guitarist (d. 2013)
** Terry O'Sullivan, American actor (d. 2006)
* July 8
** Lowell English, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2005)
** Neil D. Van Sickle, American Air Force major general (d. 2019)
*
July 9
Events Pre-1600
*118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...
** Joan Tompkins, American actress (d. 2005)
* July 10 – Kevin Barrett (footballer), Kevin Barrett, Australian rules footballer (d. 1984)
*
July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...
– Leonard Goodwin, British protozoologist (d. 2008)
* July 12
** Princess Catherine Ivanovna of Russia (d. 2007)
** Emanuel Papper, American anesthesiologist, professor, and author (d. 2002)
* July 13
** Tex Hill, Korean-American fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 2007)
** Paul Williams (saxophonist), Paul Williams, African American jazz and blues saxophonist, bandleader and songwriter (d. 2002)
*
July 14
Events Pre-1600
* 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy.
*1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II.
*1420 ...
– Harold Pupkewitz, Namibian entrepreneur (d. 2012)
* July 15
** William O. Baker, president of Bell Labs (d. 2005)
** Alicia Zubasnabar de De la Cuadra, Argentine human rights activist (d. 2008)
** A. A. Englander, British television cinematographer (d. 2004)
** Albert Ghiorso, American nuclear scientist (d. 2010)
** Kashmir Singh Katoch, Indian military advisor (d. 2007)
** Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgăr, Moldovan activist (d. 2003)
* July 16 – Elaine Barrie, American actress (d. 2003)
* July 17
** Fred Ball, American movie studio executive, actor, and brother of comedian Lucille Ball (d. 2007)
** Arthur Rothstein, American photographer (d. 1985)
* July 18
** Roxana Cannon Arsht, American judge (d. 2003)
** Carequinha, Brazilian clown, actor (d. 2006)
** Louis Le Bailly, British Royal Navy officer (d. 2010)
* July 19
** Rita Childers, First Lady of Ireland (1973–1974) (d. 2010)
** Katherine Sanford, American biologist (d. 2005)
* July 20
** Matest M. Agrest, Russian-Jewish mathematician (d. 2005)
** Gene Hasson, American Major League Baseball infielder (d. 2003)
*
July 22 – Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Pakistani female politician, diplomat and author (d. 2000)
*
July 24
Events Pre-1600
*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
* 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirl ...
– Enrique Fernando, Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court (d. 2004)
* July 25
** S. U. Ethirmanasingham, Sri Lankan businessman and politician
** Julio Iglesias, Sr., Spanish gynecologist, father of Julio Iglesias (d. 2005)
** Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., American fighter pilot, brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944)
* July 26 – K. Pattabhi Jois, Indian yogi (d. 2009)
*
July 28
Events Pre-1600
*1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
*1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, Thom ...
** Red Barrett, American baseball player (d.
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...
)
** Helena Dunicz-Niwińska, Polish violinist, translator and author (d. 2018)
** Charles Hard Townes, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
** Frankie Yankovic, American accordion player (d. 1998)
August
![Lilian of Sweden 1940s as Mrs](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Lilian_of_Sweden_1940s_as_Mrs._Craig.jpg)
* August 2
** Gary Merrill, American actor (d.
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...
)
** Neville Wigram, 2nd Baron Wigram, British army officer (d. 2017)
* August 3
** Frank Arthur Calder, Canadian politician (d. 2006)
** Pete Newell, Canadian-born basketball coach (d. 2008)
* August 4 – William Keene, American actor (d. 1992)
* August 8
** Alex Schoenbaum, American collegiate football player and businessman (d. 1996)
** María Rostworowski, Peruvian historian (d. 2016)
** Joseph P. Graw, American businessman and politician (d. 2018)
* August 9 – George W. BonDurant, American preacher (d. 2017)
* August 12
** Donald Pellmann, American masters athlete (d. 2020)
** Michael Kidd, American choreographer (d. 2007)
* August 14
** Vincent Foy, Canadian Roman Catholic cleric, theologian (d. 2017)
** Irene Hickson, American professional baseball player (d. 1995)
*
August 16
Events Pre-1600
*1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs.
* 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamda ...
