1913 In Catalonia on:
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* January 1 – Shih Kien, Shek Kin, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009)
* January 2 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004)
* January 4 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d. 2007)
* January 6
** Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001)
** Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
* January 7 – Victor H. Krulak, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2008)
* January 9
** Eric Berry (actor), Eric Berry, British actor (d. 1993)
** Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
* January 10
** Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991)
** Mehmet Shehu, 23rd Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1981)
* January 11
** Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980)
** Jean Murrell Capers, American judge (d. 2017)
* January 15
** Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002)
** Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998)
** Alexander Marinesko, Soviet naval officer (d. 1963)
* January 17 – Everett Parker, American civil rights activist (d. 2015)
* January 18 – George Unwin, British World War II fighter ace (d. 2006)
* January 22
** Henry Bauchau, Belgian novelist, poet and psychoanalyst (d. 2012)
** William Conway (cardinal), William Conway, Irish cardinal (d. 1977)
** Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003)
*
*
* May 1
** Roy Matsumoto, American army officer (d. 2014)
** Louis Nye, American comedian, actor (d. 2005)
** Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
* May 4 – Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d. 2009)
* May 5 – Fred J. Doocy, American politician, banker (d. 2017)
* May 6 – Stewart Granger, Anglo-American actor (d. 1993)
* May 8
** Bob Clampett, American director (''Looney Tunes'') (d. 1984)
** Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937)
** Sid James, South African-born British actor, comedian (d. 1976)
** Charles Scorsese, American actor, father of Martin Scorsese (d. 1993)
* May 11 – Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994)
*
* July 1
** Lee Guttero, American basketball player (d. 2004)
** Noel Miller, Australian cricketer (d. 2007)
** Frederick Malkus, American politician (d. 1999)
** André Tollet, French upholsterer, trade unionist and communist (d. 2001)
** Frank Barrett (baseball), Frank Barrett, American relief pitcher (d. 1998)
** Mario Acerbi, Italian football player (d. 2010)
** Joana Raspall i Juanola, Spanish writer and librarian (d. 2013)
** Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam, Indian Army Chief (d. 2000)
* July 3 – Dorothy Kilgallen, American newspaper columnist (d. 1965)
* July 4 – Barbara Weeks (film actress), Barbara Weeks, American actress (d. 2003)
* July 5
** Elwood Cooke, American tennis player (d. 2004)
** Smiley Lewis, American New Orleans rhythm and blues singer, guitarist (d. 1966)
* July 6 – Vance Trimble, American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, author (d. 2021)
* July 7
** Pinetop Perkins, American blues musician (d. 2011)
** Lu Ann Meredith, American actress (d. 1998)
* July 8 – Alejandra Soler, Spanish politician and schoolteacher (d. 2017)
* July 9
** Ted Grant, South African Trotskyist (d. 2006)
** William M. Zachacki, (d. 1969)
*
* August 8 – Robert Stafford, Governor of Vermont, U.S Representative and U.S. Senator (d. 2006)
* August 9 – Tadeusz Kotz, Polish World War II fighter ace (d. 2008)
*
* September 1 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter, graphic artist (d. 1979)
* September 2
** Alex Lovy, American animator (d. 1992)
** Israel Gelfand, Russian mathematician (d. 2009)
** Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (d. 1981)
* September 3 – Alan Ladd, American actor (d. 1964)
* September 4
** Mickey Cohen, American gangster (d. 1976)
** Boone Guyton, American test pilot (d. 1996)
** Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
** Kenzō Tange, Japanese architect (d. 2005)
* September 6 – Julie Gibson, American singer and actress (d. 2019)
* September 10
** Lincoln Gordon, American diplomat (d. 2009)
** Zephania Mothopeng, South African politician, activist (d. 1990)
* September 11
** Bear Bryant, Paul "Bear" Bryant, American football coach (d. 1983)
** Eugenia Rawls, American actress (d. 2000)
* September 12
** Jesse Owens, African-American athlete (d. 1980)
** Eiji Toyoda, Japanese industrialist (d. 2013)
* September 13
** Roy Engel, American actor (d. 1980)
** Trần Đại Nghĩa, North Vietnamese army general (d. 1997)
* September 14
** Jacobo Árbenz, President of Guatemala (d. 1971)
** Annalisa Ericson, Swedish actress (d. 2011)
* September 15 – John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General, convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988)
* September 17
** Robert Lembke, German television presenter, game show host (d. 1989)
** Ata Kandó, Hungarian-born Dutch photographer (d. 2017)
* September 19 – Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970)
* September 22 – Lillian Chestney, American painter (d. 2000)
