Events

January

* January 5 – First Balkan War: Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it will not venture for the rest of the war. *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...

– Edward Carson founds the (first) Ulster Volunteer Force, by unifying several existing

loyalist Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cro ...

militias to resist home rule for Ireland. * January 23 –

1913 Ottoman coup d'état The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (January 23, 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte ( tr, Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by ...

: Ismail Enver comes to power. * January – Stalin (whose first article using this name is published this month) travels to Vienna to carry out research. Until he leaves on February 16 the city is home simultaneously to him, Hitler, Trotsky and Tito alongside Berg,

Freud Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies explained as originating in conflicts in ...

and

Jung Carl Gustav Jung ( ; ; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. Jung's work has been influential in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philo ...

and

Ludwig Ludwig may refer to: People and fictional characters * Ludwig (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters * Ludwig (surname), including a list of people * Ludwig Ahgren, or simply Ludwig, American YouTube live streamer and co ...

and

Paul Wittgenstein Paul Wittgenstein (November 5, 1887March 3, 1961) was an Austrian-American concert pianist notable for commissioning new piano concerti for the left hand alone, following the amputation of his right arm during the First World War. He devised nove ...

February

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...

– New York City's

Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Grand Central is the southern terminus ...

, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest

railroad station A train station, railway station, railroad station or depot is a railway facility where trains stop to load or unload passengers, freight or both. It generally consists of at least one platform, one track and a station building providing such ...

. *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states. *1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire. *1488 – ...

– The

16th Amendment to the United States Constitution The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states on the basis of population. It was passed by Congress in 1909 in response to the 1895 Sup ...

is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income, not just some. *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. * 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion. * 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...

–

Claudio Monteverdi Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered ...

's last opera '' L'incoronazione di Poppea'' is performed theatrically for the first time in more than 250 years, in Paris. * February 9 –

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...

: " La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero, begins. *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th. *1462 – The ...

– Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China. * February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin serves as president for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office. * February 22 –

: Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez are assassinated. *

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...

– Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the

Okhrana The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order (russian: Отделение по охранению общественной безопасности и порядка), usually called Guard Department ( rus, Охранное отд ...

, in

Petrograd Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

, and exiled to Siberia.

March

* March ** The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia. ** Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

's parliament, and rules as a dictator. * c. March 1 – British steamship ''Calvados'' disappears in the Sea of Marmara, with 200 on board. * March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Procession takes place in Washington, D.C. led by

Inez Milholland Inez Milholland Boissevain (August 6, 1886 – November 25, 1916) was a leading American suffragist, lawyer, and peace activist. From her college days at Vassar, she campaigned aggressively for women’s rights as the principal issue of a wi ...

on horseback. * March 4 ** Woodrow Wilson is

sworn in Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon ', also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to giv ...

, as the 28th President of the United States. ** The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system, providing the foundation for transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and a large number of applications ...

form part of the Department of Commerce. * March 4– 6 – First Balkan War –

Battle of Bizani The Battle of Bizani (, ''Máchi tou Bizaníou''; tr, Bizani Muharebesi, italic=no) took place in Epirus on . The battle was fought between Greek and Ottoman forces during the last stages of the First Balkan War, and revolved around the forts ...

: Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of

Bizani Bizani ( el, Μπιζάνι) is a village and a former municipality in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Ioannina, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal uni ...

(covering the approaches to

Ioannina Ioannina ( el, Ιωάννινα ' ), often called Yannena ( ' ) within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus, an administrative region in north-western Greece. According to the 2011 census, the c ...

) from the Ottoman Empire. *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...

– British freighter ''Alum Chine'', carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in

Baltimore Baltimore ( , locally: or ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, fourth most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and the 30th most populous city in the United States with a population of 585,708 in 2020. Baltimore was d ...

harbour. *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...

– Australia begins building the new federal capital of

Canberra Canberra ( ) is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...

. * March 13 –

: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico, from his self-imposed exile in the United States. * March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December

1952 Events January–February * January 26 – Black Saturday in Egypt: Rioters burn Cairo's central business district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses. * February 6 ** Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, becomes m ...

(the Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) will grow from this foundation). * March 18 – King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne; he is succeeded by his son

Constantine I Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea ...

. * March 20 –

Sung Chiao-jen Song Jiaoren (, ; Given name at birth: Liàn 鍊; Courtesy name: Dùnchū 鈍初) (5 April 1882 – 22 March 1913) was a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the Kuomintang (KMT). Song Jiaoren led the KMT to elec ...

, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party ( Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt, and dies two days later. ** The city of

, the center of the Australian Capital Territory, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia. * March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina. *

March 25 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. * 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...

– The Great Dayton Flood, after four days of rain in the Miami Valley, kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in Dayton, Ohio). * March 26 **

: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government, as head of the ''Constitutionals''. **

Balkan Wars The Balkan Wars refers to a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan States in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan States of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defe ...

: The Siege of Adrianople ends, when Bulgarian forces take

Adrianople Edirne (, ), formerly known as Adrianople or Hadrianopolis (Greek: Άδριανούπολις), is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace. Situated from the Greek and from the Bulgarian borders, ...

from the Ottomans. Naming of city of canberra capital hill 1913

April

* April –

Bernhard Kellermann Bernhard Kellermann (4 March 1879, Fürth, Kingdom of Bavaria – 17 October 1951) was a German author and poet. Life Bernhard Kellermann enrolled in 1899 at Technical University Munich initially in general studies, but later focused on G ...

's novel ''

Der Tunnel ''Der Tunnel'' is a made-for-television German film released in 2001 and loosely based on true events in Berlin following the closing of the East German border in August 1961 and the subsequent construction of the Berlin Wall. Roland Suso Rich ...

'' is published. *

April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...

– The United States Soccer Federation is formed. *

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. *1139 – Ro ...

– The

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the direct election of United States senators in each state. The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and2 of the Constitution, under wh ...

is passed, dictating the direct election of senators. * April 10 – Albrecht Grocery Shop, predecessor of the Aldi discount store chain globally, is founded in

Essen Essen (; Latin: ''Assindia'') is the central and, after Dortmund, second-largest city of the Ruhr, the largest urban area in Germany. Its population of makes it the fourth-largest city of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne, Düsseldorf and D ...

, Germany.> *

April 13 Events Pre-1600 *1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. 1601–1900 *1612 – In one of the epic samurai ...

Boca Juniors' debut in Primera was on April 13 v Estudiantil Porteño, a 4–2 win as visitor with 3 goals scored by Arnulfo Leal. *

April 21 Events Pre-1600 *753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date). * 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered ...

– Cunard

ocean liner An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships). Ca ...

, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the

River Clyde The River Clyde ( gd, Abhainn Chluaidh, , sco, Clyde Watter, or ) is a river that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the ninth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the third-longest in Scotland. It runs through the major cit ...

. * April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world on this date, and for more than a decade after.

May

* May – The

Muscat rebellion The Muscat rebellion was an uprising in 1913 led by Sālim bin Rāshid al-Kharūṣī against the authority of the Sultans of Muscat and Oman. The rebels established their own state, the Ibāḍī imamate. Its causes lay in a deep-rooted rivalry ...

begins in the

Sultanate of Muscat and Oman The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman ( ar, سلطنة مسقط وعمان, Salṭanat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān), also known briefly as the State of Muscat and Oman () during the rule of Taimur bin Feisal, was a sovereign state that encompassed the prese ...

in Tanuf, a village just north of the city of Nizwa. * May 3 – '' Raja Harishchandra'', the first full-length Indian feature film, is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry. * May 9– July 11 – A major industrial strike occurs in the

Black Country The Black Country is an area of the West Midlands county, England covering most of the Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell and Walsall. Dudley and Tipton are generally considered to be the centre. It became industrialised during its ro ...

of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage. * May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the

Rockefeller Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation and philanthropic medical research and arts funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The second-oldest major philanthropic institution in America, after the Carneg ...

, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller. *

May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus La ...

– 25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich. *

– Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns. * May 26 ( May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine

fixed-wing aircraft A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air flying machine, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using wings that generate lift caused by the aircraft's forward airspeed and the shape of the wings. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinc ...

. * May 29 – The ballet '' The Rite of Spring'' (music by

Igor Stravinsky Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French (from 1934) and American (from 1945) citizenship. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the ...

, conducted by

Pierre Monteux Pierre Benjamin Monteux (; 4 April 18751 July 1964) was a French (later American) conductor. After violin and viola studies, and a decade as an orchestral player and occasional conductor, he began to receive regular conducting engagements in ...

, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich) is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's

Ballets Russes The Ballets Russes () was an itinerant ballet company begun in Paris that performed between 1909 and 1929 throughout Europe and on tours to North and South America. The company never performed in Russia, where the Revolution disrupted society. A ...