– Herbert Greenwald, American real estate developer (d. 1959)
* August 18 – Joseph Arthur Ankrah, 2nd President of Ghana (d. 1992)
* August 19 – Ring Lardner Jr., American film screenwriter (d. 2000)
* August 21 – Arnold Goodman, Baron Goodman, British lawyer, political adviser (d. 1995)
* August 24
** Dave McCoy, American founder of the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area (d. 2020)
** Wynonie Harris, African-American blues, rhythm and blues singer (d. 1969)
* August 25 – Walter Trampler, American violist (d. 1997)
* August 27 – Norman F. Ramsey, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
* August 28
** Tol Avery, American actor (d. 1973)
** Simon Oakland, American actor (d. 1983)
** Max Robertson, British sports commentator (d. 2009)
* August 29 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982)
* August 30
** Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland, British-born Swedish princess (d. 2013)
** Robert Strassburg, American composer (d. 2003)
* August 31 – Víctor Pey, Spanish-Chilean engineer (d. 2018)
September
![Franz Josef Strauß 1982](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F_1982.jpg)
* September 2 – Meinhardt Raabe, American actor (d. 2010)
* September 3
** Knut Nystedt, Norwegian composer (d. 2014)
** Eddie Stanky, American baseball player and manager (d. 1999)
*
September 6
Events Pre-1600
* 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish ''magister militum'' Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later.
*1492 – Christopher Colu ...
– Franz Josef Strauss, German politician (d. 1988)
*
September 7 – Richard E. Cole, American air force officer (d. 2019)
*
September 8
Events Pre-1600
* 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
*1100 – Election of Antipope Theodo ...
– Frank Cady, American actor (d. 2012)
* September 9 – Richard Webb (actor), Richard Webb, American actor (d. 1993)
* September 10
** Viva Leroy Nash, American murderer, oldest death row inmate (d. 2010)
** Edmond O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985)
** Robert Sparr, American film director and screenwriter (d. 1969)
*
September 11
Events Pre-1600
* 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hu ...
– Raúl Alberto Lastiri, 39th President of Argentina (d. 1978)
* September 14
** John Dobson (amateur astronomer), John Dobson, American astronomer (d. 2014)
** Douglas Kennedy (actor), Douglas Kennedy, American actor (d. 1973)
* September 15
** Helmut Schön, German football player, manager (d. 1996)
** Albert Whitlock, British-born Matte (filmmaking), matte artist (d. 1999)
* September 16 – Eddie Filgate, Irish politician (d. 2017)
* September 17 – M. F. Husain, Indian artist (d. 2011)
* September 19 – Germán Valdés, Mexican actor, singer and comedian (d. 1973)
* September 20 – Malik Meraj Khalid, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2003)
* September 22 – Bernardino Piñera, Chilean Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020)
* September 23
** Julius Baker, American flautist (d. 2003)
** Zdenko Blažeković, Croatian politician (d. 1947)
** Clifford Shull, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
* September 24 – Joseph Montoya, American politician (d. 1978)
* September 27 – Ira Colitz, American politician (d. 1998)
* September 28 – Kay Mander, British film director, shooting continuity specialist (d. 2013)
* September 29
** Vincent DeDomenico, American entrepreneur (d. 2007)
** Brenda Marshall, American actress (d. 1992)
*
September 30
** Nadezhda Fedutenko, Soviet red army officer (d. 1978)
** Lester Maddox, Governor of Georgia (d. 2003)
October
![Yitzhak Shamir (1980)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Yitzhak_Shamir_%281980%29.jpg)
* October 1
** Jerome Bruner, American psychologist (d. 2016)
** Talat Tunçalp, Turkish Olympian cyclist (d. 2017)
* October 2 – Chuck Williams (author), Chuck Williams, American businessman (d. 2015)
* October 6 – Neus Català, Spanish political activist (d. 2019)
* October 7 – Walter Keane, American plagiarist (d. 2000)
* October 11 – T. Llew Jones, Welsh author, poet (d. 2009)
*
October 12
Events Pre-1600
* 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar)
* 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...
** José Bragato, Italian-born Argentine cellist, composer, conductor and arranger (d. 2017)
** Tony Rafty, Australian caricaturist (d. 2015)
* October 13 – Frederick Rosier, British Royal Air Force commander (d. 1998)
*
October 14
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings.
*1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's ...
