This year saw the beginning of what became known as
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, after
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria, (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo was the most immediate cause of World War I.
F ...
, heir to the Austrian throne was
assassinated
Assassination is the murder of a prominent or important person, such as a head of state, head of government, politician, world leader, member of a royal family or CEO. The murder of a celebrity, activist, or artist, though they may not have a ...
by Serbian nationalist
Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip ( sr-Cyrl, Гаврило Принцип, ; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
Prin ...
. It also saw the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with the
St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line
The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line (SPT Airboat Line) was the first scheduled airline using a fixed wing aircraft. The airline provided service between St. Petersburg, Florida and neighboring Tampa across Tampa Bay a distance of about 23 m ...
.
Events
January
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
– The
St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line
The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line (SPT Airboat Line) was the first scheduled airline using a fixed wing aircraft. The airline provided service between St. Petersburg, Florida and neighboring Tampa across Tampa Bay a distance of about 23 m ...
in the United States starts services between
St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
and
Tampa, Florida
Tampa () is a city on the Gulf Coast of the United States, Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The city's borders include the north shore of Tampa Bay and the east shore of Old Tampa Bay. Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay area and ...
, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with
Tony Jannus
Antony Habersack Jannus, more familiarly known as Tony Jannus (July 22, 1889 – October 12, 1916), was an early American pilot whose aerial exploits were widely publicized in aviation's pre-World War I period. He flew the first airplane from ...
(the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in a
Benoist XIV __NOTOC__
The Benoist XIV, also called ''The Lark of Duluth'', was a small biplane flying boat built in the United States in 1913 in the hope of using it to carry paying passengers. The two examples built were used to provide the first heavier-th ...
flying boat
A flying boat is a type of fixed-winged seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water. It differs from a floatplane in that a flying boat's fuselage is purpose-designed for floatation and contains a hull, while floatplanes rely on fusela ...
. Abram C. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger, and over 3,000 people witness the first departure.
*
January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...
– The
Sakurajima
Sakurajima ( ja, 桜島, literally "Cherry Blossom Island") is an active stratovolcano, formerly an island and now a peninsula, in Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan. The lava flows of the 1914 eruption connected it with the Ōsumi Peninsula ...
volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are ...
in Japan begins to erupt, becoming effusive after a very large earthquake on
January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
. The lava flow causes the island which it forms to be linked to the
Ōsumi Peninsula
261x261px, Satellite image of Ōsumi Peninsula
The projects south from the Japanese island of Kyūshū and includes the southernmost point on the island, Cape Sata. Its east coast lies on the Pacific Ocean, while to the west it faces the Satsum ...
.
* January 11 – The
''Karluk'', flagship of the
Canadian Arctic Expedition
Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...
,
sank after being crushed by ice.
February
*
February 8
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Constantius III becomes co-Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir.
*1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al ...
– The
Luxembourg national football team
The Luxembourg national football team (nicknamed the ''Red Lions''; lb, Lëtzebuergesch Foussballnationalequipe, french: Équipe du Luxembourg de football, german: Luxemburgische Fußballnationalmannschaft) is the national football team of Luxe ...
has its first victory, beating
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
5–4 in a friendly match, for the first and only time in
football
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
history.
*
February 12
Events Pre-1600
*1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
*1429 – English forces under ...
– In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the
Lincoln Memorial
The Lincoln Memorial is a U.S. national memorial built to honor the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is on the western end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., across from the Washington Monument, and is in the ...
is put into place.
*
February 13
Events Pre-1600
* 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
*1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
*1462 – The ...
–
Copyright
A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, education ...
: In New York City, the
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers
The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) () is an American not-for-profit performance-rights organization (PRO) that collectively licenses the public performance rights of its members' musical works to venues, broadca ...
is established, to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.
*
February 17
Events Pre-1600
* 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau.
* 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of ...
–
Karl Staaff
Karl Albert Staaff (21 January 1860 – 4 October 1915) was a Swedish liberal politician and lawyer. He was chairman of the Liberal Coalition Party (1907–1915) and served twice as Prime Minister of Sweden (1905–1906 and 1911–1914).
Staaff ...
steps down as
Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
of
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
, in the aftermath of the
Courtyard Crisis
The Courtyard Crisis () was a constitutional conflict between the Swedish king and prime minister and significant event in Swedish 20th-century history, marking the last time the Monarch of Sweden directly intervened in a controversial partisan po ...
. He is replaced by
Hjalmar Hammarskjöld
Knut Hjalmar Leonard Hammarskjöld (; 4 February 1862 – 12 October 1953) was a Swedish politician, scholar, cabinet minister, Member of Parliament from 1923 to 1938 (first chamber), and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917.
In 1890, he m ...
, father of
Dag Hammarskjöld
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld ( , ; 29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish economist and diplomat who served as the second Secretary-General of the United Nations from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in September 196 ...
.
*
February 26
Events Pre-1600
*747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events.
* 364 – Valentinian I is p ...
– The
ocean liner
An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships).
Ca ...
that will become
HMHS ''Britannic'', sister to the , is launched at the
Harland and Wolff
Harland & Wolff is a British shipbuilding company based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It specialises in ship repair, shipbuilding and offshore construction. Harland & Wolff is famous for having built the majority of the ocean liners for the W ...
shipyards in
Belfast
Belfast ( , ; from ga, Béal Feirste , meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdo ...
.
*
February 28
Events Pre-1600
*202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.
* 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
*1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on ...
– The
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus ( el, Αὐτόνομος Δημοκρατία τῆς Βορείου Ἠπείρου, translit=Aftónomos Dimokratía tis Voreíou Ipeírou) was a short-lived, self-governing entity founded in the aft ...
is proclaimed by ethnic
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (; el, Έλληνες, ''Éllines'' ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, namely Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and, to a lesser extent, oth ...
, in
Northern Epirus
sq, Epiri i Veriut rup, Epiru di Nsusu
, type = Part of the wider historic region of Epirus
, image_blank_emblem =
, blank_emblem_type =
, image_map = Epirus across Greece Albania4.svg
, map_caption ...
.
March
*
March 7
Events Pre-1600
* 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
* 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...
–
Prince William of Wied
Prince Wilhelm of Wied (German: ''Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich Prinz zu Wied'', 26 March 1876 – 18 April 1945), reigned briefly as sovereign of the Principality of Albania as Vilhelm I from 7 March to 3 September 1914, when he left for exile. Hi ...
arrives in
Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...
, to begin his reign.
*
March 10
Events Pre-1600
* 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
* 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a t ...
–
Suffragette
A suffragette was a member of an activist women's organisation in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for the right to vote in public elections in the United Kingdom. The term refers in particular to members ...
Mary Richardson
Mary Raleigh Richardson (1882/3 – 7 November 1961) was a Canadian suffragette active in the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom, an arsonist, a socialist parliamentary candidate and later head of the women's section of the B ...
damages
Velázquez's painting ''
Rokeby Venus
The ''Rokeby Venus'' (; also known as ''The Toilet of Venus'', ''Venus at her Mirror'', ''Venus and Cupid'', or '' La Venus del espejo'') is a painting by Diego Velázquez, the leading artist of the Spanish Golden Age. Completed between 1647 ...
'' in London's
National Gallery
The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director o ...
, with a meat chopper.
*
March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eigh ...
(
Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( ga, Lá Fhéile Pádraig, lit=the Day of the Festival of Patrick), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (), the foremost patr ...
) – Green beer is invented by Dr. Thomas H. Curtin, and displayed at the
Schnorrer Club of Morrisania
Schnorrer Club of Morrisania was established in 1881. It was located at East 163rd Street, 1 block east of Third Avenue. Membership included many notable figures and it was active in Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party politics. It ...
in the Bronx, New York.
*
March 20
Events Pre-1600
* 673 – Emperor Emperor Tenmu, Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Asuka, Yamato#Imperial Palaces, Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka, Yamato, Asuka.
*1206 – Michael IV of Constantinople, Michael IV Au ...
– Film ''
Tess of the Storm Country'' is released, propelling its star
Mary Pickford
Gladys Marie Smith (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979), known professionally as Mary Pickford, was a Canadian-American stage and screen actress and producer with a career that spanned five decades. A pioneer in the US film industry, she co-founde ...
to new levels of fame, marking the rise of the modern
celebrity
Celebrity is a condition of fame and broad public recognition of a person or group as a result of the attention given to them by mass media. An individual may attain a celebrity status from having great wealth, their participation in sports ...
.
*
March 27
Events Pre-1600
*1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and Interdict (Catholic canon law), interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. ...
– Belgian surgeon
Albert Hustin Albert Hustin (1882–1967) was a Belgian medical doctor.
Hustin was born in Ethe and died in Uccle (Uccle Brussels – Belgium).
In 1914, he was the first person to successfully practice non-direct blood transfusions with sodium citrate Sodium ...
makes the first successful non-direct
blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but mo ...
, using
anticoagulant
Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. Some of them occur naturally in blood-eating animals such as leeches and mosquitoes, where the ...
s.
*
March 29
Events Pre-1600
* 845 – Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.
* 1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of ...
–
Katherine Routledge
Katherine Maria Routledge (), née Pease (11 August 1866 – 13 December 1935), was an English archaeologist and anthropologist who, in 1914, initiated and carried out much of the first true survey of Easter Island.
She was the second child o ...
and her husband arrive on
Easter Island
Easter Island ( rap, Rapa Nui; es, Isla de Pascua) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. The island is most famous for its nearl ...
, to make the first true study of it (they depart in
August
August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. Its zodiac sign is Leo and was originally named ''Sextilis'' in Latin because it was the 6th month in ...
1915
Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January
* January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction".
*January 1 ...
).
April
*
April 4
Events Pre-1600
* 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
* 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground.
* 611 – ...
–
September 27
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
* 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuto ...
–
''Komagata Maru'' incident: The sails from India to Canada. Canadian regulations, designed to exclude Asian immigrants, prevent the boat from docking in Vancouver, and it is forced to return to
Calcutta
Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, the official name until 2001) is the Capital city, capital of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal, on the eastern ba ...
with all its passengers.
*
April 9
Events Pre-1600
* 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, s ...
–
Tampico Affair
The Tampico Affair began as a minor incident involving U.S. Navy sailors and the Mexican Federal Army loyal to Mexican dictator General Victoriano Huerta. On April 9, 1914, nine sailors had come ashore to secure supplies and were detained by Me ...
: A misunderstanding involving
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
sailors in
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
and army troops loyal to Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta leads to a breakdown in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico.