, at the

Théâtre des Champs-Élysées The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées () is an entertainment venue standing at 15 avenue Montaigne in Paris. It is situated near Avenue des Champs-Élysées, from which it takes its name. Its eponymous main hall may seat up to 1,905 people, while th ...

in Paris; its modernist style provokes one of the most famous

classical music riot There have been many notable instances of unruly behaviour at classical music concerts, often at the premiere of a new work or production. 18th century 19th century 20th century 21st century See also * Succès de scandale * Cla ...

s in history. The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and

Maurice Ravel Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with Impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composers rejected the term. In ...

. *

May 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...

– First Balkan War: The

Treaty of London The Treaty of London or London Convention or similar may refer to: *Treaty of London (1358), established a truce between England and France following the Battle of Poitiers *Treaty of London (1359), which ceded western France to England *Treaty of ...

is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised. RiteofSpringDancers

June

* June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War. * June 4 – Emily Davison, a British

suffragette A suffragette was a member of an activist women's organisation in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for the right to vote in public elections in the United Kingdom. The term refers in particular to members ...

, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness. *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 *1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights. *1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...

–

: Rebels take Nizwa. * June 8 – The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons, in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the

1916 Summer Olympics The 1916 Summer Olympics (german: Olympische Sommerspiele 1916), officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, German Empire, but were eventually cancelled for the first time in its 20-year history due to ...

(later to be cancelled as the result of World War I). * June 11 ** Women's suffrage is enacted in Norway. ** Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15. * June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire. * June 19 – The

Parliament of South Africa The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is South Africa's legislature; under the present Constitution of South Africa, the bicameral Parliament comprises a National Assembly and a National Council of Provinces. The current twenty-seve ...

passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories. * June 13 – The predecessor of the Aldi store chain opens in

, Germany. * June 24 –

Joseph Cook Sir Joseph Cook, (7 December 1860 – 30 July 1947) was an Australian politician who served as the sixth Prime Minister of Australia, in office from 1913 to 1914. He was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1913 to 1917, after earlier serving ...

becomes the 6th

Prime Minister of Australia The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the Australian Government, federal government of Australia and is also accountable to Parliament of A ...

. * June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins.

July

* July 10 ** Romania declares war on Bulgaria. ** Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time highest temperature recorded on Earth (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest ''verified'' air temperature, subject to confirmation). * July 13 – The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak during the Second Balkan War starts. * July 27 – The town of San Javier, Uruguay is founded by Russian settlers. * July 29 Agreement reached at the Anglo-Ottoman Convention which defined the limits of Ottoman jurisdiction in the area of the Persian Gulf with respect to Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain.

August

August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. *216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...

– The first known ascent of Mount Olympus in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas guided by Christos Kakkalos. * August 4 –

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...

: The province of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks. * August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war.

Macedonia Macedonia most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia * Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity * Macedonia (Greece), a traditional geographic reg ...

is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania. * August 13 – Harry Brearley invents

stainless steel Stainless steel is an alloy of iron that is resistant to rusting and corrosion. It contains at least 11% chromium and may contain elements such as carbon, other nonmetals and metals to obtain other desired properties. Stainless steel's corros ...

in Sheffield. * August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of , aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely. * August 23 – The Little Mermaid statue is finished in Copenhagen, Denmark. * August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman. * August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.

September

* September 7– 8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich. * September 9 ** In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population. **

Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army (russian: Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия, tr. ) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the early 1850s, the Russian Ar ...

pilot

Pyotr Nesterov Pyotr Nikolayevich Nesterov (russian: Пётр Николаевич Нестеров ( – ) was a Russian pilot, an aircraft designer and an aerobatics pioneer. Life and career Nesterov was born on 15 February 1887 in Nizhny Novgorod, into ...

becomes the first person to

loop Loop or LOOP may refer to: Brands and enterprises * Loop (mobile), a Bulgarian virtual network operator and co-founder of Loop Live * Loop, clothing, a company founded by Carlos Vasquez in the 1990s and worn by Digable Planets * Loop Mobile, ...

an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near

Kiev Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...

, Russia. ** Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible ''LZ 14'' (naval designation ''L 1'') is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board. * September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem ''

Luonnotar In the ''Kalevala'', the Finnish national epic, Ilmatar () was a virgin spirit and goddess of the air. Origins The name Ilmatar is derived from the Finnish word ''ilma'', meaning "air," and the female suffix ''-tar'', corresponding to English " ...

'' is premiered in

Gloucester Cathedral Gloucester Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of St Peter and the Holy and Indivisible Trinity, in Gloucester, England, stands in the north of the city near the River Severn. It originated with the establishment of a minster dedicated to S ...

, England, with soprano Aino Ackté. * September 13 – The

Bell of Chersonesos The Bell of Chersonesos, located close to the ruins of Chersonesos Taurica, Crimea (), is the symbol of Chersonesos and one of the main sights of Sevastopol. It was cast before the foundation of Sevastopol for the Saint Nicholas the Wonderworke ...

is returned by France to Russia after having been seized during the Crimean War. *

September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". * 1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Empi ...

– In Chicago, the

Anti-Defamation League The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), formerly known as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, is an international Jewish non-governmental organization based in the United States specializing in civil rights law. It was founded in late Septe ...

of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president. *

September 23 Events Pre-1600 * 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified. * 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...

– French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from

Fréjus Fréjus (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2019, it had a population of 54,458. It neighbours Saint-Raphaël, effectively forming one urban agglomeration. The north of ...

, France to

Bizerte Bizerte or Bizerta ( ar, بنزرت, translit=Binzart , it, Biserta, french: link=no, Bizérte) the classical Hippo, is a city of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia. It is the northernmost city in Africa, located 65 km (40mil) north of the cap ...

, Tunisia. * September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

October

* October 1 –

: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat. * October 7 – The Ford Motor Company's Highland Park Plant in Highland Park, Michigan, near Detroit, becomes the first automobile production facility in the world to implement the moving assembly line, significantly speeding up production of the Model T. * October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner , carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by

SOS is a Morse code distress signal (), used internationally, that was originally established for maritime use. In formal notation is written with an overscore line, to indicate that the Morse code equivalents for the individual letters of "SOS" ...

messages to the scene. * October 10 ** U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal. ** Yuan Shikai is elected

President of the Republic of China The president of the Republic of China, now often referred to as the president of Taiwan, is the head of state of the Republic of China (ROC), as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. The position once had aut ...

. * October 11 – The

Philadelphia Athletics The Philadelphia Athletics were a Major League Baseball team that played in Philadelphia from 1901 to 1954, when they moved to Kansas City, Missouri, and became the Kansas City Athletics. Following another move in 1967, the team became the Oaklan ...

win the deciding game of the

1913 World Series The 1913 World Series was the championship series in Major League Baseball for the 1913 in baseball, 1913 season. The tenth edition of the World Series, it matched the American League (AL) champion 1913 Philadelphia Athletics season, Philadelphia ...

, over baseball's

New York Giants The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area. The Giants compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. ...

, winning 3–1 to take the series in five games. * October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in

South Wales South Wales ( cy, De Cymru) is a loosely defined region of Wales bordered by England to the east and mid Wales to the north. Generally considered to include the historic counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, south Wales extends westwards ...

kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom. * October 16 – The British Royal Navy's is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired

battleship A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. It dominated naval warfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The term ''battleship'' came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ...

. * October 18 – The

Monument to the Battle of the Nations The Monument to the Battle of the Nations (german: Völkerschlachtdenkmal, sometimes shortened to ''Völki'' or ''Schlachti'') is a monument in Leipzig, Germany, to the 1813 Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations. Paid for mos ...

at Leipzig, Germany is finished. * October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded. * October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico. * October 28– December 2 –

Zabern Affair The Zabern or Saverne Affair was a crisis of domestic policy which occurred in the German Empire at the end of 1913. It was caused by political unrest in Zabern (now Saverne) in Alsace-Lorraine, where two battalions of the Prussian were garriso ...

: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern, Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

. * October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.

November

* November 5 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title

Ludwig III Ludwig III (Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfried; 7 January 1845 – 18 October 1921) was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918. Initially he served in the Bavarian military as a lieutenant and went on to hold the rank of Oberl ...

. * November 6 –

Mohandas Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...

is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa. * November 7– 11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.

December

* December 1 ** The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing

chassis A chassis (, ; plural ''chassis'' from French châssis ) is the load-bearing framework of an artificial object, which structurally supports the object in its construction and function. An example of a chassis is a vehicle frame, the underpart ...

assembly time from hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of

mass production Mass production, also known as flow production or continuous production, is the production of substantial amounts of standardized products in a constant flow, including and especially on assembly lines. Together with job production and batch ...

. ** Crete, having obtained

self rule __NOTOC__ Self-governance, self-government, or self-rule is the ability of a person or group to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority. It may refer to personal conduct or to any form of ...

from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece. ** Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens. * December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the '' Mona Lisa'' in Florence, and is arrested. * December 19 – The

Raker Act The Raker Act was an act of the United States Congress that permitted building of the O'Shaughnessy Dam and flooding of Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park, California. It is named for John E. Raker, its chief sponsor. The Act, passed ...

is signed by President Woodrow Wilson, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. * December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act. *

December 30 Events Pre-1600 *534 – The second and final edition of the Code of Justinian comes into effect in the Byzantine Empire. *999 – Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushi ...