– Loris Francesco Capovilla, Italian Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2016)
* October 17
** Victor Garaygordóbil Berrizbeitia, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2018)
** H. Basil S. Cooke, Canadian geologist, palaeontologist (d. 2018)
** John J. McKetta, American chemical engineer (d. 2019)
** Arthur Miller, American playwright (d. 2005)
* October 18 – Thomas Round, English opera singer, actor (d. 2016)
*
October 19
Events Pre-1600
* 202 BC – Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage.
* 439 – The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in ...
– Andreas Peter Cornelius Sol, Dutch prelate (d. 2016)
*
October 21
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade.
*1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of A ...
– Aleksandr Ezhevsky, Soviet engineer, statesman (d. 2017)
* October 22 – Yitzhak Shamir, Israeli politician (d. 2012)
*
October 23
Events Pre-1600
*4004 BC – James Ussher's proposed creation date of the world according to the Bible.
*42 BC – Liberators' civil war: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat an army under Brutus in the second part of the Batt ...
– Shin Hyun-joon (general), Shin Hyun-joon, South Korean general (d. 2007)
* October 24 – Bob Kane, American comic book artist/writer, co-creator of Batman (d. 1998)
*
October 27
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
* 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
* 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia.
* 1553 – Condemned as ...
– Harry Saltzman, Canadian theatre, film producer (d. 1994)
*
October 28 – Dody Goodman, American actress, dancer (d. 2008)
* October 29 – William Berenberg, American physician (d. 2005)
November
![Sargent Shriver 1961](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sargent_Shriver_1961.jpg)
* November 1
** Marion Eugene Carl, U.S. Marine Corps World War II fighter ace, test pilot (d. 1998)
** Frances Hesselbein, American President, CEO of the Frances Hesselbein Leadership Institute
** Eva Macapagal, 9th First Lady of the Philippines (d. 1999)
*
November 2
Events Pre-1600
* 619 – A qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is assassinated in a Chinese palace by Eastern Turkic rivals after the approval of Tang emperor Gaozu.
* 1410 – The Peace of Bicêtre suspends hostilities in the ...
– Kay Armen, American Armenian singer (d. 2011)
* November 4
** Wee Kim Wee, 4th President of Singapore (d. 2005)
** Ismail Abdul Rahman, Malaysian politician (d. 1973)
* November 7
** Philip Morrison, American physicist, astrophysicist and professor (d. 2005)
** Jiao Ruoyu, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2020)
* November 8 – Richard Luyt, 1st Governor General of Guyana (d. 1994)
* November 9 – Sargent Shriver, American politician (d. 2011)
* November 11
** William Proxmire, United States Senator (d. 2005)
** Anna Schwartz, American economist (d. 2012)
* November 12 – Roland Barthes, French philosopher, literary critic (d. 1980)
* November 13 – Clara Marangoni, Italian gymnast (d. 2018)
* November 17 – Albert Malbois, French prelate (d. 2017)
*
November 18
Events Pre-1600
* 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I.
* 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy.
* 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...
– James Whittico Jr., American physician (d. 2018)
* November 19 – Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
* November 20 – Bill Daniel (politician), Bill Daniel, American politician (d. 2006)
*
November 23
Events Pre-1600
* 534 BC – Thespis of Icaria becomes the first recorded actor to portray a character on stage.
* 1248 – Conquest of Seville by Christian troops under King Ferdinand III of Castile.
* 1499 – Pretender to the t ...
** John Dehner, American actor (d. 1992)
** Julio César Méndez Montenegro, President of Guatemala (d. 1996)
*
November 25
Events Pre-1600
*571 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates the first of his three triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans.
* 1034 – Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethó ...