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
* 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
* 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
– Canadian
Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, and becomes the first woman in the
British Empire
The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
to reach the rank of major.
*
April 14
Events Pre-1600
* 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum.
* 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor Otho ...
–
18 – The first International Criminal Police Congress is held in
Monaco
Monaco (; ), officially the Principality of Monaco (french: Principauté de Monaco; Ligurian: ; oc, Principat de Mónegue), is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Lig ...
; 24 countries are represented, including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is president.
*
April 20
Events Pre-1600
* 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
1601–1900
* 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament.
* 1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroy ...
**
Colorado Coalfield War
The Colorado Coalfield War was a major labor uprising in the Southern and Central Colorado Front Range between September 1913 and December 1914. Striking began in late summer 1913, organized by the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) agai ...
–
Ludlow Massacre: The
Colorado National Guard
The Colorado National Guard consists of the Colorado Army National Guard and Colorado Air National Guard, forming the state of Colorado's component to the United States National Guard. Founded in 1860, the Colorado National Guard falls under t ...
attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in
Ludlow, Colorado
Ludlow is a ghost town in Las Animas County, Colorado, United States. It was the site of the Ludlow Massacre–part of the Colorado Coalfield War–in 1914. The town site is located at the entrance to a canyon in the foothills of the Sangre d ...
, killing 24 people.
** President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
asks the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
to use military force in Mexico, in reaction to the
Tampico Affair
The Tampico Affair began as a minor incident involving U.S. Navy sailors and the Mexican Federal Army loyal to Mexican dictator General Victoriano Huerta. On April 9, 1914, nine sailors had come ashore to secure supplies and were detained by Me ...
.
*
April 21
Events Pre-1600
*753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date).
* 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered ...
–
United States occupation of Veracruz
The United States occupation of Veracruz (April 21 to November 23, 1914) began with the Battle of Veracruz and lasted for seven months. The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, and was re ...
: 2,300 U.S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South Atlantic fleet land in the port city of
Veracruz
Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
, Mexico, which they will occupy for over six months. The
''Ypiranga'' incident occurs when they attempt to enforce an arms embargo against Mexico, by preventing the German cargo steamer from unloading arms for the Mexican government in the port.
*
April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
* 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
– Mexico ends diplomatic relations with the United States for the time being.
*
April 23
Events Pre-1600
* 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene.
* 599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in southe ...
– The
Afrikaans
Afrikaans (, ) is a West Germanic language that evolved in the Dutch Cape Colony from the Dutch vernacular of Holland proper (i.e., the Hollandic dialect) used by Dutch, French, and German settlers and their enslaved people. Afrikaans gra ...
language receives official recognition, when
Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven
Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven (13 August 1873 – 15 July 1932), who published under his initials C.J. Langenhoven, was a South African poet who played a major role in the development of Afrikaans literature and cultural history. His poetry was ...
addresses the English caucus of the
Cape Provincial Council
The Cape Provincial Council was the provincial council of the Cape Province of South Africa. It was created by the South Africa Act 1909, with effect from the formation of the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910. The first election to the provinc ...
.
May
*
May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
* 1169 &ndas ...
–
November 1
Events Pre-1600
* 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
– The ''Exposition Internationale'' is held at
Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...
,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
.
*
May 5
Events Pre-1600
* 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins.
*1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta.
* 1260 – Ku ...
–
November 11
Events Pre-1600
* 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, ''Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the T ...
– The
Jubilee Exhibition (''Jubilæumsutstillingen'') is held at
Kristiania
Oslo ( , , or ; sma, Oslove) is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. The municipality of Oslo had a population of in 2022, while the city's greater urban area had a population of ...
,
Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...
, to mark the centennial of the country's
Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of Legal entity, entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
When ...
.
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
–
J. T. Hearne
John Thomas Hearne (3 May 1867 – 17 April 1944)
cricinfo.com (known as Jack Hearne, J. T. Hearne or Old Jack Hearne ...
becomes the first
bowler to take 3,000
first-class wickets.
*
May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
*1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
* 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
–
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
signs a
Mother's Day
Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the ...
proclamation.
*
May 17
Events Pre-1600
*1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
* 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...
– The
Protocol of Corfu
The Protocol of Corfu ( el, Πρωτόκολλο της Κέρκυρας, sq, Protokolli i Korfuzit), signed on May 17, 1914, was an agreement between the representatives of the Albanian Government and the Provisional Government of Northern Epi ...
provides for the provinces of
Korçë
Korçë (; sq-definite, Korça) is the eighth most populous city of the Republic of Albania and the seat of Korçë County and Korçë Municipality. The total population is 75,994 (2011 census), in a total area of . It stands on a plateau some ...
and
Gjirokastër
Gjirokastër (, sq-definite, Gjirokastra) is a city in the Republic of Albania and the seat of Gjirokastër County and Gjirokastër Municipality. It is located in a valley between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino, at 300 metres above sea le ...
, constituting
Northern Epirus
sq, Epiri i Veriut rup, Epiru di Nsusu
, type = Part of the wider historic region of Epirus
, image_blank_emblem =
, blank_emblem_type =
, image_map = Epirus across Greece Albania4.svg
, map_caption ...
, to be granted autonomy under the nominal sovereignty of
Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...
.
*
May 25
Events Pre-1600
* 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
*240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Tol ...
– In the U.K., the
House of Commons
The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of parliament. ...
passes the
Irish Home Rule Bill
The Irish Home Rule movement was a movement that campaigned for self-government (or "home rule") for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It was the dominant political movement of Irish nationalism from 1870 to the e ...
.
*
May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– The
ocean liner
An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships).
Ca ...
RMS ''Empress of Ireland'' sinks in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence
The Gulf of St. Lawrence () is the outlet of the North American Great Lakes via the St. Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. The gulf is a semi-enclosed sea, covering an area of about and containing about of water, at an average depth of .
...
; 1,012 lives are lost.
*
May 30
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...
– The
ocean liner
An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships).
Ca ...
makes her maiden voyage.
June
* c. June – Blaise Diagne of
Senegal
Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...
becomes the first Black African representative in the French Parliament.
*
June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
–
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
's envoy,
Edward Mandell House
Edward Mandell House (July 26, 1858 – March 28, 1938) was an American diplomat, and an adviser to President Woodrow Wilson. He was known as Colonel House, although his rank was honorary and he had performed no military service. He was a highl ...
, meets with
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (german: Kaiser) and List of monarchs of Prussia, King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until Abdication of Wilhelm II, his abdication on 9 ...
.
*
June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
– The
Brazilian Football Confederation
The Brazilian Football Confederation ( pt, Confederação Brasileira de Futebol; CBF) is the governing body of football in Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country ...
is founded, with
Álvaro Zamith
Álvaro Zamith was a Brazilian sports administrator, who was the first president of the Brazilian Football Confederation, then called CBD (''Confederação Brasileira de Desportos'', or Brazilian Sports Confederation), from 20 November 1915 un ...
as its first president. The
Brazilian Olympic Committee
The Brazilian Olympic Committee or BOC ( pt, Comitê Olímpico do Brasil – COB) is the highest authority in Brazilian sport and the governing body of Brazilian Olympic sport. It was officially founded on June 8, 1914, but World War I cause ...
is founded on the same day.
*
June 9
Events Pre-1600
* 411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.
* 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
* 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending the J ...
–
Pittsburgh Pirate Honus Wagner
Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as "Hans" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pitts ...
becomes the first baseball player in the twentieth century with
3,000 career hits.
*
June 12
Events Pre-1600
* 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.
* 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...
–
Greek genocide
The Greek genocide (, ''Genoktonia ton Ellinon''), which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christians, Christian Ottoman Greeks, Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I ...
:
Ottoman Greeks
Ottoman Greeks ( el, Ρωμιοί; tr, Osmanlı Rumları) were ethnic Greeks who lived in the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922), much of which is in modern Republic of Turkey, Turkey. Ottoman Greeks were Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Orthodox Christians who ...
in
Phocaea
Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, ''Phókaia''; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionia
Ionia () was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day Izmir. It consisted of the northern ...
are
massacred
A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...
by
Turkish irregular troops.
*
June 18
Events Pre-1600
* 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China.
* 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
* 860 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about ...
–
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: The ''Constitutionals'' take
San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de San Luis Potosí), is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and i ...
;
Venustiano Carranza
José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February ...
demands
Victoriano Huerta
José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (; 22 December 1854 – 13 January 1916) was a general in the Mexican Federal Army and 39th President of Mexico, who came to power by coup against the democratically elected government of Francisco I. Madero wit ...
's surrender.
*
June 23
Events Pre-1600
* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
* 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
* 1280 – The Spanish Re ...
– After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal is reopened by the
Kaiser
''Kaiser'' is the German word for "emperor" (female Kaiserin). In general, the German title in principle applies to rulers anywhere in the world above the rank of king (''König''). In English, the (untranslated) word ''Kaiser'' is mainly ap ...
; the British Fleet under
Sir George Warrender visits; the Kaiser inspects the
Dreadnought
The dreadnought (alternatively spelled dreadnaught) was the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century. The first of the kind, the Royal Navy's , had such an impact when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built after her ...
HMS ''King George V''.
*
June 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.
* 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome.
* ...
– In
Manchester, New Hampshire
Manchester is a city in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States. It is the most populous city in New Hampshire. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 115,644.
Manchester is, along with Nashua, one of two seats of New Hamp ...
, a downtown fire causes $400,000 worth of damage and injures 19 firemen.
*
June 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch.
* 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II.
* 1461 – ...
–
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. They were shot at close range whil ...
:
Serbian
Serbian may refer to:
* someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe
* someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people
* Serbian language
* Serbian names
See also
*
*
* Old Serbian (disambiguat ...
nationalist
Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip ( sr-Cyrl, Гаврило Принцип, ; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
Prin ...
, 19, assassinates
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria, (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo was the most immediate cause of World War I.
F ...
and his wife,
Duchess Sophie, in
Sarajevo
Sarajevo ( ; cyrl, Сарајево, ; ''see Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#S, names in other languages'') is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its a ...
,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...
, triggering the
July Crisis
The July Crisis was a series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914, Causes of World War I, which led to the outbreak of World War I (1914–1918). The crisis began on 28 June 1 ...
and World War I.
Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
The anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo consisted of large-scale anti-Serb violence in Sarajevo on 28 and 29 June 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Encouraged by the Austro-Hungarian government, the violent demonstrations ass ...
and
Zagreb
Zagreb ( , , , ) is the capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Croatia#List of cities and towns, largest city of Croatia. It is in the Northern Croatia, northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slop ...
break out.