– Italy returns the '' Mona Lisa'' to France.

Date unknown

* The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh). * French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source. * The

Camel A camel (from: la, camelus and grc-gre, κάμηλος (''kamēlos'') from Hebrew or Phoenician: גָמָל ''gāmāl''.) is an even-toed ungulate in the genus ''Camelus'' that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. C ...

cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes). *

Prada Prada S.p.A. (, ; ) is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in 1913 in Milan by Mario Prada. It specializes in leather handbags, travel accessories, shoes, ready-to-wear, and other fashion accessories. Prada licenses its name and branding t ...

is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother. *

Astra Astra may refer to: People * Astra (name) Places * Astra, Chubut, a village in Argentina * Astra (Isauria), a town of ancient Isauria, now in Turkey * Astra, one suggested name for a hypothetical fifth planet that became the asteroid belt Ent ...

, as predecessor of AstraZeneca, a

healthcare Health care or healthcare is the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health profe ...

and pharmaceutical brand worldwide, founded in Södertälje,

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

. * The value of

world trade World Trade may refer to: * International trade * International finance * World Trade Organization *World Trade (band), a progressive rock band *World Trade Center (disambiguation) World Trade Centers are sites recognized by the World Trade Cente ...

reaches roughly $38 billion.

Births

January–February

* January 1 – Shek Kin, Hong Kong actor (d.

2009 File:2009 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The vertical stabilizer of Air France Flight 447 is pulled out from the Atlantic Ocean; Barack Obama becomes the first African American to become President of the United States; 2009 Iran ...

) *

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...

– Anna Lee, English-American actress (d.

2004 2004 was designated as an International Year of Rice by the United Nations, and the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO). Events January * January 3 – Flash Airlines Flight 6 ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1601–1900 *1649 – Engli ...

– Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d.

2007 File:2007 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Steve Jobs unveils Apple's first iPhone; TAM Airlines Flight 3054 overruns a runway and crashes into a gas station, killing almost 200 people; Former Pakistani Prime Minister of Pakistan, Pr ...

) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...

** Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d.

2001 The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...

) ** Loretta Young, American actress (d.

2000 File:2000 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Protests against Bush v. Gore after the 2000 United States presidential election; Heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; The International Space Station in its infant form as seen from ...

) *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army. This prompts the tribunes who support him to flee to Ravenna, where Caesar is waiting. * 1325 – Alfonso IV ...

–

Victor H. Krulak Victor Harold Krulak (January 7, 1913 – December 29, 2008) was a decorated United States Marine Corps officer who saw action in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. Krulak, considered a visionary by fellow Marines, was the author of ''First to Figh ...

, United States Marine Corps general (d.

2008 File:2008 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Lehman Brothers went bankrupt following the Subprime mortgage crisis; Cyclone Nargis killed more than 138,000 in Myanmar; A scene from the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing; ...

) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...

** Eric Berry, British actor (d.

1993 File:1993 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Oslo I Accord is signed in an attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; The Russian White House is shelled during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis; Czechoslovakia is peace ...

) ** Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d.

1994 File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...

) *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...

** Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d.

1991 File:1991 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Boris Yeltsin, elected as Russia's first president, waves the new flag of Russia after the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, orchestrated by Soviet hardliners; Mount Pinatubo erupts in the Phil ...

) ** Mehmet Shehu, 23rd Prime Minister of Albania (d.

1981 Events January * January 1 ** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union. ** Palau becomes a self-governing territory. * January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...

) * January 11 ** Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d.

1980 Events January * January 4 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaims a grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission. * January 6 – Global Positioning System time epoch begins at 00:00 UTC. * January 9 – ...

) **

Jean Murrell Capers Eugenia "Jean" Marie Murrell Strode Capers (January 11, 1913 – July 18, 2017) was an American judge, educator, and politician. Early life Born to Dolly Ferguson Murrell and Edward E. Murrell on January 11, 1913, Eugenia "Jean" Marie Murrell ...

, American judge (d.

2017 File:2017 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The War Against ISIS at the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017); aftermath of the Manchester Arena bombing; The Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 ("Great American Eclipse"); North Korea tests a ser ...

) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...

** Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d.

2002 File:2002 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and her daughter Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon die; East Timor gains East Timor independence, indepe ...

) ** Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d.

1998 1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''. Events January * January 6 – The '' Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for frozen water, in soil in permanently ...

) **

Alexander Marinesko Alexander Ivanovich Marinesko (russian: Александр Иванович Маринеско, uk, Олександр Іванович Марiнеско, ro, Alexandru Marinescu; – 25 November 1963) was a Soviet naval officer and, during ...

, Soviet naval officer (d.

1963 Events January * January 1 – Bogle–Chandler case: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cov ...

) * January 17 –

Everett Parker Everett Carlton Parker (January 17, 1913 – September 17, 2015) was an American media activist and ordained minister of the United Church of Christ. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Parker attended the University of Chicago. Upon graduation in 1935, he ...

, American civil rights activist (d.

2015 File:2015 Events Collage new.png, From top left, clockwise: Civil service in remembrance of November 2015 Paris attacks; Germanwings Flight 9525 was purposely crashed into the French Alps; the rubble of residences in Kathmandu following the Apri ...

) * January 18 –

George Unwin George Cecil Unwin, (18 January 1913 – 28 June 2006) was a Royal Air Force officer and flying ace of the Second World War. Early life Unwin was born in the town of Bolton upon Dearne, near Barnsley, Yorkshire, on 18 January 1913. He enliste ...

, British World War II fighter ace (d.

2006 File:2006 Events Collage V1.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2006 Winter Olympics open in Turin; Twitter is founded and launched by Jack Dorsey; The Nintendo Wii is released; Montenegro 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, votes to declare ...

) *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...

** Henry Bauchau, Belgian novelist, poet and psychoanalyst (d.

2012 File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...

) ** William Conway, Irish cardinal (d.

1977 Events January * January 8 – Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group. * January 10 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Zaire (now the Democratic R ...

) ** Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d.

2003 File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ...

) * January 23 ** Jean-Michel Atlan, French painter (d.

1960 It is also known as the "Year of Africa" because of major events—particularly the independence of seventeen African nations—that focused global attention on the continent and intensified feelings of Pan-Africanism. Events January * Ja ...

) ** Wally Parks, American founder of the NHRA (d.

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...

** Huang Hua, Foreign Minister of China (d.

2010 File:2010 Events Collage New.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2010 Chile earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in history; The Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland disrupts air travel in Europe; A scene from the opening ceremony of ...

) ** Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d.

) * January 29 ** Victor Mature, American actor (d.

1999 File:1999 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The funeral procession of King Hussein of Jordan in Amman; the 1999 İzmit earthquake kills over 17,000 people in Turkey; the Columbine High School massacre, one of the first major school shootin ...

) ** Peter von Zahn, German journalist, writer (d.

) *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of "Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: King ...

– Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d.

1985 The year 1985 was designated as the International Youth Year by the United Nations. Events January * January 1 ** The Internet's Domain Name System is created. ** Greenland withdraws from the European Economic Community as a result of a ...

) *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

Frank P. Keller Frank P. Keller (February 4, 1913 – December 25, 1977) was an American film editor, film and television editor with 24 feature film credits from 1958 - 1977. He is noted for the series of films he edited with director Peter Yates, for his four n ...

, American film editor (d.

) ** Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d.

2005 File:2005 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico; the Funeral of Pope John Paul II is held in Vatican City; "Me at the zoo", the first video ever to be uploaded to YouTube; Eris was discovered in ...

) ** Richard Seaman, British motor racing driver (d.

1939 This year also marks the start of the Second World War, the largest and deadliest conflict in human history. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 ** Third Reich *** Jews are forbidden to ...

) *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1579 – The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop. 1601–1900 * 1685 – James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of ...

– Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d.

1996 File:1996 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: A Centennial Olympic Park bombing, bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, set off by a radical Anti-abortion violence, anti-abortionist; The center fuel tank explodes on TWA Flight 8 ...

) * February 8 **

Betty Field Betty Field (February 8, 1916 – September 13, 1973) was an American film and stage actress. Early years Field was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to George and Katharine (née Lynch) Field. She began acting before she reached age 15, and went ...

, American actress (d.

1973 Events January * January 1 - The United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, which later becomes the European Union. * January 15 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S. ...

) ** Norman H. Boke, American plant anatomist (d.

) * February 10 ** Douglas Slocombe, British cinematographer (d.

2016 File:2016 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Bombed-out buildings in Ankara following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt; the impeachment trial of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff; Damaged houses during the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh ...

) ** Bill White, Australian rugby union player (d.

1969 This year is notable for Apollo 11's first landing on the moon. Events January * January 4 – The Government of Spain hands over Ifni to Morocco. * January 5 **Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 701 crashes into a house on its approach to ...

) *

February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...

** Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d.

) ** Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d.