** Augusto Pinochet, 31st President of Chile (d. 2006)
** Armando Villanueva, leader of the Peruvian American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (d. 2013)
* November 29
** Eugene Polley, American electronics engineer (d. 2012)
** Billy Strayhorn, American jazz pianist-composer (d. 1967)
* November 30
** Brownie McGhee, American musician (d. 1996)
** Emmanuel Pelaez, 6th Vice President of the Philippines (d. 2003)
** Henry Taube, Canadian-born chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
December
![Curd Juergens by Günter Rittner 1980](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Curd_Juergens_by_G%C3%BCnter_Rittner_1980.jpg)
* December 2
** Takahito, Prince Mikasa, Prince Takahito of Mikasa, younger brother of Japanese Emperor Hirohito (d. 2016)
** Marais Viljoen, President of South Africa (d. 2007)
* December 5 – Ren Xinmin, Chinese aerospace engineer (d. 2017)
* December 6 – Alan Sayers, New Zealand journalist, photographer and athlete (d. 2017)
* December 7 – Eli Wallach, American actor (d. 2014)
* December 8 – Ernest Lehman, American screenwriter (d. 2005)
* December 9 – Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, German-born soprano (d. 2006)
*
December 12
** Felicity Hill, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2019)
** Frank Sinatra, American singer, actor (d. 1998)
* December 13
** Curd Juergens, Austrian-German film actor (d. 1982)
** B. J. Vorster, South African politician, Prime Minister and State President (d. 1983)
* December 14 – Dan Dailey, American actor, dancer (d. 1978)
* December 15
**Kenshiro Abbe, Japanese master of judo, aikido, and kendo (d. 1985)
**Charles F. Wheeler, American cinematographer (d. 2004)
* December 17 – Robert A. Dahl, American political scientist (d. 2014)
*
December 18
Events Pre-1600
*1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty of Mongolia and China.
*1499 – A rebellion breaks out in Alpujarras in response to the forced conversions ...
– Bill Zuckert, American actor (d. 1997)
* December 19
** Ke Hua, Chinese diplomat (d. 2019)
** Édith Piaf, French singer (d. 1963)
* December 21 – Werner von Trapp, member of the Austrian Trapp Family Singers (d. 2007)
* December 22 – Barbara Billingsley, American actress (d. 2010)
* December 27
** Mary Kornman, American child actress (d. 1973)
** Gyula Zsengellér, Hungarian footballer (d. 1999)
* December 31 – Davuldena Gnanissara Thero, Sri Lankan Buddhist monk (d. 2017)
Deaths
January
![Wyndham Halswelle](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Wyndham_Halswelle.jpg)
* January 9 – Yang Shoujing, Chinese historical geographer and calligrapher (b. 1839)
* January 10 – Marshall Pinckney Wilder, American actor, humorist, comedian and monologist (b. 1859)
* January 13 – Mary Slessor, Scottish Christian missionary (b. 1848)
* January 14 – Richard Meux Benson, English founder of an Anglican religious order (b. 1824)
*
January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
*1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chin ...
– Anatoly Stessel, Russian baron and general (b. 1848)
*
January 19
Events Pre-1600
* 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
* 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender a ...
– Anna Leonowens (Anna of ''The King and I'') (b. 1831)
* January 22 – James M. Spangler, American inventor (b. 1848)
February
* February 3 – Bosnian Serb conspirators (executed for their part in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria):
** Veljko Čubrilović (b. 1886)
** Danilo Ilić (b. 1891)
** Miško Jovanović (b. 1878)
* February 5 – Ross Barnes, American baseball player (b. 1850)
*
February 18
Events Pre-1600
*1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
* 1268 &n ...
** Francisco Giner de los Ríos, Spanish philosopher, educator (b. 1839)
** Frank James, American outlaw (b. 1843)
* February 22 – John Gough (VC), Sir John Gough, British general, Victoria Cross recipient (killed in action) (b. 1871)
* February 26 –Edward Richardson, New Zealand engineer and politician (b. 1831)
March
* March 4 – William Willett, English promoter of daylight saving time (b. 1856)
* March 13 – Sergei Witte, Russian aristocrat, statesman and Prime Minister (b. 1849)
*
March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
*1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Hugu ...
– Lincoln J. Beachey, American pilot (b. 1887)
![Friedrich Loeffler 3](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Friedrich_Loeffler_3.jpg)
* March 15 – George Llewelyn Davies, English soldier, inspiration for the "Lost Boys" of ''Peter Pan'' (killed in action) (b. 1893)
* March 21 – Frederick Winslow Taylor, American engineer, economist (b. 1856)
* March 24 − Morgan Robertson, American author (b. 1861)
* March 31
** Wyndham Halswelle, Scottish runner (killed in action) (b. 1882)
** Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, British banker and politician (b. 1840)
April
* April 4 – Andrew Stoddart, English sportsman (b. 1863)
* April 9 – Friedrich Loeffler, German bacteriologist (b. 1852)
*
April 26
Events Pre-1600
* 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
*1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
* 1 ...