*
June 29
Events Pre-1600
* 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.
*1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi.
* 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...
** The Secretary of the Austro-Hungarian Legation at
Belgrade
Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...
sends a dispatch to
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
, suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots continue throughout Bosnia.
**
Khioniya Guseva
Khioniya Kuzminichna Guseva ( – after 1919) was a Russian townswoman (''meshchanka'') of Syzran. Starting in 1899 she lived in Tsaritsyn, now known as Volgograd. She became an adherent of the monk Iliodor until 1912. She attempted to kill G ...
attempts and fails to assassinate
Grigori Rasputin
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (; rus, links=no, Григорий Ефимович Распутин ; – ) was a Russian mystic and self-proclaimed holy man who befriended the family of Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia, thus g ...
at his hometown in
Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
.
** The International Exhibition opens at the "White City",
Ashton Gate,
Bristol
Bristol () is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in ...
, England, U.K. It closes on August 15, and the site is used as a military depot.
*
June 30
Events Pre-1600
* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
* 763 – The Byzantine Empire, Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus (763), Battle of Anc ...
– Among those addressing the
Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative suprema ...
, on the murdered
Archduke
Archduke (feminine: Archduchess; German: ''Erzherzog'', feminine form: ''Erzherzogin'') was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty. It denotes a rank within ...
, are Lords
Crewe
Crewe () is a railway town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East in Cheshire, England. The Crewe built-up area had a total population of 75,556 in 2011, which also covers parts of the adjacent civil parishes of Willaston ...
and
Lansdowne Lansdowne or Lansdown may refer to:
People
* Lansdown Guilding (1797–1831), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines naturalist and engraver
*Fenwick Lansdowne (1937–2008), Canadian wildlife artist
* George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne (1666–1735) ...
in the
House of Lords
The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the Bicameralism, upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by Life peer, appointment, Hereditary peer, heredity or Lords Spiritual, official function. Like the ...
, and Messrs
Asquith
Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928), generally known as H. H. Asquith, was a British statesman and Liberal Party (UK), Liberal Party politician who served as Prime Minister of ...
and
Law
Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...
in the
Commons
The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable Earth. These resources are held in common even when owned privately or publicly. Commons ...
.
July
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– The
Royal Naval Air Service
The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914 to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps t ...
, a forerunner of the
Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and ...
, is established.
[Admiralty Circular CW.13963/14, 1 July 1914: "Royal Naval Air Service – Organisation"]
*
July 2
Events Pre-1600
* 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
* 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
– The German
Kaiser
''Kaiser'' is the German word for "emperor" (female Kaiserin). In general, the German title in principle applies to rulers anywhere in the world above the rank of king (''König''). In English, the (untranslated) word ''Kaiser'' is mainly ap ...
announces that he will not attend the Archduke's funeral.
*
July 4
Events Pre-1600
* 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaim ...
** The Archduke's funeral takes place at
Artstetten Castle
Artstetten Castle (german: Schloss Artstetten, ) is a château near the Wachau valley in Lower Austria, in the community of Artstetten-Pöbring.
History
Artstetten Castle was owned by a number of families over the centuries until it was purchas ...
, 50 miles west of
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
,
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
.
**
Lexington Avenue bombing
The Lexington Avenue explosion was the July 4, 1914, explosion of a terrorist bomb in an apartment at 1626 Lexington Avenue in New York City. Members of the Lettish section of the Anarchist Black Cross (ABC) were constructing a bomb in a sev ...
: Four people are killed in New York City, when an
anarchist
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not neces ...
bomb intended to kill
John D. Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American business magnate and philanthropist. He has been widely considered the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history. Rockefeller was ...
explodes prematurely, in the conspirator's apartment.
*
July 5
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge (Danube), Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman Empire, Roman architect Theophilus Pa ...
– A council is held at
Potsdam
Potsdam () is the capital and, with around 183,000 inhabitants, largest city of the German state of Brandenburg. It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region. Potsdam sits on the River Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, downstream of B ...
, powerful leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia, and France.
*
July 7
Events Pre-1600
* 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
* 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistado ...
–
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.
*
July 9
Events Pre-1600
*118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...
– The Emperor of
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
receives the report of the Austro-Hungarian investigation, into the
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. They were shot at close range whil ...
at Sarajevo. ''The Times'' publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as "pestilent rats").
*
July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
–
Nicholas Hartwig
Baron Nicholas Genrikhovich Hartwig (, ; December 16, 1857 – July 10, 1914) was an Imperial Russian diplomat and Tsarist official who served as ambassador to Persia (1906–1908) and Serbia (1909–1914). An ardent Pan-Slavist, he was said to ...
, Russian Minister to
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
, dies of a
heart attack
A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the coronary artery of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may tr ...
while visiting Austrian minister
Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen
Wladimir Rudolf Karl Freiherr Giesl von Gieslingen (18 February 1860 – 20 April 1936) was an Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian general and diplomat during World War I, most famous for delivering the ultimatum to the Serbian government during the ...
, at the Austrian Legation in
Belgrade
Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...
.
*
July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abd ...
**
Baseball
Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game occurs over the course of several plays, with each play generally beginning when a player on the fielding tea ...
legend
Babe Ruth
George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed "the Bambino" and "the Su ...
makes his major league debut, with the
Boston Red Sox
The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. Founded in as one of the American League's eight ...
.
** , the United States Navy's first "
super-dreadnought
The dreadnought (alternatively spelled dreadnaught) was the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century. The first of the kind, the Royal Navy's , had such an impact when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built after her ...
"
battleship
A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. It dominated naval warfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The term ''battleship'' came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ...
, is launched.
** Over 5,000 people attend a rally in
Union Square, Manhattan
Union Square is a historic intersection and surrounding neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City, located where Broadway and the former Bowery Road – now Fourth Avenue – came together in the early 19th century. Its name denotes ...
, called by the Anti-Militarist League to commemorate the
anarchist
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not neces ...
s killed in the July 4th
Lexington Avenue bombing
The Lexington Avenue explosion was the July 4, 1914, explosion of a terrorist bomb in an apartment at 1626 Lexington Avenue in New York City. Members of the Lettish section of the Anarchist Black Cross (ABC) were constructing a bomb in a sev ...
.
*
July 13
Events Pre-1600
* 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
* 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
*1260 – The Livon ...
– Reports surface of a projected Serbian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at
Belgrade
Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...
.
*
July 14
Events Pre-1600
* 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy.
* 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II.
* 1420 ...
– The
Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the
House of Lords
The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the Bicameralism, upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by Life peer, appointment, Hereditary peer, heredity or Lords Spiritual, official function. Like the ...
in the U.K. It allows
Ulster
Ulster (; ga, Ulaidh or ''Cúige Uladh'' ; sco, label= Ulster Scots, Ulstèr or ''Ulster'') is one of the four traditional Irish provinces. It is made up of nine counties: six of these constitute Northern Ireland (a part of the United King ...
counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin.
*
July 15
Events Pre-1600
*484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome
* 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar).
* 756 – ...
–
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
:
Victoriano Huerta
José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (; 22 December 1854 – 13 January 1916) was a general in the Mexican Federal Army and 39th President of Mexico, who came to power by coup against the democratically elected government of Francisco I. Madero wit ...
resigns from the presidency of Mexico, and leaves for
Coatzacoalcos
Coatzacoalcos () is a major port city in the southern part of the Mexican state of Veracruz, mostly on the western side of the Coatzacoalcos River estuary, on the Bay of Campeche, on the southern Gulf of Mexico coast. The city serves as the munic ...
,
Veracruz
Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
.
*
July 18
Events Pre-1600
* 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
* 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
** The
Signal Corps of the
United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...
establishes an Aviation Section, giving definite status to its air service for the first time.
**
The British Fleet is reviewed at
Spithead
Spithead is an area of the Solent and a roadstead off Gilkicker Point in Hampshire, England. It is protected from all winds except those from the southeast. It receives its name from the Spit, a sandbank stretching south from the Hampshire ...
, by
George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936.
Born duri ...
.
**
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...
leaves South Africa for the last time, sailing out of
Cape Town
Cape Town ( af, Kaapstad; , xh, iKapa) is one of South Africa's three capital cities, serving as the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. It is the legislative capital of the country, the oldest city in the country, and the second largest ...
for England, on board the S.S. ''Kinfauns Castle''.
*
July 19
Events Pre-1600
*AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
* 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is re ...
–
George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936.
Born duri ...
summons a conference to discuss the
Irish Home Rule
The Irish Home Rule movement was a movement that campaigned for Devolution, self-government (or "home rule") for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It was the dominant political movement of Irish nationalism from 1 ...
problem. It meets from
July 21
Events Pre-1600
* 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson.
* 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became the ...
–
24, without reaching consensus.
*
July 23
Events Pre-1600
* 811 – Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I plunders the Bulgarian capital of Pliska and captures Khan Krum's treasury.
* 1319 – A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet off Chios. 16 ...
–
July Ultimatum
The July Crisis was a series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914, Causes of World War I, which led to the outbreak of World War I (1914–1918). The crisis began on 28 June 1 ...
: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.
*
July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
– Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
, and begins to
mobilise
Mobilise is a set of Christian conferences, weekend retreats and resources for students and twenties, run by the Newfrontiers family of churches in the UK.
Mobilise Conference
The main Mobilise event is an annual conference which has been attend ...
its own forces.
Radomir Putnik
Radomir Putnik ( sr, Радомир Путник; ; 24 January 1847 – 17 May 1917) was the first Serbian Field Marshal and Chief of the General Staff of the Serbian army in the Balkan Wars and in the First World War. He served in every war in ...
,
Chief of the Serbian General Staff
The Chief of the Serbian Armed Forces General Staff ( sr, Начелник Генералштаба Војске Србије, Načelnik Generalštaba Vojske Srbije) is the chief of the General Staff of the Serbian Armed Forces. The Chief of t ...
, is arrested in
Budapest
Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...
, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.
*
July 26
Events Pre-1600
* 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I.
* 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...
–
Bachelor's Walk massacre
The Bachelor's Walk massacre occurred in Dublin, on 26 July 1914, when a column of troops of the King's Own Scottish Borderers were accosted by a crowd on Bachelor's Walk following the Howth gun-running operation. After some verbal baiting,Connol ...