* September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist, member of the CoBrA movement (d. 2007)
* September 24
** Wilson Rawls, American author (d. 1984)
** Herb Jeffries, American actor, popular music and jazz singer (d. 2014)
* September 25
** Charles Helou, 9th President of Lebanon (d. 2001)
** Terence Patrick O'Sullivan, British civil engineer (d. 1970)
* September 27 – Alexandru Drăghici, Romanian communist activist and politician (d. 1993)
* September 28 – Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss artist, illustrator (d. 2007)
* September 29
** Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988)
** Stanley Kramer, American film producer, director, and writer (d. 2001)
** Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d. 1996)
* September 30
** Bill Walsh (producer), Bill Walsh, American movie producer, writer (d. 1975)
** Cecilia Caballero Blanco, First Lady of Colombia (d. 2019)
* October 2 – Roma Mitchell, Australian lawyer, Governor of South Australia (d. 2000)
* October 4 – Martial Célestin, 1st Prime Minister of Haiti (d. 2011)
* October 10
** Alice Chetwynd Ley, British romance writer (d. 2004)
** Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
* October 11 – Joe Simon, American comic book artist, writer (d. 2011)
* October 18 – Evelyn Venable, American actress (d. 1993)
* October 19 – Vinicius de Moraes, Brazilian poet, lyricist, and diplomat (d. 1980)
* October 20
** Barney Phillips, American actor (d. 1982)
** Cecilia Miranda de Carvalho, Brazilian singer (d. 2011)
* October 22
** Boots Mallory, American actress, dancer, and model (d. 1958)
** Robert Capa, Hungarian-born American photojournalist (d. 1954)
** Tamara Desni, German-born British actress (d. 2008)
** Hans-Peter Tschudi, 2-time President of Switzerland (d. 2002)
* October 24
** Ron Barassi Sr., Australian rules footballer (d. 1941)
** Tito Gobbi, Italian operatic baritone (d. 1984)
* October 27
** Joe Medicine Crow, American tribal historian and anthropologist (d. 2016)
** Otto Wichterle, Czech inventor of the modern contact lens (d. 1998)
* October 28 – Don Lusk, American animator (d. 2018)
* November 2 – Burt Lancaster, American actor, best known for his role in ''Elmer Gantry (film), Elmer Gantry'' (d. 1994)
* November 3
** Marika Rökk, Egyptian-born Austrian singer, dancer and actress (d. 2004)
** Antony Mitradas, Indian film director (d. 2017)
* November 5 – Vivien Leigh, British actress, best known for her role in ''Gone with the Wind (film), Gone With The Wind'' (d. 1967)
* November 6 – Aisha Abd al-Rahman, Egyptian writer (d. 1998)
* November 7
** Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)
** Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian sculptor (d. 2009)
** Tahira Tahirova, Azerbaijani politician (d. 1991)
* November 8 – Max Desfor, American photographer (d. 2018)
* November 10
** Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (d. 2005)
** Sun Yun-suan, Chinese engineer, politician (d. 2006)
* November 11 – Rosemary Inyama, educator, politician, businesswoman and community developer (d. unknown)
* November 13
** Landrum Bolling, American political scientist and academic administrator (d. 2018)
** Lon Nol, 2-Time Prime Minister of Cambodia (d. 1985)
** Alexander Scourby, American actor (d. 1985)
* November 15 – Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d. 2005)
* November 16 – Ellen Albertini Dow, American actress (d. 2015)
* November 18 – Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French painter (d. 1999)
* November 21
** John Boulting, English film director (d. 1985)
** Roy Boulting, English film director, producer (d. 2001)
* November 22
** Charles Berlitz, American author (d. 2003)
** Benjamin Britten, English composer (d. 1976)
** Gardnar Mulloy, American tennis player and coach (d. 2016)
** Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice (d. 2006)
** Jacqueline Vaudecrane, French figure skater (d. 2018)
* November 23 – William Krehm, Canadian author, journalist and political activist (d. 2019)
* November 24 – Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress (d. 2005)
* November 25 – Lewis Thomas, American physician, essayist (d. 1993)
* December 1 – Mary Martin, American actress (d. 1990)
* December 2 – Jerry Sohl, American scriptwriter (d. 2002)
* December 6
** Nikolai Amosov, Ukrainian heart surgeon, inventor, best-selling author, and exercise enthusiast (d. 2002)
** Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (d. 2004)
* December 9 – Cynthia Chalk, American photographer (d. 2018)
* December 10 – Morton Gould, American composer (d. 1996)
* December 11 – Jean Marais, French actor (d. 1998)
* December 13 – Arnold Brown (General of The Salvation Army), Arnold Brown, Salvation Army general (d. 2002)
* December 15 – Muriel Rukeyser, American poet (d. 1980)
* December 16 – George Ignatieff, Canadian diplomat, recipient of the 1984 Pearson Medal of Peace (d. 1989)
* December 18
** Lynn Bari, American actress (d. 1989)
** Alfred Bester, American author (d. 1987)
** Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
* December 21 – Arnold Friberg, American artist (d. 2010)