– Ida Hunt Udall, American Latter-day Saint diarist (b. 1858)
* April 16 – Nelson W. Aldrich, U.S. Senator from Rhode Island (b. 1841)
* April 20 – Daniel Webster Jones (Mormon), Daniel Webster Jones, American Latter-day Saint pioneer (b. 1830)
* April 23
** Rupert Brooke, English poet (sepsis from an infected mosquito bite on active service) (b. 1887)
** Frederick Fisher (VC), Frederick Fisher, Canadian recipient of Victoria Cross (killed in action) (b. 1894)
*
April 25
Events Pre-1600
*404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
* 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the ...
– Frederick W. Seward, American politician (b. 1830)
*
April 26
Events Pre-1600
* 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
*1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
* 1 ...
– John Bunny, American actor (b. 1863)
* April 27
** William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse, English airman, first aviator awarded Victoria Cross (b. 1887)
** Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (b. 1872)
*April 30 - Edward D. Easton, founder and president of Columbia Phonograph Company
May
*
May 7
Events Pre-1600
* 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch.
* 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I imm ...
–
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Sr. (October 20, 1877 – May 7, 1915) was a wealthy American businessman, and a member of the Vanderbilt family. A sportsman, he participated in and pioneered a number of related endeavors. He died in the sinking of ...
, American sportsman (b.
1877
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed ''Empress of India'' by the ''Royal Titles Act 1876'', introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .
* January 8 – Great ...
; died in the
Sinking of the RMS ''Lusitania'')
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
* 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally r ...
** François Faber, Luxembourgian cyclist (killed in action) (b. 1887)
** Anthony Wilding, New Zealand tennis player (killed in action) (b. 1883)
* May 18 – William Bridges (general), Sir William Bridges, Australian army general (b. 1861)
* May 24 – John Condon (British Army soldier), John Condon, Irish private soldier in British Army, claimed as youngest British soldier to die in WWI (killed in action) (b. 1896)
* May 26
** Emil Lask, German philosopher (killed in action) (b. 1875)
** Julian Grenfell, English poet (killed in action) (b. 1888)
* May 30 – Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, 3-time Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1832)
* May 31 – Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, 18th Governor of New South Wales (b. 1845)
June
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
* 1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles of Salerno.
*1288 & ...
– Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, French artist and sculptor (killed in action) (b. 1891)
* June 7 – Charles Reed Bishop, American businessman, philanthropist in Hawaii (b. 1822)
* June 10 – Ignatius Maloyan, Armenian Eastern Catholic archbishop and blessed (b. 1869)
* June 13 – Zbigniew Dunin-Wasowicz, Polish military leader (killed in action) (b. 1882)
*
June 19
Events Pre-1600
* 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.
*1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle chan ...
– Benjamin F. Isherwood, American admiral, United States Navy Engineer-in-Chief (b. 1822)
* June 25 – Tok Janggut, Malayan rebel leader (killed in action) (b. 1853)
July
![TupperUniform](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/TupperUniform.jpg)
* July 2 – Porfirio Díaz, 29th President of Mexico (b. 1830)
* July 6 – Lawrence Hargrave, Australian engineer (b. 1850)
* July 10 – Alice Bellvadore Sams Turner, American physician (b. 1859)
* July 16 – Ellen G. White, American prophetess, co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, most translated American author (b. 1827)
* July 18 – Ozra Amander Hadley, American politician (b. 1826)
*
July 22 – Sandford Fleming, Sir Sandford Fleming, Canadian engineer and inventor (b. 1827)
* July 25 – Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau, American-born French socialite, model for the painting ''Portrait of Madame X'' (b. 1859)
* July 30 – Charles Becker, American policeman and murderer (executed) (b. 1870)
August
* August 10 – Henry Moseley, English physicist (killed in action) (b. 1887)
*
August 16
Events Pre-1600
*1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs.
* 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamda ...