: The
King's Own Scottish Borderers
The King's Own Scottish Borderers (KOSBs) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Scottish Division. On 28 March 2006 the regiment was amalgamated with the Royal Scots, the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own ...
of the
British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
fire on Dubliners at Bachelor's Walk, killing three people and injuring a further 38.
*
July 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth.
* 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Ste ...
–
Felix Ysagun Manalo registers the ''
Iglesia ni Cristo'' (Church of Christ) with the
government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
of the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
.
![Map Europe alliances 1914-en](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg)
*
July 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
* 1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, T ...
**
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
begins when
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
declares war on
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
by telegram. Tsar
Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Pola ...
orders a partial mobilisation against Austria-Hungary.
**
Henriette Caillaux
Henriette Caillaux (5 December 1874 – 29 January 1943) was a Parisian socialite and second wife of the former Prime Minister of France, Joseph Caillaux. On March 16, 1914, she shot and killed Gaston Calmette, editor of the newspaper ''Le Figaro ...
, wife of French minister
Joseph Caillaux
Joseph-Marie–Auguste Caillaux (; 30 March 1863 Le Mans – 22 November 1944 Mamers) was a French politician of the Third Republic. He was a leader of the French Radical Party and Minister of Finance, but his progressive views in opposition ...
, is acquitted of the murder of
Gaston Calmette
Gaston Calmette (30 July 1858 – 16 March 1914) was a French journalist and newspaper editor, whose death was the subject of a notable murder trial.
Biography
Calmette was born in Montpellier. He was educated at Nice, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferr ...
by reason of
crime passionnel
A crime of passion (French: ''crime passionnel''), in popular usage, refers to a violent crime, especially homicide, in which the perpetrator commits the act against someone because of sudden strong impulse such as anger rather than as a premed ...
.
*
July 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
* 1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, T ...
–
August 10
Events Pre-1600
* 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
* 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
* 991 – Battle of Maldon: Th ...
– World War I:
Pursuit of ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'': British and French naval forces fail to prevent the ships of the
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
Mediterranean Division
The Mediterranean Division (german: Mittelmeerdivision) was a division consisting of the battlecruiser and the light cruiser of the German ''Kaiserliche Marine'' (Imperial Navy) in the early 1910s. It was established in response to the First Balk ...
from reaching the
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (; tr, Çanakkale Boğazı, lit=Strait of Çanakkale, el, Δαρδανέλλια, translit=Dardanéllia), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli from the Gallipoli peninsula or from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (; ...
.
*
July 29
Events Pre-1600
* 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple.
* 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque
Palenque (; Yucatec Maya language, Yucatec Maya: ), also anciently known in the ...
** World War I:
Austro-Hungarian Navy
The Austro-Hungarian Navy or Imperial and Royal War Navy (german: kaiserliche und königliche Kriegsmarine, in short ''k.u.k. Kriegsmarine'', hu, Császári és Királyi Haditengerészet) was the naval force of Austria-Hungary. Ships of the A ...
river monitor
River monitors are military craft designed to patrol rivers.
They are normally the largest of all riverine warships in river flotillas, and mount the heaviest weapons. The name originated from the US Navy's , which made her first appearance in ...
fires the first shots of the war, opening the bombardment of the defences of
Belgrade
Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...
, Serbia's capital.
** In
, the new
Cape Cod Canal
The Cape Cod Canal is an artificial waterway in the U.S. state of Massachusetts connecting Cape Cod Bay in the north to Buzzards Bay in the south, and is part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. The approximately canal traverses the neck o ...
opens; it shortens the trip between New York and
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
by 66 miles, but also turns Cape Cod into an island.
*
July 31
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
* 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...
–
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
orders full mobilisation.
August
![Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1994-022-19A, Mobilmachung, Truppentransport mit der Bahn](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A%2C_Mobilmachung%2C_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg)
*
August 1
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic.
*AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under ...
** The
German Empire
The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
declares war on the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
, following Russia's military
mobilization
Mobilization is the act of assembling and readying military troops and supplies for war. The word ''mobilization'' was first used in a military context in the 1850s to describe the preparation of the Prussian Army. Mobilization theories and ...
in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilisation.
**
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
orders general mobilisation.
** The
New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed c ...
is closed because of the outbreak of war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed.
**
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Sr. (17 August 188710 June 1940) was a Jamaican political activist, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African ...
founds the
Universal Negro Improvement Association
The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) is a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican immigrant to the United States, and Amy Ashwood Garvey. The Pan-African o ...
in
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
.
*
August 2
Events Pre-1600
*338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
*216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...
** German troops occupy
Luxembourg
Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...
, in accordance with the
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan (german: Schlieffen-Plan, ) is a name given after the First World War to German war plans, due to the influence of Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen and his thinking on an invasion of France and Belgium, which began on 4 ...
.
** A secret treaty between the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
and
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
secures Ottoman neutrality.
** At 7:00 pm (local time) Germany issues a 12-hour ultimatum to neutral Belgium, to allow German passage into France.
*
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
** Germany declares war on Russia's ally,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
.
** At 7:00 am (local time) Belgium declines to accept Germany's ultimatum of August 2.
*
August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
** German troops invade Belgium at 8:02 am (local time).
In London the King declares war on Germany, for this violation of Belgian neutrality and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole
British Empire
The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
against Germany. The United States declares neutrality.
**
Ittihad Alexandria
Al Ittihad Alexandria Club ( ar, نادي الإتحاد السكندري), simply known as Al Ittihad, is an Egyptian sports club based in Alexandria, Egypt. The club is mainly known for its professional football team, which currently plays in ...
is founded in
Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandria ...
, Egypt.
**
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
Rear-Admiral
Wilhelm Souchon
Wilhelm Anton Souchon (; 2 June 1864 – 13 January 1946) was a German admiral in World War I. Souchon commanded the ''Kaiserliche Marine''s Mediterranean squadron in the early days of the war. His initiatives played a major part in the entry o ...
bombards the
French Algeria
French Algeria (french: Alger to 1839, then afterwards; unofficially , ar, الجزائر المستعمرة), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of French colonisation of Algeria. French rule in the region began in 1830 with the ...
n ports of
Bône
Annaba ( ar, عنّابة, "Place of the Jujubes"; ber, Aânavaen), formerly known as Bon, Bona and Bône, is a seaport city in the northeastern corner of Algeria, close to the border with Tunisia. Annaba is near the small Seybouse River ...
and
Philippeville
Philippeville (; wa, Flipveye) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Namur, Belgium. The Philippeville municipality includes the former municipalities of Fagnolle, Franchimont, Jamagne, Jamiolle, Merlemont, Ne ...
from battlecruiser and light cruiser .
*
August 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty.
* 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...
** Germany declares war on Belgium.
** The
Kingdom of Montenegro
The Kingdom of Montenegro ( sr, Краљевина Црна Горa, Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present-day Montenegro, during the tumultuous period of time on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World ...
declares war on
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
.
** The guns of
Point Nepean
Point Nepean (Boonwurrung: ''Boona-djalang'') marks the southern point of The Rip (the entrance to Port Phillip) and the most westerly point of the Mornington Peninsula, in Victoria, Australia. It was named in 1802 after the British politician ...
fort at
Port Phillip
Port Phillip (Kulin languages, Kulin: ''Narm-Narm'') or Port Phillip Bay is a horsehead-shaped bay#Types, enclosed bay on the central coast of southern Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia. The bay opens into the Bass Strait via a short, ...
Heads in
Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state with a land area of , the second most populated state (after New South Wales) with a population of over 6.5 million, and the most densely populated state in ...
fire across the bows of the
Norddeutscher Lloyd
Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL; North German Lloyd) was a German shipping company. It was founded by Hermann Henrich Meier and Eduard Crüsemann in Bremen on 20 February 1857. It developed into one of the most important German shipping companies of th ...
steamer , which is attempting to leave the
Port of Melbourne
The Port of Melbourne is the largest port for containerised and general cargo in Australia. It is located in Melbourne, Victoria, and covers an area at the mouth of the Yarra River, downstream of Bolte Bridge, which is at the head of Port Phill ...
in ignorance of the declaration of war, and she is detained; this is said to be the first
Allied
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
shot of the war.
**
SS ''Königin Luise'', taken over two days earlier by the
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
as a
minelayer
A minelayer is any warship, submarine or military aircraft deploying explosive mines. Since World War I the term "minelayer" refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines. "Mine planting" was the term for installing controll ...
, lays
mines off the east coast of England. She is intercepted and sunk by the British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
light cruiser
A light cruiser is a type of small or medium-sized warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light armored cruiser", describing a small ship that carried armor in the same way as an armored cruiser: a protective belt and deck. Prior to thi ...
HMS ''Amphion'', the first German naval loss of the war. The following day, ''Amphion'' strikes mines laid by the ''Königin Luise'' and is sunk with some loss of life, in the first British casualties of the war.
** German
zeppelin
A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin () who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century. Zeppelin's notions were first formulated in 1874Eckener 1938, pp ...
s drop bombs on
Liège
Liège ( , , ; wa, Lîdje ; nl, Luik ; german: Lüttich ) is a major city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.
The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from b ...
, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.
** The first electric
traffic light
Traffic lights, traffic signals, or stoplights – known also as robots in South Africa are signalling devices positioned at intersection (road), road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations in order to control flows of traf ...
is installed between Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, in
Cleveland
Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
, Ohio.
*
August 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty.
* 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...
–
16 – Battle of Liège: The German Army overruns and defeats the Belgians with the first operational use of Big Bertha (howitzer), Big Bertha.
* August 6 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
**
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
declares war on Russia.
** The first engagement between ships (
light cruiser
A light cruiser is a type of small or medium-sized warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light armored cruiser", describing a small ship that carried armor in the same way as an armored cruiser: a protective belt and deck. Prior to thi ...
s) of the British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
and the
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
occurs, when HMS Bristol (1910), HMS ''Bristol'' pursues the (which escapes) in the West Indies.
* August 7 – World War I:
** Battle of Mulhouse: France launches its first attack of the war, in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the province of Alsace from Germany, beginning the Battle of the Frontiers.
** British colonial troops of the British Ghana Regiment, Gold Coast Regiment, entering the German West African colony of Togoland, encounter the German-led police force at a factory in Nuatja, near Lomé, and the police open fire on the patrol.
Alhaji Grunshi returns fire, the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.
* August 8
** German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul Samba, for high treason.
** Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition sets sail on the ''Endurance (1912 ship), Endurance'' from Britain, in an attempt to cross Antarctica.