1987 File:1987 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The MS Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes after leaving the Port of Zeebrugge in Belgium, killing 193; Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashes after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, k ...

) **

Jimmy Hoffa James Riddle Hoffa (born February 14, 1913 – disappeared July 30, 1975; declared dead July 30, 1982) was an American labor union leader who served as the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) from 1957 until 1971. F ...

, American labor leader (disappeared

1975 It was also declared the ''International Women's Year'' by the United Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by the Council of Europe. Events January * January 1 - Watergate scandal (United States): John N. Mitchell, H. R. ...

) *

February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan ...

–

Frank Tashlin Frank Tashlin (born Francis Fredrick von Taschlein, February 19, 1913 – May 5, 1972), also known as Tish Tash and Frank Tash, was an American animator, cartoonist, children's writer, illustrator, screenwriter, and film director. He was best kn ...

, American animation director (d.

1972 Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...

) *

February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotland ...

– Tommy Henrich, American baseball player (d.

) *

– P. C. Sorcar, Indian stage magician (d.

1971 * The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses ( February 25, July 22 and August 20) and two total lunar eclipses (February 10, and August 6). The world population increased by 2.1% this year, the highest increase in history. Events Ja ...

) *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. ...

** Jim Backus, American actor (d.

1989 File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress Street Viaduct, Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxo ...

) **

Gert Fröbe Karl Gerhart "Gert" Fröbe (; 25 February 1913 – 5 September 1988) was a German actor. He was best known in English-speaking countries for his work as Auric Goldfinger in the James Bond film '' Goldfinger'', as Peachum in ''The Threepenny Oper ...

, German actor ''(Goldfinger)'' (d.

1988 File:1988 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The oil platform Piper Alpha explodes and collapses in the North Sea, killing 165 workers; The USS Vincennes (CG-49) mistakenly shoots down Iran Air Flight 655; Australia celebrates its Australian ...

) *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 *747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is p ...

– George Barker, British poet (d.

) *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantinople ...

T. B. Ilangaratne Navaratne Rajakaruna Wasala Mudiyanselage Tikiri Bandara Ilangaratne (27 February 1913 – 21 May 1992), popularly as T. B. Ilangaratne, was a Sri Lankan politician, author, dramatist, and theater actor. He was a Member of Parliament for K ...

, Sri Lankan author, dramatist, actor and politician (d.

1992 File:1992 Events Collage V1.png, From left, clockwise: 1992 Los Angeles riots, Riots break out across Los Angeles, California after the Police brutality, police beating of Rodney King; El Al Flight 1862 crashes into a residential apartment buildi ...

) **

Paul Ricœur Jean Paul Gustave Ricœur (; ; 27 February 1913 – 20 May 2005) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutics. As such, his thought is within the same tradition as other major hermeneutic ...

, French philosopher (d.

) **

Kazimierz Sabbat Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat (27 February 1913 – 19 July 1989), was President of Poland- in-exile from 8 April 1986 until his death, 19 July 1989, after serving (from 1976) as Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile. Early life S ...

, leader of Polish government-in-exile (d.

) ** Irwin Shaw, American writer (d.

1984 Events January * January 1 – The Bornean Sultanate of Brunei gains full independence from the United Kingdom, having become a British protectorate in 1888. * January 7 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast A ...

)

March–April

* March 1 –

R. S. R. Fitter Richard Sidney Richmond Fitter (1 March 1913 – 3 September 2005) was a British naturalist and author. He was an expert on wildflowers and authored several guides for amateur naturalists. Life Fitter was born in London, England, on 1 March 191 ...

, British writer (d.

) * March 2 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d.

) * March 4 – John Garfield, American actor (d.

) *

– Loulie Jean Norman, American singer (d.

) * March 13 **

William J. Casey William Joseph Casey (March 13, 1913 – May 6, 1987) was the Director of Central Intelligence from 1981 to 1987. In this capacity he oversaw the entire United States Intelligence Community and personally directed the Central Intelligence Agency ...

, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d.

) ** Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer, lyricist (d.

) * March 15 –

Rosita Contreras Rosa Palumbo (stage name, Rosita Contreras; March 15, 1913 – 1962), was an Argentine actress, singer and vedette. She had a career in theater and also made five films. In 1944, she formed the "Comedy Society of Rosita Contreras" and debuted as ...

, Argentine actress (d.

1962 Events January * January 1 – Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand. * January 3 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro for preaching communism. * January 8 – Harmelen train disaster: 93 die in the wors ...

) * March 18 **

René Clément René Clément (; 18 March 1913 – 17 March 1996) was a French film director and screenwriter. Life and career Clément studied architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts where he developed an interest in filmmaking. In 1936, he directed hi ...

, French film director (d.

) ** Reinhard Hardegen, German U-boat commander (d.

2018 File:2018 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in PyeongChang, South Korea; Protests erupt following the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi; March for Our Lives protests take place across the United ...

) ** Werner Mölders, German fighter pilot (d.

1941 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...

) * March 19 – Smoky Dawson, Australian singer (d.

) *

March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...

– George Abecassis, English race car driver (d.

) * March 22 – Tom McCall, American politician and journalist (d.

1983 The year 1983 saw both the official beginning of the Internet and the first mobile cellular telephone call. Events January * January 1 – The migration of the ARPANET to Internet protocol suite, TCP/IP is officially completed (this is consid ...

) * March 26 **

Paul Erdős Paul Erdős ( hu, Erdős Pál ; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician. He was one of the most prolific mathematicians and producers of mathematical conjectures of the 20th century. pursued and proposed problems in ...

, Hungarian mathematician (d.

) ** Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist (d.

) * March 28 – Toko Shinoda, Japanese painter (d.

2021 File:2021 collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: the James Webb Space Telescope was launched in 2021; Protesters in Yangon, Myanmar following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, coup d'état; A civil demonstration against the October–November 2021 ...

) * March 29 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d.

) * March 30 ** Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d.

) **

Frankie Laine Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American Singing, singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to hi ...

, American singer (d.

) **

Ċensu Tabone Vincent "Ċensu" Tabone, (; 30 March 1913 – 14 March 2012) was the fourth president of Malta who also served as Minister and Nationalist MP. Early years Vincent Tabone was the son of Niccolò and Elisa Tabone, the youngest of ten children. ...

, Maltese politician (d.

) *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V� ...

– Etta Baker, American musician (d.

) * April 3 –

Per Borten (3 April 1913 – 20 January 2005) was a Norwegian politician from the Centre Party and the 25th prime minister of Norway from 1965 to 1971. Per Borten is credited for leading the modernization of what was then named Bondepartiet (the Agrarian ...

, Premier of Norway (d.

) *

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 – ...

** Cecil Gant, American blues singer, songwriter and pianist (d.

1951 Events January * January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950). * January 9 – The Government of the United ...

) ** Rosemary Lane, American singer (d.

1974 Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; f ...

) ** Frances Langford, American singer, actress (d.

) ** Muddy Waters, African-American musician (d.

) * April 7 **

Louise Currie Louise Currie (born Louise Gunter; April 7, 1913 – September 8, 2013) was an American film actress, active from 1940 into the early 1950s. Biography Currie was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the daughter of Charles W. Gunter, a banker, ...

, American actress (d.

2013 File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...

) **

Florence S. Jacobsen Florence Smith Jacobsen (April 7, 1913 – March 5, 2017) was an American religious leader associated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) who served as the sixth General President of the Young Women's Mutual Impro ...

, American Mormon leader (d.

) ** Charles Vanik, American politician (d.

) *

** Sourou-Migan Apithy, Beninese political figure, 2nd President of Dahomey (d.

) **

Benedict J. Semmes Jr. Benedict Joseph Semmes Jr. (8 April 1913 – 4 June 1994) was a vice admiral of the United States Navy. His career included service in World War II and the Cold War, command of destroyers, a lengthy tour as Chief of Naval Personnel, command of t ...

, American admiral (d.

) ** Carlton Skinner, Governor of Guam (d.

) * April 9 – Aleksanteri Saarvala, Finnish artistic gymnast (d.

) * April 10 – Stefan Heym, German writer (d.

) * April 11 – Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (d.

) * April 11 –

Winifred Drinkwater Winifred Joyce "Winnie" Drinkwater (11 April 1913 – 6 October 1996) was a pioneering Scottish aviator and aeroplane engineer. She was the first woman in the world to hold a Commercial pilot licence, commercial pilot's licence. Biography Drin ...

, Scottish aviator, first woman to hold a commercial pilot's license (d.

) * April 14 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (d.

) * April 16 – Les Tremayne, British-born American actor (d.

) * April 18 –

Jack Pope Andrew Jackson Pope Jr., known as Jack Pope (April 18, 1913 – February 25, 2017), was an American judge, attorney, author and legal scholar who served as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Texas. Pope previously held the record for the ...

, American judge, attorney, and author (d.

) * April 19 ** Lloyd Cardwell, American football player and coach (d.

1997 File:1997 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The movie set of ''Titanic'', the highest-grossing movie in history at the time; ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'', is published; Comet Hale-Bopp passes by Earth and becomes one of t ...