– Kálmán Széll, 13th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1843)
* August 17 – Leo Frank, Jewish-American factory superintendent who was falsely convicted of the murder of Mary Phagan (b. 1884)
* August 20
** Paul Ehrlich, German scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)
** Carlos Finlay, Cuban pathologist (b. 1833)
* August 21 – Josiah T. Settle, American lawyer and politician (b. 1850)
* August 30
** Antonio Flores Jijón, 13th President of Ecuador (b. 1833)
** Pascual Orozco, Mexican revolutionary (b. 1882)
* August 31 – Adolphe Pégoud, French acrobatic pilot, World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1889)
September
* September 1 – August Stramm, German poet, playwright (killed in action) (b. 1874)
* September 9
** Antonín Petrof, Czech piano maker (b. 1839)
** Albert Spalding, American baseball player, sporting goods manufacturer (b. 1850)
*
September 11
Events Pre-1600
* 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hu ...
– William Sprague IV, American politician from Rhode Island (b. 1830)
* September 13 – Andrew L. Harris, American Civil War hero, 44th Governor of Ohio (b. 1835)
* September 21 – Anthony Comstock, American anti-indecency reformer (b. 1844)
* September 26 – Keir Hardie, British labour leader (b. 1856)
* September 27 – Fergus Bowes-Lyon, brother of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (killed in action) (b. 1889)
October
* October 4
** Karl Staaff, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1860)
** John Rigby, grandfather of Eleanor Rigby, to whom Paul McCartney attributes a subconscious influence on naming the Eleanor Rigby, song with the same name (b.1843)
* October 7 – Friedrich Hasenöhrl, Austrian physicist (b. 1874)
* October 10 – Albert Cashier, born Jennie Hodgers, Irish American soldier (b. 1843)
*
October 12
Events Pre-1600
* 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar)
* 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...
–
Edith Cavell
Edith Louisa Cavell ( ; 4 December 1865 – 12 October 1915) was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides without discrimination and for helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Be ...
, British nurse, war heroine (shot) (b. 1865)
* October 13 – Charles Sorley, British poet (killed in action) (b. 1895)
*
October 15
Events Pre-1600
* 1066 – Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later.
*12 ...
– Theodor Boveri, German biologist (b. 1862)
*
October 16
Events Pre-1600
* 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire.
* 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire.
* ...
– Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková, Moravian pioneer of female education (heart attack) (b. 1868)
* October 22 – Wilhelm Windelband, German philosopher (b. 1848)
*
October 23
Events Pre-1600
*4004 BC – James Ussher's proposed creation date of the world according to the Bible.
*42 BC – Liberators' civil war: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat an army under Brutus in the second part of the Batt ...
– W. G. Grace, English cricketer (b. 1848)
* October 26 – August Bungert, German composer, poet (b. 1845)
* October 30 – Charles Tupper, Sir Charles Tupper, 6th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1821)
* October 31 – Blanche Walsh, American actress (b. 1873)
November
![Booker T Washington retouched flattened-crop](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Booker_T_Washington_retouched_flattened-crop.jpg)
* November 14
** Theodor Leschetizky, Polish pianist and composer (b. 1830)
** Booker T. Washington, American educator (b. 1856)
* November 15 – Félix de Blochausen, 6th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (b. 1834)
*
November 21 – Dixie Haygood, American magician (b. 1861)
* November 28 – Mubarak Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1837)
December
*
December 18
Events Pre-1600
*1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty of Mongolia and China.
*1499 – A rebellion breaks out in Alpujarras in response to the forced conversions ...
– Henry Roscoe (chemist), Sir Henry Roscoe, English chemist (b. 1833)
*
December 18
Events Pre-1600
*1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty of Mongolia and China.
*1499 – A rebellion breaks out in Alpujarras in response to the forced conversions ...
– Édouard Vaillant, French Socialist politician (b. 1840)
* December 19 – Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist, neuropathologist (b. 1864)
* December 22 – Rose Talbot Bullard, American medical doctor, professor (b. 1864)
* December 31 – Tommaso Salvini, Italian actor (b. 1829)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Richard Willstätter
* Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Romain Rolland
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded
* Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
Notes
Further reading
* Williams, John. ''The Other Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914–1918'' (1972) pp 43–108.
Primary sources and year books
''New International Year Book 1915'' Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 791pp
* ''Hazell's Annual for 1916'' (1916), worldwide events of 1915; 640p
online worldwide coverage of 1915 events; emphasis on Great Britain
External links
* Pictures of the 1915 Galveston Hurricane at th
University of Houston Digital Library
{{Events by month links
1915,