* August 9 – World War I: British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Birmingham (1913), HMS ''Birmingham'' rams and sinks German submarine ''SM U-15 (Germany), U-15'' off Fair Isle, the first U-boat lost in action.
* August 12 – World War I:
** Battle of Halen: Belgian troops defeat German cavalry, but the battle does little to delay the German invasion of Belgium (1914), German invasion of Belgium.
** Declarations of war by Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Formal declaration of war by the United Kingdom on
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
.
* August 13 – The Teoloyucan Treaties are signed in the State of Mexico.
* August 15
** The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the .
**
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
:
Venustiano Carranza
José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February ...
's troops under general Álvaro Obregón enter Mexico City.
* August 15–August 24, 24 – World War I: Battle of Cer: Serbian troops defeat the Austro-Hungarian army, marking the first Entente victory of the War.
* August 16 – World War I:
** German warships and (both commissioned in 1912), which reached Constantinople on
August 10
Events Pre-1600
* 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
* 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
* 991 – Battle of Maldon: Th ...
, are transferred to the Ottoman Navy, ''Goeben'' becoming its flagship, ''Yavuz Sultan Selim''.
** Lake Nyasa is the scene of a brief naval battle, when Captain Edmund Rhoades, commander of the British steamship SS Gwendolen, SS ''Gwendolen'', hears that war has broken out, and he receives orders from the British high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only ship on the lake, the ''Hermann von Wissmann'', commanded by a Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew finds the ''Hermann von Wissmann'' in a bay near "Sphinxhaven", in German East African territorial waters. ''Gwendolen'' disables the German vessel with a single cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 metres (2,000 yards). This very brief engagement is hailed by ''The Times'' in England, as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.
* August 17–September 2 – World War I: The Battle of Tannenberg begins between German and Russian forces.
* August 20 – World War I:
** German Empire, German forces occupy Brussels.
** Pope Pius X dies.
* August 22 – World War I – Battle of Rossignol: German forces decisively defeat the French.
* August 23 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** Battle of Mons: In its first major action, the British Expeditionary Force (World War I), British Expeditionary Force holds the German forces, but then begins a month-long fighting Great Retreat to the Marne (river), Marne.
** Empire of Japan, Japan declares war on Germany.
* August 26 – World War I:
** The Togoland Campaign ends, when the German West African colony of Togoland (Togo from 1960) surrenders to Britain and France.
** Battle of Río de Oro: British Royal Navy protected cruiser HMS Highflyer (1898), HMS ''Highflyer'' forces the , sailing as an auxiliary cruiser, to Scuttling, scuttle.
* August 26–August 27, 27 – Battle of Le Cateau: British, French and Belgian forces make a successful tactical retreat from the German advance.
* August 26–August 30, 30 – Battle of Tannenberg: The Russian 2nd Army (Russian Empire), Second Army is surrounded and defeated.
* August 28 – Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914), Battle of Heligoland Bight: British cruisers under Admiral Beatty sink three German cruisers.
* August 29–August 30, 30 – The Battle of St. Quentin (1914), Battle of St. Quentin: French forces hold back the German advance.
September
![Benedictus XV](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Benedictus_XV.jpg)
* September 1
** (August 19 Old Style) Saint Petersburg in Russia changes its name to ''Petrograd''.
** The last known passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in the Cincinnati Zoo from old age.
* September 2 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
: The French village of Moronvilliers is occupied by the Germans.
* September 3
** Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeds Pope Pius X, becoming the 258th pope.
** William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months, due to opposition to his rule.
* September 5 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Britain,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
, or
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.
** The First Battle of the Marne begins: Situated north-east of Paris, the French 6th Army under Michel-Joseph Maunoury, General Maunoury attacks German forces near Paris. Over 2,000,000 fight (500,000 are killed/wounded) in the
Allied
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
victory. A French and British counterattack at the Marne (river), Marne ends the German advance on Paris.
** British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder (1904), HMS ''Pathfinder'' is sunk by SM U-21 (Germany), German submarine ''U-21'' in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.
* September 6–September 8, 8 – French Army troops are rushed from Paris to join the First Battle of the Marne using Renault Type AG taxicabs.
* September 7 – World War I: Turkey declares war on Belgium.
* September 10 – World War I: South Africa declares war on Germany.
* September 11 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** The Battle of Rawa ends in the defeat of Austro-Hungarian forces by the Russians.
** First Battle of the Masurian Lakes: A German offensive pushes the Russian First Army back across its entire front.
** Battle of Bita Paka: The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force lands on German New Guinea and secures a strategically significant wireless station, the first major Australian military engagement of the War.
* September 13 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** The conclusion of the Battle of Grand Couronné ends the Battle of the Frontiers, with the north-east segment of the Western Front (World War I), Western Front stabilising.
** Union of South Africa, South African troops open hostilities in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), with an assault on the Ramansdrift police station.
* September 14 – Royal Australian Navy submarine HMAS AE1 vanishes while on combat patrol near Papua New Guinea, beginning one of Australia's longest naval mysteries; the sunken vessel will not be discovered for another 103 years.
* September 15 – The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boers against the government of the Union of South Africa begins. General Koos de la Rey, a Boer general associated with the leaders of the rebellion, is shot dead after his driver fails to stop at a police roadblock.
* September 17
** World War I: The Race to the Sea, by opposing forces on the Western Front (World War I), Western Front, begins.
** Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
* September 21 – World War I: British Imperial police forces capture Luhonono, Schuckmannsburg, in the Caprivi Strip of German South-West Africa.
* September 22 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** Action of 22 September 1914: German submarine ''SM U-9, U-9'' torpedoes three British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
armoured cruisers, , and , with the death of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.
** Bombardment of Papeete: German naval forces bombard Papeete, French Polynesia.
** German light cruiser SMS Emden, SMS ''Emden'' bombards Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in the War.
* September 25 – World War I: The first Battle of Albert (1914), Battle of Albert begins as part of the Race to the Sea.
* September 26 – The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established, by the Federal Trade Commission Act.
* September 28 – World War I: The First Battle of the Aisne ends indecisively.
* September 30
** World War I: British Indian Army Indian Army during World War I#Indian Expeditionary Force A, Expeditionary Force A arrives at Marseille for service in the Ypres Salient of the Western Front (World War I), Western Front.
** The Flying Squadron of America is established, to promote the temperance movement.
October
* October 3 – World War I: 25,000 Canada, Canadian troops depart for Europe.
* October 4
** The 1914 Burdur earthquake occurs in Turkey.
** The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three is signed, supporting the early German Empire, German war effort.
* October 9 – World War I: Siege of Antwerp (1914), Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp (Belgium) falls to German troops.
* October 14 – World War I: The Canadian Expeditionary Force arrives on 32
ocean liner
An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships).
Ca ...
s, in Plymouth Sound.
* October 16–October 31, 31– World War I: Battle of the Yser: The Belgian army halts the German advance, but with heavy losses.
* October 19 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** The First Battle of Ypres begins.
** The Race to the Sea effectively ends, with the Western Front (World War I), Western Front reaching the Belgian coast.
* October 27 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** British super-dreadnought battleship (23,400 tons) is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser ''Berlin''.
** The Greek army occupies
Northern Epirus
sq, Epiri i Veriut rup, Epiru di Nsusu
, type = Part of the wider historic region of Epirus
, image_blank_emblem =
, blank_emblem_type =
, image_map = Epirus across Greece Albania4.svg
, map_caption ...
with the approval of the Allies of World War I, Allies.
* October 28 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** Battle of Penang, British Malaya, Malaya: German cruiser SMS Emden (1906), ''Emden'' sinks a Russian cruiser and French destroyer, before escaping.
** Participants in the
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. They were shot at close range whil ...
are sentenced at Sarajevo.
Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip ( sr-Cyrl, Гаврило Принцип, ; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
Prin ...
, being under 20 years of age at the time of the assassination, cannot be given the death penalty, and is given a 20-year prison sentence instead.
* October 29 – World War I: Ottoman Empire, Ottoman warships shell Russian Black Sea ports; Russia, France, and Britain declare war on
November 1
Events Pre-1600
* 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
–November 5.
* October 31 – World War I: Battle of the Vistula River concludes in a Russian victory over German and Austro-Hungarian forces around Warsaw.
November
*
November 1
Events Pre-1600
* 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
– World War I: Battle of Coronel – A British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock is met in the eastern Pacific and defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee in the first British naval defeat of the war, resulting in the loss of HMS Good Hope (1901), HMS ''Good Hope'' and HMS Monmouth (1901), HMS ''Monmouth''.
* November 5 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
:
** United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Britain and
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
declaration of war, declare war on Ottoman Empire, Turkey.
The United Kingdom annexes Cyprus, which it controls until Cyprus' declaration of independence in 1960.
** The Battle of Tanga ends, with the British Indian Army during World War I#Indian Expeditionary Force B, Indian Expeditionary Force B failing to capture German East Africa defences.
** Alpha Phi Delta is founded as a Greek social Fraternities and sororities in North America, fraternity at Syracuse University in the United States.
* November 7 – Siege of Tsingtao: The Japanese and British seize Jiaozhou Bay in China, the base of the German East Asia Squadron.
* November 9 – World War I: Battle of Cocos – The German cruiser ''SMS Emden (1906), Emden'', the last active warship of the Central Powers in the Indian Ocean, is sunk by the Australian cruiser ''HMAS Sydney (1912), Sydney''.
* November 13 – Zaian War: Battle of El Herri – Zayanes (Berbers) in Morocco overpower French forces.
* November 14 – The Joensuu Town Hall, designed by Eliel Saarinen, was inaugurated in Joensuu, Finland.
* November 16 – A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business.
* November 21 – In New Haven, Connecticut, the new Yale Bowl officially opens; Harvard defeats Yale 36–0 in the first American football game held here.
* November 23 –
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: The last of U.S. forces withdraw from
Veracruz
Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
, occupied seven months earlier in response to the
Tampico Affair
The Tampico Affair began as a minor incident involving U.S. Navy sailors and the Mexican Federal Army loyal to Mexican dictator General Victoriano Huerta. On April 9, 1914, nine sailors had come ashore to secure supplies and were detained by Me ...
;
Venustiano Carranza
José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February ...
's troops take over, and Carranza makes the town his headquarters.
* November 24 – Benito Mussolini is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.
* November 28 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
: Following a war-induced closure in July, the
New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed c ...
re-opens for bond (finance), bond trading.