) ** Karl Rawer, German physicist (d.

) *

– Richard Beeching, chairman of British Rail (d.

) *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...

–

Philip Hauge Abelson Philip, also Phillip, is a male given name, derived from the Greek (''Philippos'', lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of (''philos'', "dear", "loved", "loving") and (''hippos'', "horse"). Prominent Philips who popularize ...

, American physicist, writer, and editor (d.

) * April 29 –

Eugene Vielle Eugene Emile "Tubby" Vielle OBE (29 April 1913 – 2 April 2015) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) officer who was involved in the development of new navigation and bombing systems during World War II. Vielle believed that his ideas for the "Viel ...

, British Royal Air Force officer (d.

)

May–June

* May 1 **

Roy Matsumoto Roy Hiroshi Matsumoto ( ja, 松本博, May 1, 1913 – April 21, 2014) was a Japanese-American soldier who fought with the Merrill's Marauders during World War II. He received several awards for his contribution including the Bronze Star Medal a ...

, American army officer (d.

2014 File:2014 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Stocking up supplies and personal protective equipment (PPE) for the Western African Ebola virus epidemic; Citizens examining the ruins after the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping; Bundles of wat ...

) ** Louis Nye, American comedian, actor (d.

) ** Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d.

) * May 4 – Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d.

) * May 5 –

Fred J. Doocy Frederick J. Doocy (May 5, 1913 – December 7, 2017) was an American politician and banker. Biography Doocy was born in 1913 in Hartford, Connecticut. After attending East Harford High School, the American Institute of Banking, Graduate Instit ...

, American politician, banker (d.

) * May 6 –

Stewart Granger Stewart Granger (born James Lablache Stewart; 6 May 1913 – 16 August 1993) was a British film actor, mainly associated with heroic and romantic leading roles. He was a popular leading man from the 1940s to the early 1960s, rising to fame thr ...

, Anglo-American actor (d.

) *

May 8 Events Pre-1600 * 453 BC – Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin. * 413 – Emperor Honorius signs a ...

Bob Clampett Robert Emerson Clampett Sr. (May 8, 1913 – May 2, 1984) was an American animator, director, producer and puppeteer. He was best known for his work on the '' Looney Tunes'' animated series from Warner Bros. as well as the television shows '' ...

, American director (''

Looney Tunes ''Looney Tunes'' is an American Animated cartoon, animated comedy short film series produced by Warner Bros. starting from 1930 to 1969, concurrently with its partner series ''Merrie Melodies'', during the golden age of American animation.

'') (d.

) **

Saima Harmaja Saima Rauha Maria Harmaja (8 May 1913, Helsinki – 21 April 1937) was a Finnish poet and writer. She is known for her tragic life and early death, which are reflected in her sensitive poems. She came from a prominent family; her maternal grand ...

, Finnish poet (d.

1937 Events January * January 1 – Anastasio Somoza García becomes President of Nicaragua. * January 5 – Water levels begin to rise in the Ohio River in the United States, leading to the Ohio River flood of 1937, which continues into Fe ...

) ** Sid James, South African-born British actor, comedian (d.

1976 Events January * January 3 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force. * January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea. * January 11 – The 1976 Phila ...

) ** Charles Scorsese, American actor, father of Martin Scorsese (d.

) *

May 11 Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...

– Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d.

) * May 13 **

Liu Xuyi Liu Xuyi (; 13 May 1913 – 10 November 2018) was a Chinese historian, scholar, writer and expert on US studies. Biography Liu was born into a poor intellectual family in Huangpi District of Wuhan, Hubei, on 13 May 1913, a year after the fall o ...

, Chinese historian (d.

) ** William Tolbert, President of Liberia (d.

) *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...

** Gheorghe Apostol, Romanian communist politician (d.

) ** Woody Herman, American musician, band leader (d.

) **

Paul R. Norby Paul R. Norby (May 16, 1913 – October 3, 2015) was a rear admiral in the United States Naval Reserve. He entered service in 1939 and retired in 1973. He later served as a postmaster of Mabel, Minnesota Mabel is a city in Fillmore County, Minne ...

, American naval officer (d.

) * May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (d.

) * May 20 ** Teodoro Fernández, Peruvian soccer player (d.

) ** William Hewlett, American businessman (d.

) * May 22 –

Benedict Garmisa Benedict I. "Sparky" Garmisa (May 22, 1913 – January 30, 1985) was an American politician. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Garmisa served in the United States Army during World War II, He went to Northwestern University, Loyola University Chicago ...

, American politician (d.

) *

** Peter Ellenshaw, American matte designer (d.

) ** James Flint, British Royal Air Force officer, businessman (d.

) ** Haldpr Topsøe, Danish engineer (d.

) * May 25 – Benjamin Melniker, American producer (d.

) * May 26 ** Peter Cushing, English actor (d.

) ** Pierre Daninos, French writer, humorist (d.

) ** Josef Manger, German weightlifter (d.

) * May 29 – Tony Zale, American boxer (d.

) * May 31 – Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian, radio and television personality (d.

1979 Events January * January 1 ** United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim heralds the start of the ''International Year of the Child''. Many musicians donate to the ''Music for UNICEF Concert'' fund, among them ABBA, who write the song ...

) * June 2 – Elsie Tu, English-born Hong Kong social activist (d.

) * June 3 –

Yitzhak Berman Yitzhak Berman ( he, יצחק ברמן‎; 3 June 1913 – 4 August 2013) was an Israeli politician who served as Minister of Energy and Infrastructure from August 1981 until September 1982.2013 File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...

) *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed b ...

–

Carlo L. Golino Golino, Carlo Luigi (1913-1991) was an Italian American who taught Italian literature at many colleges in the United States Golino received his B.A. from City College of New York (1936); an M.A. (Italian literature) from Columbia University (193 ...

, American scholar (d.

) * June 10 – Benjamin Shapira, German-born Israeli biochemist, recipient of the

Israel Prize The Israel Prize ( he, פרס ישראל; ''pras israél'') is an award bestowed by the State of Israel, and regarded as the state's highest cultural honor. History The Israel Prize is awarded annually, on Israeli Independence Day, in a state cer ...

(d.

) * June 11 ** Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d.

1970 Events January * January 1 – Unix time epoch reached at 00:00:00 UTC. * January 5 – The 7.1 Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of X (''Extrem ...

) ** Risë Stevens, American mezzo-soprano (d.

) * June 13 ** Ralph Edwards, American game show host (d.

) **

Yitzhak Pundak Yitzhak Pundak (born Yitzhak Fundik he, יצחק פונדק; June 13, 1913 – August 27, 2017) was an Israeli general, diplomat and politician. Early life Pundak was born in Kraków, Poland (then part of Austria-Hungary) and immigrated to the B ...

, Polish-born Israeli military officer, diplomat (d.

) ** Oswald Teichmüller, German mathematician (d.

1943 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 – ...

) * June 18 ** Robert Mondavi, American winemaker (d.

) ** Sammy Cahn, American songwriter (d.

) **

Sylvia Field Porter Sylvia Field Porter (June 18, 1913 – June 5, 1991) was an American economist, journalist and author. At the height of her career, her readership was greater than 40 million people. Early life Porter was born in Patchogue, New York, on Long I ...

, American economist, journalist (d.

) *

June 20 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory. * 1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting ...

– Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Spanish royal, Count of Barcelona (d.

) *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date). * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mo ...

** Luis Taruc, Filipino political figure, insurgent (d.

) **

Madihe Pannaseeha Thero Most Venerable Madihe Pannaseeha Mahathera (Pali: Paññāsīha) (June 21, 1913 – September 9, 2003) was an eminent Sri Lankan Buddhist monk, who was the Mahanayaka of Amarapura sect from July 13, 1969 until his death on September 9, 2003. ...

, Sri Lankan Buddhist monk (d.

) ** Kid Azteca, Mexican boxer (d.

) * June 22 – Álvaro Alsogaray, Argentine politician and businessman (d.

) *

June 23 Events Pre-1600 * 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu. * 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships. * 1280 – The Spanish Re ...

Jacques Rabemananjara Jacques Rabemananjara (23 June 1913 – 1 April 2005) was a Malagasy politician, playwright and poet. He served as a government minister, rising to Vice President of Madagascar. Rabemananjara was said to be the most prolific writer of his negr ...

, Malagasy politician, playwright and poet (d.

) ** William P. Rogers, American diplomat (d.

) * June 24 – Gustaaf Deloor, Belgian road racing cyclist (d.

) * June 25 – Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d.

) * June 26 ** Rudolf Brazda, German concentration camp prisoner (d.

2011 File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrate ...

) ** Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet, politician (d.

) ** Konrāds Kalējs, Latvian soldier (d.

) ** Anissa Rawda Najjar, Lebanese feminist, women's rights activist (d.

) **

Maurice Wilkes Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June 1913 – 29 November 2010) was a British computer scientist who designed and helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), one of the earliest stored program computers, and who inv ...