December
* December 2 – Serbian Campaign (World War I): Austro-Hungarian forces occupy Belgrade, Serbia.
*December 5 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition began in an attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.
* December 8 – World War I: Battle of the Falkland Islands: A superior British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
squadron under Doveton Sturdee defeats ships of the
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
under Maximilian von Spee.
* December 12 – The
New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed c ...
re-opens, having been closed since
August 1
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic.
*AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under ...
, except for bond trading.
* December 15 – A gas explosion at the Hōjō Coal Mine Disaster, Mitsubishi Hōjō mine disaster, Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687 people (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).
* December 16 – World War I: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby:
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
battlecruisers attack British North Sea ports, resulting in 137 deaths.
* December 17 – United States President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (initially introduced by Francis Burton Harrison). This begins the ongoing international War on drugs, War on Drugs.
* December 18 – Sultanate of Egypt, Egypt becomes a British protectorate.
* December 19
** Serbian Campaign (World War I): The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive
Serbian
Serbian may refer to:
* someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe
* someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people
* Serbian language
* Serbian names
See also
*
*
* Old Serbian (disambiguat ...
victory over
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
.
** Mohandas Gandhi leaves England, sailing for India on this date (accompanied by his wife Kasturba Gandhi, Kasturba). He begins to learn the Bengali language whilst on board.
* December 20 – Tokyo Station, officially opens, and changes from railway base station from Shinbashi Station in Japan.
* December 24 –
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
: An unofficial, temporary Christmas truce begins, between British and German soldiers on the Western Front (World War I), Western Front.
* December 25 – World War I: Cuxhaven Raid: British aircraft launched from warships attack the German port of Cuxhaven with submarine support, although little damage is caused.
Date unknown
* The capital of the Guangxi Province of China is moved from Guilin to Nanning.
* Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.
* The first everyday items made of stainless steel come into public circulation.
* The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabrication of vessels for the
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
.
* Phi Sigma, a local undergraduate classical club, is founded by a group of students in the Greek Department at the University of Chicago.
* Fashion and perfumes company Puig (company), Puig is founded in Barcelona.
* Woodman's of Essex, the famous family-owned clam shack on Boston's North Shore, is opened.
Births
January
![Noor Inayat Khan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Noor_Inayat_Khan.jpeg)
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
– Noor Inayat Khan (aka Nora Baker), World War II heroine (executed 1944)
* January 4 – Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist (d. 2007)
* January 5 – George Reeves, American actor (''Superman'') (d. 1959)
* January 9 – Kenny Clarke, American jazz drummer and bandleader (d. 1985)
* January 10 – Yu Kuo-hwa, Chinese politician, 23rd Premier of the Republic of China (d. 2000)
* January 14
** Magda Fedor, Hungarian sports shooter (d. 2017)
** Harold Russell, Canadian actor (d. 2002)
* January 15 – Hugh Trevor-Roper, English historian (d. 2003)
* January 18 – Arno Schmidt, German author (d. 1979)
* January 26 – Princess Hadice Hayriye Ayshe Dürrühsehvar (d. 2006)
* January 30 – John Ireland (actor), John Ireland, Canadian-born actor (d. 1992)
* January 31 – Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer (d. 1994)
February
![Robert Alda 1976](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Robert_Alda_1976.JPG)
* February 3
** Mary Carlisle, American actress, singer and dancer (d. 2018)
** George Nissen, American gymnast, inventor of the trampoline (d. 2010)
* February 4 – Alfred Andersch, German writer (d. 1980)
* February 5
** William S. Burroughs, American author (d. 1997)
** Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, British scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
* February 6
** Silvius Magnago, Italian politician (d. 2010)
** Roza Papo, Yugoslav physician and general (d. 1984)
* February 10 – Larry Adler, American musician (d. 2001)
*
February 12
Events Pre-1600
*1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
*1429 – English forces under ...
– Lazar Koliševski, Yugoslav communist political leader (d. 2000)
* February 15 – Kevin McCarthy (actor), Kevin McCarthy, American actor (d. 2010)
*
February 17
Events Pre-1600
* 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau.
* 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of ...
– Arthur Kennedy, American actor (d. 1990)
*February 18 – Mahmoud Zulfikar, Egyptian film director (d. 1970)
* February 19 – Jacques Dufilho, French comedian, actor (d. 2005)
* February 22 – Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012)
* February 23 – Theofiel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist (d. 2005)
*
February 26
Events Pre-1600
*747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events.
* 364 – Valentinian I is p ...
– Robert Alda, American-born actor, father of actor Alan Alda (d. 1986)
March
![Octavio Paz - 1988 Malmö](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malm%C3%B6.jpg)
* March 1 – Ralph Ellison, American writer (d. 1994)
* March 2
** Hansi Knoteck, Austrian actress (d. 2014)
** Martin Ritt, American director (d. 1990)
* March 3
** Julio Franco Arango, Colombian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1980)
** Asger Jorn, Danish painter (d. 1973)
* March 4 – Ward Kimball, American cartoonist (d. 2002)
* March 6 – Kiril Kondrashin, Russian conductor (d. 1981)
* March 8 – Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian physicist (d. 1987)
* March 13 – Saroj Dutta, Indian communist leader (d. 1971)
* March 14 ;Founder FS Modise, Leader of IPHC
*
March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eigh ...
– Juan Carlos Onganía, 35th President of Argentina (d. 1995)
* March 19 – Jiang Qing, Chinese politician (d. 1991)
* March 21 – Paul Tortelier, French cellist and composer (d. 1990)
* March 23 – Wendell Smith (sportswriter), Wendell Smith, African American sportswriter (d. 1972)
* March 25 – Norman Borlaug, American agricultural scientist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2009)
* March 26 – William Westmoreland, American Vietnam War general (d. 2005)
* March 28 – Edmund Muskie, American politician (d. 1996)
* March 30 – Sonny Boy Williamson I, American musician (d. 1948)
* March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat, writer, and Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
April
![María Félix 1947](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix_1947.jpg)
* April 2
** Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
** Hans Wegner, Danish furniture designer (d. 2007)
* April 3 – Sam Manekshaw, Field Marshal of the Indian Army (d. 2008)
*
April 4
Events Pre-1600
* 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
* 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground.
* 611 – ...
** David W. Goodall, Australian botanist and ecologist (d. 2018)
** Marguerite Duras, French author, director (d. 1996)
* April 8 – María Félix, Mexican actress (d. April 8, 2002)
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
* 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
* 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
** Norman McLaren, Scots-born Canadian animator and director (d. 1987)
** Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 2003)
* April 12
** Armen Alchian, American economist (d. 2013)
** Adriaan Blaauw, Dutch astronomer (d. 2010)
** Gretel Bergmann, German-Jewish athlete (d. 2017)
** Jan van Cauwelaert, Belgian bishop (d. 2016)
* April 13 – Orhan Veli, Turkish poet (d. 1950)
* April 18 – Claire Martin (writer), Claire Martin, Canadian author (d. 2014)
*
April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
* 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
** Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian film director (d. 2008)
** Jan de Hartog, Dutch writer (d. 2002)
** Michael Wittmann, German tank commander (d. 1944)
* April 24 – Jan Karski, Polish World War II resistance movement fighter (d. 2000)
* April 25 – Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 51st President of Venezuela (d. 2001)
* April 26
** Bernard Malamud, American author (d. 1986)
** Lilian Rolfe, French-born World War II heroine (d. 1945)
* April 30 – Dorival Caymmi, Brazilian songwriter (d. 2008)
May
![Joe Louis by van Vechten](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Joe_Louis_by_van_Vechten.jpg)
*
May 5
Events Pre-1600
* 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins.
*1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta.
* 1260 – Ku ...
– Tyrone Power, American actor (d. 1958)
* May 7 – Ye Fei, Filipino-Chinese general and politician (d. 1999)
* May 8 – Romain Gary, Russian-born writer, diplomat (d. 1980)
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
** Carlo Maria Giulini, conductor (d. 2005)
** Hank Snow, Canadian country musician (d. 1999)
* May 12 – Bertus Aafjes, Dutch poet (d. 1993)
* May 13 – Joe Louis, African-American boxer (d. 1981)
*
May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
*1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
* 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
** Teodor Oizerman, Soviet and Russian philosopher and academician (d. 2017)
** Corneliu Coposu, Romanian politician (d. 1995)
** Hideko Maehata, Japanese swimmer (d. 1995)
* May 16 – Edward T. Hall, American anthropologist (d. 2009)
* May 18
** Georg von Tiesenhausen, German-American rocket scientist (d. 2018)
** Boris Christoff, Bulgarian opera singer (d. 1993)
** Pierre Balmain, French fashion designer (d. 1982)
* May 19
** Max Perutz, Austrian-born molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2002)
** Alex Shibicky, Canadian hockey player (d. 2005)
* May 20 – Avraham Shapira, head of the Beth din, Rabbinical court of Jerusalem and the Supreme Rabbinic Court; rosh yeshiva of Mercaz HaRav (d. 2007)
* May 22
** Vance Packard, American social critic and author (d. 1996)
** Sun Ra, American musician (d. 1993)
* May 24
** Lilli Palmer, German actress (d. 1986)
** George Tabori, Hungarian writer and director (d. 2007)
* May 26 – Irmã Dulce Pontes, Brazilian Catholic Franciscan Sister (d. 1992)
* May 31 – Akira Ifukube, Japanese classical music, film composer (d. 2006)
June
![E G Marshall The Bold Ones 1970](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/E_G_Marshall_The_Bold_Ones_1970.JPG)
* June 6 – Zhang Jingfu, Chinese politician (d. 2015)
* June 10 – Joseph DePietro, American weightlifter (d. 1999)
*
June 12
Events Pre-1600
* 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.
* 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...
– Go Seigen, Japanese Go player (d. 2014)
* June 14
**Gisèle Casadesus, French actress (d. 2017)
**Ruthven Todd, Scottish poet, artist, and novelist (d. 1978)
* June 15
** Yuri Andropov, Soviet leader (d. 1984)
** Saul Steinberg, Romanian-born American cartoonist (d. 1999)
*
June 18
Events Pre-1600
* 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China.
* 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
* 860 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about ...
– E. G. Marshall, American actor (d. 1998)
* June 20 – Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, Turkish archaeologist
* June 21 – William Vickrey, Canadian economist, Nobel Prize in Economics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
* June 22 – Mei Zhi, Chinese children's author, essayist (d. 2004)
*
June 23
Events Pre-1600
* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
* 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
* 1280 – The Spanish Re ...
– Juán Landolfi, Argentine-Italian football player (d. unknown)
* June 25 – Luz Magsaysay, 7th First Lady of the Philippines (d. 2004)
* June 26
** Laurie Lee, English author (d. 1997)
** Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and teacher (d. 1997)
** Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (d. 2001)
* June 27 – Margaret Ekpo, Nigerian women's rights activist, social mobilizer and politician (d. 2006)
*
June 29
Events Pre-1600
* 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.
*1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi.
* 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...
– Rafael Kubelík, Czech-born conductor (d. 1996)
*
June 30
Events Pre-1600
* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
* 763 – The Byzantine Empire, Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus (763), Battle of Anc ...
– Francisco da Costa Gomes, 15th President of Portugal (d. 2001)
July
![Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin (1976)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Michael_Morris%2C_3rd_Baron_Killanin_%281976%29.jpg)
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– Christl Cranz, German alpine skier (d. 2004)
*
July 2
Events Pre-1600
* 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
* 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
– Erich Topp, German commander (d. 2005)
*
July 5
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge (Danube), Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman Empire, Roman architect Theophilus Pa ...
– Yitzhak Rafael, Israeli politician (d. 1999)
* July 6
** Otto Bumbel, Brazilian professional football manager (d. 1998)
** Vincent J. McMahon, American professional wrestling promoter (d. 1984)
* July 8
** Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (d. 2010)
** Billy Eckstine, American jazz musician and singer (d. 1993)
*
July 9
Events Pre-1600
*118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...
– Willi Stoph, Prime Minister (1964-1973, 1976-1989) and Chairman of the Council of State (1973-1976) of the GDR (d. 1999)
*
July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
** Joe Shuster, Canadian-born comic book author (d. 1992)
** Rempo Urip, Indonesian director (d. 2001)
*
July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abd ...
** Mohammad Al-Abbasi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1972)
** Aníbal Troilo, Argentine tango musician (d. 1975)
*
July 13
Events Pre-1600
* 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
* 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
*1260 – The Livon ...
** Cyril Stevenson, Bahamian politician and newspaper publisher (d. 2006)
** Trevor Berghan, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 1998)
*
July 15
Events Pre-1600
*484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome
* 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar).
* 756 – ...
** Birabongse Bhanudej, Siamese prince, racing driver and sailor, and pilot (d. 1985)
** Akhtar Hameed Khan, Indian-born pioneer of microcredit in developing countries (d. 1999)
** Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (d. 1996)
* July 16 – Herbert Nürnberg, German boxer (d. 1995)
* July 17 – Klári Tolnay, Hungarian actress (d. 1998)
*
July 18
Events Pre-1600
* 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
* 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
** Gino Bartali, Italian road cyclist (d. 2000)
** Jo Cals, Dutch politician and jurist, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1965–1966) (d. 1971)
*
July 19
Events Pre-1600
*AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
* 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is re ...
** César Povolny, German-French association footballer (d. unknown)
** Hans Maršálek, Austrian typesetter, political activist, detective and historian (d. 2011)
** John Kenneth Macalister, Canadian World War II hero (d. 1944)
* July 20
** Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian ascetic and philanthropist (d. 2018)
** Charilaos Florakis, Greek Communist leader (d. 2005)
** Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal (d. 2013)
*
July 21
Events Pre-1600
* 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson.
* 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became the ...
** Pan Jin-yu, (d. 2010)
** Suso Cecchi d'Amico, Italian screenwriter and actress (d. 2010)
* July 22 – Charles Régnier, German actor, director, radio actor and translator (d. 2001)
* July 24
** Frances Oldham Kelsey, American Food and Drug Administration reviewer (d. 2015)
** Ed Mirvish, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2007)
*
July 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth.
* 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Ste ...
– Gusti Huber, Austrian actress (d. 1993)
* July 30 – Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, Irish president of the International Olympic Committee (d. 1999)
*
July 31
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
* 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...
– Louis de Funès, French comedy actor (d. 1983)
August
![Tove-Jansson-1967](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Tove-Jansson-1967.jpg)
*
August 2
Events Pre-1600
*338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
*216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...
– Beatrice Straight, American actress (d. 2001)
* August 8 – Yabing Masalon Dulo, Filipino textile master weaver and dyer (d. 2021)
* August 9
** Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)
** Tove Jansson, Finnish author (d. 2001)
*
August 10
Events Pre-1600
* 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
* 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
* 991 – Battle of Maldon: Th ...
– Ken Annakin, British film director (d. 2009)
* August 15 – Paul Rand, American graphic designer (d. 1996)
* August 17 – Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian World War II heroine (d. 1945)
* August 19
** Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, French politician, 95th Prime Minister of France (d. 1993)
** Margaret Morgan Lawrence, American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (d. 2019)
* August 26 – Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (d. 1984)
* August 30 – Julie Bishop (actress), Julie Bishop, American actress (d. 2001)
September
* September 1 – Tsuneko Sasamoto, Japanese photographer (d. 2022)
* September 5
** Sor Isolina Ferré, Puerto Rican Roman Catholic nun (d. 2000)
** Gail Kubik, American composer (d. 1984)
** Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet (d. 2018)
* September 7 – James Van Allen, American physicist (d. 2006)
* September 10
** Terence O'Neill, 4th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 1990)
** Robert Wise, American film director and producer (d. 2005)
* September 11 – Serbian Patriarch Pavle II, Serbian Patriarch Pavle, (d. 2009)
* September 12
** Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (d. 1999)
** Janusz Żurakowski, Polish-born pilot (d. 2004)
* September 14 – Clayton Moore, American actor (''The Lone Ranger'') (d. 1999)
* September 15
** Creighton Abrams, U.S. Vietnam War general (d. 1974)
** Subandrio, Indonesian politician (d. 2004)
** Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (d. 1999)
** Jens Otto Krag, Danish politician, 18th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1978)
* September 17 – Lambert Mascarenhas, Indian journalist (d. 2021)
* September 18
** Jack Cardiff, British cinematographer, director, and photographer (d. 2009)
* September 20 – Kenneth More, English actor (d. 1982)
* September 23 – Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan of Brunei (d. 1986)
* September 24 – John Kerr (governor-general), John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)
* September 25 – Elena Lucena, Argentine film actress (d. 2015)
* September 26 – Jack LaLanne, American fitness, exercise and nutritional expert (d. 2011)
*
September 27
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
* 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuto ...
– Sophie Sooäär, Estonian actress and singer (d. 1996)
October
* October 1 – Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian, writer, and Librarian of Congress (d. 2004)
* October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer (d. 2002)
* October 7 – Begum Akhtar, Indian singer (d. 1974)
* October 9 – Guy Charmot, French resistance fighter and doctor (d. 2019)
* October 10 – Agostino Straulino, Italian sailor and sailboat racer (d. 2004)
* October 14 – Raymond Davis Jr., American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
* October 15 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (d. 2007)
* October 17 – Jerry Siegel, American comic book author (d. 1996)
* October 19 – Juanita Moore, African-American actress (d. 2014)
* October 20 – James C. Floyd, Canadian aerospace engineer
* October 21 – Martin Gardner, American writer (d. 2010)
* October 24 – František Čapek, Czechoslovakian canoeist (d. 2008)
* October 25 – John Berryman, American poet (d. 1972)
* October 26 – Jackie Coogan, American actor (d. 1984)
* October 27 – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (d. 1953)
* October 28
** Jonas Salk, American medical scientist (d. 1995)
** Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
* October 30 – Leabua Jonathan, 2nd Prime Minister of Lesotho (d. 1987)
November
![1939 Playball Joe Dimaggio (minus halftone)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/1939_Playball_Joe_Dimaggio_%28minus_halftone%29.jpg)
*
November 1
Events Pre-1600
* 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
– Moshe Teitelbaum (Satmar), Moshe Teitelbaum, Hassidic rabbi (d. 2006)
* November 2 – Ray Walston, American actor (d. 2001)
* November 8
** George Dantzig, Polish-born American mathematician (d. 2005)
** Norman Lloyd, American actor, producer, and director (d. 2021)
* November 9 – Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (d. 2000)
*
November 11
Events Pre-1600
* 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, ''Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the T ...
** Howard Fast, American novelist and television writer (d. 2003)
** Yue Yiqin, Chinese flying ace (d. 1937)
* November 13
** Alberto Lattuada, Italian film director (d. 2005)
** Amelia Bence, Argentine actress (d. 2016)
* November 18 – William Phillips (economist), William Phillips, New Zealand economist (d. 1974)
* November 21 – Abd al-Karim Qasim, Iraqi general, 24th Prime Minister of Iraq (d. 1963)
* November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player (d. 1999)
December
![Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F054633-0020, Ludwigshafen, CDU-Bundesparteitag, Carstens](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%2C_Carstens.jpg)
* December 9 – Frances Reid, American actress (d. 2010)
* December 10 – Dorothy Lamour, American actress and singer (d. 1996)
* December 11 – Gabriel Chiramel, Indian priest, zoologist and author (d. 2017)
* December 12 – Patrick O'Brian, British novelist (d. 2000)
* December 13 – Larry Parks, American actor (d. 1975)
* December 14
**Karl Carstens, German president (d. 1992)
**Frane Milčinski, Frane Milčinski - Ježek, Slovene language, Slovene poet, Satire, satirist, comedian, actor, children's writer and director (d. 1988)
**Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (d. 2003),
* December 15 – Anatole Abragam, French physicist (d. 2011)
* December 21 – Frank Fenner, Australian virologist and microbiologist (d. 2010)
* December 24 – Zoya Bulgakova, Russian Soviet stage actress (d. 2017)
* December 26 – Richard Widmark, American actor (d. 2008)
* December 28 – Bidia Dandaron, Buddhist author and teacher in the USSR (d. 1974)
Date unknown
* Makhosini Dlamini, 1st Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. 1978)
Deaths
January
![Mother Françoise de Sales Aviat](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Mother_Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Sales_Aviat.jpg)
* January 8 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier and politician, 30th governor of Kentucky (b. 1823)
* January 10 – Leonie Aviat, French Roman Catholic religious sister and saint (b. 1844)
*
January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...
– Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer and patron of the arts (b. 1842)
* January 15 – Camilo Garcia de Polavieja, Spanish general (b. 1838)
* January 16 – Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral (b. 1843)
* January 17 – Fernand Foureau, French explorer (b. 1850)
* January 19
** Candelaria Figueredo, Cuban patriot (b. 1852)
** Georges Picquart, French general and politician (b. 1854)
* January 26 – Jose Gabriel del Rosario Brochero, Argentine Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1840)
February
![Per P%C3%A5lsson-2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Per_P%C3%A5lsson-2.jpg)
* February 1 – Albert Günther, German-born British zoologist (b. 1830)
* February 4 – Per Pålsson, Swedish criminal (b. 1828)
*
February 13
Events Pre-1600
* 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
*1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
*1462 – The ...
– Alphonse Bertillon, French police officer and forensic scientist (b. 1853)
* February 20 – Federico Degetau, Puerto Rican politician (b. 1862)
* February 24 – Joshua Chamberlain, American Civil War general (b. 1828)
* February 25 – John Tenniel, Sir John Tenniel, English illustrator (b. 1820)
March
![Morgenstern-h420](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Morgenstern-h420.jpg)
* March 1
** Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, British aristocrat and politician, 2-time Governor-General of Canada (b. 1845)
** Carlos Felipe Morales, Dominican Roman Catholic priest, politician and military figure, 30th President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1867)
* March 9 – José Luciano de Castro, Portuguese politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1834)
* March 12 – George Westinghouse, American entrepreneur (b. 1846)
* March 13
** Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, Indian Muslim scholar (b. 1841)
** María Tubau, Spanish actress (b. 1854)
* March 16
**
Gaston Calmette
Gaston Calmette (30 July 1858 – 16 March 1914) was a French journalist and newspaper editor, whose death was the subject of a notable murder trial.
Biography
Calmette was born in Montpellier. He was educated at Nice, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferr ...
, French journalist, editor of ''Le Figaro'' (b. 1858)
** Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)
* March 18 – Andreas Beck (explorer), Andreas Beck, Norwegian explorer (b. 1864)
* March 19 – Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist (b. 1850)
* March 22 – Allen Caperton Braxton, American lawyer (b. 1862)
* March 23 – Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès, Lebanese Maronite, Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic nun and saint (b. 1832)
* March 25 – Frédéric Mistral, French writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)
* March 31 – Christian Morgenstern, German poet and writer (b. 1871)
April
![Eduard Suess 1869](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg)
* April 1 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1876)
* April 2 – Paul Heyse, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)
* April 7
** Mohammad Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan), Mohammad Ayyub Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1855)
** Sui Sin Far, English-born writer (b. 1865)
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
* 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
* 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
– Elena Guerra, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1835)
* April 15 – Count Frederick of Hohenau (b. 1857)
* April 16
** George William Hill, American astronomer and mathematician (b. 1838)
** Jacinta Parejo, Venezuelan public figure, First Lady of Venezuela (b. 1845)
* April 19
** Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher (b. 1839)
** Empress Shōken, empress-consort of the Emperor Meiji, Meiji Emperor (b. 1849)
* April 24 – Benedict Menni, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1841)
* April 25 – Géza Fejérváry, 16th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1833)
* April 26 – Eduard Suess, Austrian geologist (b. 1831)
* April 28 – Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem, French botanist (b. 1839)
May
![Eugenio Montero Ríos 1914](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Eugenio_Montero_R%C3%ADos_1914.jpg)
* May 2 – John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, husband of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, Princess Louise of the United Kingdom (b. 1845)
* May 3 – Élisabeth Leseur, French Roman Catholic mystic and servant of God (b. 1866)
* May 8 – Seth Edulji Dinshaw, Indian Parsi philanthropist (b. 1842)
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer (b. 1854)
* May 10 – Lillian Nordica, American opera singer (b. 1857)
* May 12 – Eugenio Montero Ríos, 29th Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1832)
* May 15 – Ida Freund, Austrian-born British chemist and educator (b. 1863)
* May 23 – William O'Connell Bradley, American politician from Kentucky (b. 1847)
* May 26 – Jacob Riis, Danish-American social reformer (b. 1849)
* May 27 – Joseph Swan, Sir Joseph Swan, British scientist (b. 1828)
*
May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Joseph Gérard, French Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1831)
June
![Bertha von Suttner nobel](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Bertha_von_Suttner_nobel.jpg)
* June 10 – Abraam, Bishop of Faiyum, Abraam, Egyptian Coptic Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 1829)
* June 11 – Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1848)
* June 14 – Adlai Stevenson I, Adlai E. Stevenson I, List of Vice Presidents of the United States, 23rd Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)
* June 15 – John Robert Sitlington Sterrett, American classical scholar and archeologist (b. 1851)
* June 19 – Brandon Thomas (playwright), Brandon Thomas, British actor and playwright (''Charley's Aunt'') (b. 1848)
* June 21 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)
* June 22 – Princess Phannarai, Thai princess consort (b. 1838)
* June 25 – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1826)
*
June 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch.
* 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II.
* 1461 – ...
**
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria, (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo was the most immediate cause of World War I.
F ...
(assassinated) (b. 1863)
** Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, wife of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria, (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo was the most immediate cause of World War I.
F ...
(assassinated) (b. 1868)
July
*
July 2
Events Pre-1600
* 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
* 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
– Joseph Chamberlain, British politician (b. 1836)
* July 6 - Georges Legagneux pioneer French aviator (b. 1882)
*
July 9
Events Pre-1600
*118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...
– Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis (1848–1914), Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis (b. 1848)
* July 12 – Horace Harmon Lurton, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b. 1844)
* July 17 – Luis Uribe, Chilean naval hero (b. 1847)
*
July 21
Events Pre-1600
* 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson.
* 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became the ...
– Karl von Czyhlarz, Czech-born Austrian jurist and politician (b. 1833)
*
July 23
Events Pre-1600
* 811 – Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I plunders the Bulgarian capital of Pliska and captures Khan Krum's treasury.
* 1319 – A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet off Chios. 16 ...
– Vladimir Meshchersky, Russian journalist and novelist (b. 1839)
*
July 29
Events Pre-1600
* 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple.
* 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque
Palenque (; Yucatec Maya language, Yucatec Maya: ), also anciently known in the ...
– Pietro Pace, Maltese Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1831)
*
July 31
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
* 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...
– Jean Jaurès, French pacifist (assassinated) (b. 1859)
August
*
August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
– Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (b. 1848)
* August 6
** Maxim Sandovich, Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint (b. 1888)
** Ellen Axson Wilson, First Lady of the United States (b. 1860)
* August 8
** Martin-Paul Samba, Cameroonian rebel leader (executed)
** Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, Cameroonian resistance leader (executed)
* August 9 – Roque Sáenz Peña, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1851)
* August 12 – John Philip Holland, Irish developer of the submarine (b. 1840)
* August 15 – Adolfo Carranza, Argentine lawyer (b. 1857)
* August 20 – Pope Pius X (b. 1835)
* August 23
** Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1861)
** Robert Strange (bishop), Robert Strange, American Episcopal Church (United States), Episcopal bishop (b. 1857)
* August 26 – Achille Pierre Deffontaines, French general (died of wounds received in action) (b. 1858)
* August 27 – Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Austrian economist (b. 1851)
* August 28 – Leberecht Maass, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1863)
* August 30 – Alexander Samsonov, Russian general (suicide) (b. 1859)
September
![August Macke 042](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/August_Macke_042.jpg)
* September 3 – Albéric Magnard, French composer (b. 1865)
* September 5 – Charles Péguy, French poet, essayist and editor (b. 1873)
* September 11
** Mircea Demetriade, Romanian poet, playwright and actor (b. 1861)
** Ismail Gasprinski, Crimean Tatar intellectual (b. 1851)
* September 13 – Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Egyptian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1840)
* September 14 – Nicolás Zamora, Filipino Methodist minister and bishop (b. 1875)
* September 15 – Koos de la Rey, Boer general (b. 1847)
* September 16 – C. X. Larrabee, American businessman (b. 1843)
* September 22 – Alain-Fournier, French writer (killed in action) (b. 1886)
* September 26 – August Macke, German painter (killed in action) (b. 1887)
* September 28 – Richard Warren Sears, American founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863)
October
![JEUriburu](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/JEUriburu.jpg)
* October 1 – Kitty Lange Kielland, Norwegian painter (b. 1843)
* October 10 – King Carol I of Romania (b. 1839)
* October 12 – Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1892)
* October 16
** Victor Arnold (Austrian actor), Victor Arnold, Austrian actor (b. 1873)
** Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano, Italian diplomat (b. 1852)
* October 17
** Adolfo Saldias, Argentine historian, lawyer, politician, soldier and diplomat (b. 1849)
** Prince Wolrad of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b. 1892)
* October 19 – Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine general and statesman, 2-Time President of Argentina (b. 1843)
* October 21 – Dimitrie Sturdza, 4-Time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1833)
* October 23 – José Evaristo Uriburu, Argentine politician, 12th President of Argentina (b. 1831)
* October 24 – Yevgeniya Mravina, Russian soprano (b. 1864)
* October 27 – Prince Maurice of Battenberg (b. 1891)
* October 28
** Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria (b. 1823)
** Federico Peliti, Italian baker (b. 1844)
November
![August Weismann](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/August_Weismann.jpg)
*
November 1
Events Pre-1600
* 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...
– Christopher Cradock, Sir Christopher Cradock, British admiral (killed in action) (b. 1862)
* November 3 – Georg Trakl, Austrian poet (suicide) (b. 1887)
* November 5 – August Weismann, German evolutionary biologist (b. 1834)
* November 9 – Princess Therese of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1836)
* November 14 – Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, British field marshal (b. 1832)
* November 17 – Sattar Khan, Iranian constitutional reformer and national hero (b. 1866)
* November 21 – Thaddeus C. Pound, American businessman and politician (b. 1832)
* November 28 – Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, German physicist (b. 1824)
December
* December 1 – Alfred Thayer Mahan, United States Navy admiral, geostrategist and historian (b. 1840)
* December 8 – Maximilian von Spee, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1861)
* December 14 – Giovanni Sgambati, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1841)
* December 16 – Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (b. 1832)
* December 24 – John Muir, American naturalist (b. 1838)
Date unknown
* Jehandad Khan, Afghan emir (executed)
* Watchmaker Glycine Watch SA is founded by Eugène Meylan in Switzerland.
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Max von Laue
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Theodore William Richards
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Róbert Bárány
* Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – not awarded
* Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded
References
Primary sources and year books
''New International Year Book 1914'' Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 913pp
Further reading
* Beatty, Jack. ''The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began'' (1912
excerpt argues the war was not inevitable
* Gilbert, Martin. ''A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933'' (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 297–349; emphasis on World War I
External links
European newspapers from 1914
{{Authority control
1914,