, British computer scientist (d.

) * June 27 ** Richard Pike Bissell, American author (d.

) ** Elton Britt, American country music singer-songwriter (d.

) **

Benvenuto Nunes Benevenuto Martins Nuñes (born 27 June 1913, date of death unknown) was an Olympic freestyle and backstroke swimmer from Brazil, who participated at two Summer Olympics for his native country. At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, he swa ...

, Brazilian olympic freestyle, backstroke swimmer (d. unknown) *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 * 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch. * 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II. * 1461 – ...

** Franz Antel, Austrian filmmaker (d.

) ** Maldwyn James, Welsh international rugby union player (d.

) * June 30 **

Henry Leask Lieutenant General Sir Henry Lowther Ewart Clark Leask KCB DSO OBE (30 June 1913 – 10 January 2004) was a senior British Army officer who served in World War II and held high command during the 1960s. Military career Henry Leask was commis ...

, British Army officer (d.

) ** Alfonso López Michelsen, 24th President of Colombia (d.

)

July

Gerald Ford presidential portrait (cropped)

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...

** Lee Guttero, American basketball player (d.

) **

Noel Miller Noel Keith Miller (1 July 1913 – 26 November 2007) was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class match for New South Wales in 1935/36. See also * List of New South Wales representative cricketers This is a list of male cricke ...

, Australian cricketer (d.

) ** Frederick Malkus, American politician (d.

) **

André Tollet André Charles Adrien Tollet (1 July 1913 – 14 December 2001) was a French upholsterer, trade unionist and communist. He played a central role as chairman of the Paris liberation committee in the days leading up to the Liberation of Paris in 1944 ...

, French upholsterer, trade unionist and communist (d.

) ** Frank Barrett, American relief pitcher (d.

) ** Mario Acerbi, Italian football player (d.

) **

Joana Raspall i Juanola Joana Raspall i Juanola (1 July 1913 – 4 December 2013) was a Spanish writer and librarian. She was born in Barcelona and died in Sant Feliu de Llobregat Sant Feliu de Llobregat () is an industrial city and municipality in Catalonia, Spain, ...

, Spanish writer and librarian (d.

) ** Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam, Indian Army Chief (d.

) * July 3 –

Dorothy Kilgallen Dorothy Mae Kilgallen (July 3, 1913 – November 8, 1965) was an American columnist, journalist, and television game show panelist. After spending two semesters at the College of New Rochelle, she started her career shortly before her 18th birth ...

, American newspaper columnist (d.

1965 Events January–February * January 14 – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years. * January 20 ** Lyndon B. Johnson is Second inauguration of Lyndo ...

) * July 4 – Barbara Weeks, American actress (d.

) * July 5 **

Elwood Cooke Elwood Thomas Cooke (July 5, 1913 – April 16, 2004) was an amateur American tennis player in the 1930s and 1940s. Tennis career Elwood Cooke started playing tennis before his junior year at Benson Polytechnic High School. He played for the sch ...

, American tennis player (d.

) ** Smiley Lewis, American

New Orleans rhythm and blues New Orleans rhythm and blues is a style of rhythm and blues that originated in New Orleans. It was a direct precursor to rock and roll and strongly influenced ska. Instrumentation typically includes drums, bass, piano, horns, electric guitar, and ...

singer, guitarist (d.

1966 Events January * January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko. * January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo i ...

) * July 6 –

Vance Trimble Vance Henry Trimble (July 6, 1913 – June 16, 2021) was an American journalist. He won a Pulitzer Prize for national reporting in recognition of his exposé of nepotism and payroll abuse in the U.S. Congress. Trimble worked in the newspaper busi ...

, American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, author (d.

) * July 7 ** Pinetop Perkins, American blues musician (d.

) **

Lu Ann Meredith Lu Ann Meredith (July 7, 1913November 12, 1998) was an American film actress. Picked as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars in 1934, her career did not flourish unlike a number of other awardees such as Jean Arthur and Ginger Rogers.Mank p.254 She ma ...

, American actress (d.

) *

July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese ...

–

Alejandra Soler Alejandra Soler Gilabert (8 July 1913 – 1 March 2017) was a Spanish politician and schoolteacher. She also worked for the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Life She studied at the Institución de ...

, Spanish politician and schoolteacher (d.

) *

July 9 Events Pre-1600 *118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...

** Ted Grant, South African Trotskyist (d.

) ** William M. Zachacki, (d.

) * July 10 ** Elizabeth Inglis, English actress (d.

) ** Joan Marsh, American actress (d.

) * July 11 – Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ghanese nationalist leader, 2nd Prime Minister of Ghana (d. 1978) * July 12 ** Sultan Hamid II (d. 1978) ** Edith Nash, American educator, poet (d.

) ** Rufus Rogers, New Zealand doctor, politician (d.

) ** Willis Lamb, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * July 13 ** Kay Linaker, American actress (d.

) ** Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish shipping magnate (d.

) * July 14 ** Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d.

) ** René Llense, French football goalkeeper (d.

) ** Princess Urraca of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, (d.

) * July 15 ** Gene Wettstone, American gymnastics coach (d.

) ** Hammond Innes, English author (d.

) ** Abraham Sutzkever, Yiddish language poet, memoirist (d.

) * July 16 ** Mirza Babayev, Azerbaijani movie actor, singer (d.

) ** Herman Gundlach, American football offensive lineman (d.

) ** Antoine Raab, German footballer (d.

) ** Carmen Acevedo Vega, Ecuadorian poet, writer, and journalist (d.

) * July 17 ** Roger Garaudy, French Holocaust denier (d.

) ** Bertrand Goldberg, American architect (d.

) * July 18 ** N. Krishnaswami Reddy, Indian lawyer (d.

) ** Du Runsheng, Chinese military officer, politician, and economist (d.

) ** Red Skelton, American comedian (d.

) * July 19 ** Fred Agnich, American politician (d.

) ** Manouchehr Sotodeh, Iranian geographer (d.

) * July 20 ** Irma Córdoba, Argentine actress (d.

) ** Guillermo Leaden, Argentine bishop (d.

) * July 22 ** Esteban Reyes, Mexican tennis player (d.

) ** Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader, songwriter (d. 1995) ** Licia Albanese, Italian-born soprano (d.

) * July 23 ** Coral Browne, Australian actress (d.

) ** Michael Foot, British politician (d.

) * July 24 – Robert Emhardt, American actor (d.

) * July 26 – Kan Yuet-keung, Hong Kong banker, politician and lawyer (d.

) * July 28 – Hedley Kett, British naval officer (d.

) * July 29 – Erich Priebke, German war criminal, leader of the 1944 Ardeatine massacre (d.

) * July 30 – Lou Darvas, American artist, cartoonist (d.

)

August

* August 8 – Robert Stafford, Governor of Vermont, U.S Representative and U.S. Senator (d.

) * August 9 – Tadeusz Kotz, Polish World War II fighter ace (d.

) * August 10 ** Noah Beery Jr., American actor (d.

) ** Wolfgang Paul, German physicist (d.

) * August 13 ** Fred Davis (snooker player), Fred Davis, English snooker, billiards player (d.

) ** Makarios III, Archbishop and first President of Cyprus (d.

) * August 16 ** Menachem Begin, 6th Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d.

) ** Helen F. Holt, American politician (d.

) * August 17 ** W. Mark Felt, American FBI Associate Director, ''Deep Throat'' Watergate informant (d.

) ** Rudy York, American baseball player (d.

) * August 18 – Nils Löfgren, Swedish chemist (d. 1967) * August 20 – Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

) * August 22 – James W. Downing, American naval officer and author (d.

) * August 26 – Boris Pahor, Slovenian writer (d. 2022) * August 27 – Nina Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, German wife of freedom fighter Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (d.

) * August 28 ** Robertson Davies, Canadian novelist (d. 1995) ** Richard Tucker (tenor), Richard Tucker, American tenor (d.

) * August 29 ** Jackie Mitchell, Baseball Pitcher (d.

) ** Jan Ekier, Polish pianist, composer (d.

) * August 30 – Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * August 31 ** Helen Levitt, American photographer (d.

) ** Bernard Lovell, British radio astronomer (d.

) ** Michael Gover, English actor (d.

)

September–October

* September 1 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter, graphic artist (d.

) * September 2 ** Alex Lovy, American animator (d.

) ** Israel Gelfand, Russian mathematician (d.

) ** Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (d.

) * September 3 – Alan Ladd, American actor (d. 1964) * September 4 ** Mickey Cohen, American gangster (d.

) ** Boone Guyton, American test pilot (d.

) ** Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982) ** Kenzō Tange, Japanese architect (d.

) * September 6 – Julie Gibson, American singer and actress (d. 2019) * September 10 ** Lincoln Gordon, American diplomat (d.

) ** Zephania Mothopeng, South African politician, activist (d. 1990) * September 11 ** Bear Bryant, Paul "Bear" Bryant, American football coach (d.

) ** Eugenia Rawls, American actress (d.

) * September 12 ** Jesse Owens, African-American athlete (d.

) ** Eiji Toyoda, Japanese industrialist (d.

) * September 13 ** Roy Engel, American actor (d.

) ** Trần Đại Nghĩa, North Vietnamese army general (d.

) * September 14 ** Jacobo Árbenz, President of Guatemala (d.

) ** Annalisa Ericson, Swedish actress (d.

) * September 15 – John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General, convicted Watergate criminal (d.

) *

** Robert Lembke, German television presenter, game show host (d.

) ** Ata Kandó, Hungarian-born Dutch photographer (d.

) * September 19 – Frances Farmer, American actress (d.

) * September 22 – Lillian Chestney, American painter (d. 2000) *

– Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist, member of the CoBrA movement (d.

) * September 24 ** Wilson Rawls, American author (d.

) ** Herb Jeffries, American actor, popular music and jazz singer (d.

) * September 25 ** Charles Helou, 9th President of Lebanon (d.

) ** Terence Patrick O'Sullivan, British civil engineer (d.

) * September 27 – Alexandru Drăghici, Romanian communist activist and politician (d.

) * September 28 – Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss artist, illustrator (d.

) * September 29 ** Trevor Howard, English actor (d.

) ** Stanley Kramer, American film producer, director, and writer (d.

) ** Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d.

) * September 30 ** Bill Walsh (producer), Bill Walsh, American movie producer, writer (d.

) ** Cecilia Caballero Blanco, First Lady of Colombia (d. 2019) * October 2 – Roma Mitchell, Australian lawyer, Governor of South Australia (d.

) * October 4 – Martial Célestin, 1st Prime Minister of Haiti (d.

) * October 10 ** Alice Chetwynd Ley, British romance writer (d.

) ** Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * October 11 – Joe Simon, American comic book artist, writer (d.

) * October 18 – Evelyn Venable, American actress (d.

) * October 19 – Vinicius de Moraes, Brazilian poet, lyricist, and diplomat (d.

) * October 20 ** Barney Phillips, American actor (d. 1982) ** Cecilia Miranda de Carvalho, Brazilian singer (d.

) * October 22 ** Boots Mallory, American actress, dancer, and model (d. 1958) ** Robert Capa, Hungarian-born American photojournalist (d. 1954) ** Tamara Desni, German-born British actress (d.

) ** Hans-Peter Tschudi, 2-time President of Switzerland (d.

) * October 24 ** Ron Barassi Sr., Australian rules footballer (d.

) ** Tito Gobbi, Italian operatic baritone (d.

) * October 27 ** Joe Medicine Crow, American tribal historian and anthropologist (d.

) ** Otto Wichterle, Czech inventor of the modern contact lens (d.

) * October 28 – Don Lusk, American animator (d.

)

November

Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme

* November 2 – Burt Lancaster, American actor, best known for his role in ''Elmer Gantry (film), Elmer Gantry'' (d.

) * November 3 ** Marika Rökk, Egyptian-born Austrian singer, dancer and actress (d.

) ** Antony Mitradas, Indian film director (d.

) * November 5 – Vivien Leigh, British actress, best known for her role in ''Gone with the Wind (film), Gone With The Wind'' (d. 1967) * November 6 – Aisha Abd al-Rahman, Egyptian writer (d.

) * November 7 ** Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) ** Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian sculptor (d.

) ** Tahira Tahirova, Azerbaijani politician (d.

) * November 8 – Max Desfor, American photographer (d.

) * November 10 ** Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (d.

) ** Sun Yun-suan, Chinese engineer, politician (d.

) * November 11 – Rosemary Inyama, educator, politician, businesswoman and community developer (d. unknown) * November 13 ** Landrum Bolling, American political scientist and academic administrator (d.

) ** Lon Nol, 2-Time Prime Minister of Cambodia (d.

) ** Alexander Scourby, American actor (d.

) * November 15 – Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d.

) * November 16 – Ellen Albertini Dow, American actress (d.

) * November 18 – Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French painter (d.

) * November 21 ** John Boulting, English film director (d.

) ** Roy Boulting, English film director, producer (d.

) * November 22 ** Charles Berlitz, American author (d.

) ** Benjamin Britten, English composer (d.

) ** Gardnar Mulloy, American tennis player and coach (d.

) ** Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice (d.

) ** Jacqueline Vaudecrane, French figure skater (d.

) * November 23 – William Krehm, Canadian author, journalist and political activist (d. 2019) * November 24 – Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress (d.

) * November 25 – Lewis Thomas, American physician, essayist (d.

)

December

* December 1 – Mary Martin, American actress (d. 1990) * December 2 – Jerry Sohl, American scriptwriter (d.

) * December 6 ** Nikolai Amosov, Ukrainian heart surgeon, inventor, best-selling author, and exercise enthusiast (d.

) ** Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (d.

) * December 9 – Cynthia Chalk, American photographer (d.

) * December 10 – Morton Gould, American composer (d.

) * December 11 – Jean Marais, French actor (d.

) * December 13 – Arnold Brown (General of The Salvation Army), Arnold Brown, Salvation Army general (d.

) * December 15 – Muriel Rukeyser, American poet (d.

) * December 16 – George Ignatieff, Canadian diplomat, recipient of the 1984 Pearson Medal of Peace (d.

) * December 18 ** Lynn Bari, American actress (d.

) ** Alfred Bester, American author (d.

) ** Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d.

) * December 21 – Arnold Friberg, American artist (d.

) * December 23 – Frank Pierpoint Appleby, Canadian politician (d.

) * December 25 ** Candy Candido, American voice actor (d.

) ** Tony Martin (American singer), Tony Martin, American singer and actor (d.

) ** Henri Nannen, German journalist, mass media owner (d.

) * December 26 – Frank Swift, English footballer (d. 1958) * December 28 **Lou Jacobi, Canadian-American actor (d.

) **Charles Maxwell (actor), Charles Maxwell, American actor (d.

) * December 29 – Pierre Werner, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d.

) *

– Elyne Mitchell, Australian author (d.

)

Date unknown

* Halil-Salim Jabara, Israeli Arab politician (d.

) * Bahjat Talhouni, 4-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d.

)

Deaths

January

** Hermann Kinkelin, Swiss mathematician and politician (b. 1832) ** Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b. 1855) * January 3 – Jeff Davis (Arkansas governor), Jeff Davis, American politician, 20th Governor of Arkansas (b. 1862) *

– Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (b. 1833) *

– Gyula Juhász (sculptor), Gyula Juhász, Hungarian sculptor (b. 1876) *January 8 - Xavier Mertz, Swiss explorer, mountaineer and skier (b. 1882) * January 16 ** Tom Dolan (baseball), Tom Dolan, American baseball pitcher (b. 1855) ** Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, American aeronaut, scientist and inventor (b. 1832) * January 18 – George Alexander Gibson, Scottish physician (b. 1854) * January 20 ** José Guadalupe Posada, Mexican political printmaker and engraver (b. 1852) ** Karl Wittgenstein, Austrian steel tycoon (b. 1847) * January 21 – Aluísio Azevedo, Brazilian novelist (b. 1857) * January 27 – Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1832) * January 28 ** Julius Heinrich Franz, German astronomer (b. 1847) ** Segismundo Moret, Spanish politician and writer, 3-time Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1833)

February

2010-03-10 Kasimir Ernrot Exhibition Bonn-Duisdorf

– Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer and inventor (b. 1845) *

– Gordon Sprigg, Sir Gordon Sprigg, British Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (b. 1830) *

** Johan Ehrnrooth, 5th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1833) ** Lio Gangeri, Italian sculptor (b. 1845) * February 8 – Morten Eskesen, Danish author (b. 1826) * February 9 ** Manuel Enrique Araujo, 23rd President of El Salvador (assassinated) (b. 1865) ** Bernardo Reyes, Mexican general and politician (b. 1850) * February 15 – Florence Barker (actress), Florence Barker, American actress (b. 1891) * February 17 – Edward Stanley Gibbons, English philatelist, founder of Stanley Gibbons Ltd (b. 1840) *

– Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (b. 1878) * February 22 ** Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist and semiotician (b. 1857) ** Empress Dowager Longyu, Chinese empress (b. 1868) ** Francisco I. Madero, 33rd President of Mexico, assassinated (b. 1873) *

– Dénes Andrássy, Hungarian nobleman (b. 1835) *

– Felix Draeseke, German composer (b. 1835) *

– Riccardo Cessi, Italian painter (b. 1840) * February 28 – George Finnegan, American Olympic boxer (b. 1881)

March

– E. Pauline Johnson, Canadian writer (b. 1861) * March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (b. c. 1822) * March 11 – John Shaw Billings, American military, medical leader (b. 1838) *

– Francisco Pereira Passos, Brazilian engineer politician, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro (b. 1836) * March 13 – Felix Hidalgo, Filipino artist (b. 1855) * March 14 – Auguste Desgodins, French missionary (b. 1826) * March 17 – Soledad Acosta, Colombian journalist and writer (b. 1833) * March 18 – King George I of Greece (b. 1845) * March 19 – Géza Allaga, Hungarian composer (b. 1841) *

– Manuel Bonilla, 2-time President of Honduras (b. 1849) * March 22 **Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, Romanian lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1833) **Song Jiaoren, Sung Chiao-jen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1882) *

– Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, British field marshal (b. 1833) *

– J. P. Morgan, American financier (b. 1837)

April

* April 7 – Carl von Lemcke, German mathematician (b. 1867) *

– Gyula Kőnig, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1849) * April 15 – Kareemullah Shah, Indian Sufi scholar and saint * April 18 – Lester Frank Ward, American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist (b. 1841) * April 19 ** Paul Janson, Belgian politician (b. 1840) ** Hugo Winckler, German archaeologist and historian who uncovered the capital of the Hittite Empire (Hattusa) (b. 1863) * April 20 – Vilhelm Bissen, Danish sculptor (b. 1836) * April 24 – Vsevolod Abramovich, Russian aviator (b. 1890) * April 25 ** Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Ukrainian author (b. 1864) ** Stjepan Kovačević, Croatian politician (b. 1841) *

– Gabriel von Seidl, German architect (b. 1848) * April 28 – Andreas Flocken, German entrepreneur and inventor (b. 1845) * April 29 – Václav Hladík, Austro-Hungarian novelist (b. 1868)

May

* May 1 – John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger, U.S. Marshal (b. 1850) * May 2 ** Tancrède Auguste, Haitian general, 20th President of Haiti (b. 1856) ** Metropolitan Baselios Paulose I, Indian bishop (b. 1836) * May 6 – Elena Guro, Russian painter and writer (b. 1877) *

– Louis Adolphus Duhring, American physician (b. 1845) *

– Louis Perrier, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1849) * May 19 – Gabriel Loppé, French painter and photographer (b. 1825) * May 25 – Alfred Redl, Austrian military intelligence officer, double agent (honorable suicide) (b. 1864) * May 27 – Catherine Amanda Coburn, American journalist, newspaper editor (b. 1834) * May 28 – John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, British politician and scientist (b. 1839)

June

* June 2 – Alfred Austin, English Poet Laureate (b. 1835) *

– Chris von der Ahe, German-born American brewer, baseball owner (b. 1851) * June 8 – Emily Davison, English suffragette (b. 1872) * June 22 ** Ștefan Octavian Iosif, Romanian poet (b. 1875) ** Victorin-Hippolyte Jasset, French pioneer (b. 1862) *

** Nicolás de Piérola, Peruvian politician, 2-time President of Peru (b. 1839) ** Jonathan Hutchinson, Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, English surgeon (b. 1828) *

– Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Brazilian lawyer, politician and 4th President of Brazil (b. 1841)

July

– Emanuel M. Abrahams, American politician (b. 1866) * July 3 – Horatio Nelson Young, American Civil War naval hero (b. 1845) * July 5 – Prince Arisugawa Takehito (b. 1862) * July 7 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Union Army officer, diplomat and politician (b. 1841) * July 10 ** Mikoláš Aleš, Austro-Hungarian painter (b. 1835) ** John Valentine Ellis, Canadian journalist (b. 1835) * July 11 – Charles Lavigne, Ceylonese Roman Catholic and Syro Malabar Catholic bishop and Servant of God (b. 1840) * July 13 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General (b. 1841) * July 16 – Sigismund Bachrich, Hungarian composer (b. 1841) * July 17 – Esther Saville Allen, American author (b. 1837) * July 19 – Clímaco Calderón, Colombian lawyer, politician and 15th President of Colombia (b. 1852) * July 20 – Vsevolod Rudnev, Russian admiral (b. 1855) * July 22 – Adhémar Esmein, French jurist (b. 1848) ** Eduardo López Rivas, Venezuelan editor and journalist (b. 1850) * July 29 – Tobias Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838) * July 30 ** Lady Alicia Blackwood, English painter (b. 1818) ** Warren F. Daniell, American politician, U.S. Representative from New Hampshire (b. 1826) ** Itō Sachio, Japanese poet and novelist (b. 1864)

August

* August 3 ** Josephine Cochrane, American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher (b. 1839) ** Joseph Graybill, American actress (b. 1887) * August 4 – Étienne Laspeyres, German economist (b. 1834) * August 7 – Samuel Franklin Cody, American-born British aviation pioneer (b. 1867) * August 9 – Wilhelm Albermann, German sculptor (b. 1835) * August 10 – Jules Desbrochers des Loges, French entomologist (b. 1836) * August 11 ** Vasily Avseenko, Russian journalist and writer (b. 1842) ** Natalie Zahle, Danish educator and women's rights activist (b. 1827) * August 13 – August Bebel, German Social Democratic politician (b. 1840) * August 20 – Émile Ollivier, 24th Prime Minister of France (b. 1825) * August 22 – Oscar de Négrier, French general (b. 1839) * August 28 – Fyodor Kamensky, Russian sculptor (b. 1836) * August 29 – Lars Havstad, Norwegian activist (b. 1851)

September

* September 1 – Patriarch and Metropolitan Lukijan Bogdanović (b. 1867) *September 2 - Bill Miner, American bandito and stagecoach robber (b. 1847) * September 4 – Henry Billings Brown, American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1836) * September 9 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, 16th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843) * September 13 – Arandzar, Armenian poet and writer (b. 1877) * September 16 – Julius Lewkowitsch, German engineer (b. 1857) * September 18 – Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky (b. 1872) * September 20 – Ferdinand Blumentritt, Filipino author (b. 1853) * September 29 – Rudolf Diesel, German engine inventor (b. 1858) * September 30 ** Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi, Siamese princess (b. 1876) ** Antoni Klawiter, Polish Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1836)

October

* October 4 ** Josep Tapiró Baró, Spanish painter (b. 1836) ** Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Oman (b. 1864) ** Eleanor Cripps Kennedy, Canadian businessman (b. 1825) * October 5 – Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856) * October 7 – Ivan Banjavčić, Croatian politician and philanthropist (b. 1843) * October 10 **Adolphus Busch, German-American brewer, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch (b. 1839) ** Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia, Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1835) ** Katsura Tarō, 6th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1848) * October 12 – Elisabeth Leisinger, German soprano (b 1864) * October 13 – Leonid Sobolev, 6th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1844) * October 16 – Ralph Rose, American Olympic athlete (b. 1885) * October 19 – Charles Tellier, French engineer, inventor of the chemical refrigerator (b. 1828) * October 20 – Viktor Kirpichov, Russian engineer and physicist (b. 1845) * October 21 – Theodor Kolde, German Protestant theologian (b. 1850) * October 23 – Edwin Klebs, Swiss-German pathologist, discoverer of Diphtheria bacterium (b. 1834) * October 29 – Darío de Regoyos, Spanish painter (b. 1857) * October 31 – William Evans-Gordon, Sir William Evans-Gordon, British diplomat and politician (b. 1857)

November

* November 3 – Sava Grujić, Serbian diplomat, general and politician, 5-time Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1840) * November 4 – Fredericus Anna Jentink, Dutch zoologist (b. 1844) * November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823) * November 6 – Cho Ki-chon, North Korean poet (d. 1951) * November 8 – Ferdinand Abell, American businessman (b. 1835) * November 16 – George Barham, Sir George Barham, English businessman, founder of Express County Milk Supply Company (b. 1836) * November 21 – Francesco Acri, Italian philosopher (b. 1834) * November 22 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1837) * November 25 – Haviland Le Mesurier, Australian soldier (b. 1856) * November 28 – George B. Post, American architect (b. 1837)

December

* December 1 ** Juho Lallukka, Finnish businessman (b. 1852) ** Juhan Liiv, Estonian poet and short story writer (b. 1864) * December 5 – Ferdinand Dugué, French playwright (b. 1816) * December 7 ** Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian Catholic churchman, last surviving cardinal of Pius IX (b. 1828) ** Aaron Montgomery Ward, American businessman, inventor of mail order (b. 1844) * December 8 – František Koláček, Austro-Hungarian physicist (b. 1851) * December 10 – Léon Letort, French aviator (b. 1889) * December 11 ** Abraham Hirsch (architect), Abraham Hirsch, French architect (b. 1828) ** Carl von In der Maur, Governor of Liechtenstein (b. 1852) ** Ioan Kalinderu, Romanian jurist (b. 1840) * December 12 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1844) * December 13 – Birger Kildal, Norwegian businessman (b. 1849) * December 15 – Miguel Lebrija, Mexican aviator (b. 1887) * December 19 – Anthimus VII of Constantinople, Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople (b. 1827) * December 25 – Alberto Aguilera, Spanish politician (b. 1842) * December 26 – Ambrose Bierce, American writer, journalist (disappeared on this date) (b. 1842) * December 27 – Infanta Antónia of Portugal (b. 1845) *

– Giovanni Maria Boccardo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1848)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Alfred Werner * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Charles Richet * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Rabindranath Tagore * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Henri La Fontaine

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Births

January–February

March–April

May–June

July

August

September–October

November

December

Date unknown

Deaths

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Nobel Prizes

References

Further reading