* December 23 – Frank Pierpoint Appleby, Canadian politician (d. 2015)
* December 25
** Candy Candido, American voice actor (d. 1999)
** Tony Martin (American singer), Tony Martin, American singer and actor (d. 2012)
** Henri Nannen, German journalist, mass media owner (d. 1996)
* December 26 – Frank Swift, English footballer (d. 1958)
* December 28
**Lou Jacobi, Canadian-American actor (d. 2009)
**Charles Maxwell (actor), Charles Maxwell, American actor (d. 1993)
* December 29 – Pierre Werner, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 2002)
* December 30 – Elyne Mitchell, Australian author (d. 2002)
* February 2 – Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer and inventor (b. 1845)
* February 4 – Gordon Sprigg, Sir Gordon Sprigg, British Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (b. 1830)
*
*
* May 1 – John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger, U.S. Marshal (b. 1850)
* May 2
** Tancrède Auguste, Haitian general, 20th President of Haiti (b. 1856)
** Metropolitan Baselios Paulose I, Indian bishop (b. 1836)
* May 6 – Elena Guro, Russian painter and writer (b. 1877)
* May 8 – Louis Adolphus Duhring, American physician (b. 1845)
* May 16 – Louis Perrier, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1849)
* May 19 – Gabriel Loppé, French painter and photographer (b. 1825)
* May 25 – Alfred Redl, Austrian military intelligence officer, double agent (honorable suicide) (b. 1864)
* May 27 – Catherine Amanda Coburn, American journalist, newspaper editor (b. 1834)
* May 28 – John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, British politician and scientist (b. 1839)
* June 2 – Alfred Austin, English Poet Laureate (b. 1835)
*
* July 1 – Emanuel M. Abrahams, American politician (b. 1866)
* July 3 – Horatio Nelson Young, American Civil War naval hero (b. 1845)
* July 5 – Prince Arisugawa Takehito (b. 1862)
* July 7 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Union Army officer, diplomat and politician (b. 1841)
*
* August 3
** Josephine Cochrane, American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher (b. 1839)
** Joseph Graybill, American actress (b. 1887)
*
* September 1 – Patriarch and Metropolitan Lukijan Bogdanović (b. 1867)
*September 2 - Bill Miner, American bandito and stagecoach robber (b. 1847)
* September 4 – Henry Billings Brown, American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1836)
* September 9 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, 16th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843)
* September 13 – Arandzar, Armenian poet and writer (b. 1877)
* September 16 – Julius Lewkowitsch, German engineer (b. 1857)
* September 18 – Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky (b. 1872)
* September 20 – Ferdinand Blumentritt, Filipino author (b. 1853)
* September 29 – Rudolf Diesel, German engine inventor (b. 1858)
* September 30
** Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi, Siamese princess (b. 1876)
** Antoni Klawiter, Polish Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1836)
* October 4
** Josep Tapiró Baró, Spanish painter (b. 1836)
** Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Oman (b. 1864)
** Eleanor Cripps Kennedy, Canadian businessman (b. 1825)
* October 5 – Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856)
* October 7 – Ivan Banjavčić, Croatian politician and philanthropist (b. 1843)
* October 10
**Adolphus Busch, German-American brewer, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch (b. 1839)
** Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia, Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1835)
** Katsura Tarō, 6th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1848)
* October 12 – Elisabeth Leisinger, German soprano (b 1864)
* October 13 – Leonid Sobolev, 6th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1844)
* October 16 – Ralph Rose, American Olympic athlete (b. 1885)
* October 19 – Charles Tellier, French engineer, inventor of the chemical refrigerator (b. 1828)
* October 20 – Viktor Kirpichov, Russian engineer and physicist (b. 1845)
* October 21 – Theodor Kolde, German Protestant theologian (b. 1850)
* October 23 – Edwin Klebs, Swiss-German pathologist, discoverer of Diphtheria bacterium (b. 1834)
* October 29 – Darío de Regoyos, Spanish painter (b. 1857)
* October 31 – William Evans-Gordon, Sir William Evans-Gordon, British diplomat and politician (b. 1857)
* November 3 – Sava Grujić, Serbian diplomat, general and politician, 5-time Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1840)
* November 4 – Fredericus Anna Jentink, Dutch zoologist (b. 1844)
* November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823)
* November 6 – Cho Ki-chon, North Korean poet (d. 1951)
* November 8 – Ferdinand Abell, American businessman (b. 1835)
* November 16 – George Barham, Sir George Barham, English businessman, founder of Express County Milk Supply Company (b. 1836)
* November 21 – Francesco Acri, Italian philosopher (b. 1834)
* November 22 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1837)
* November 25 – Haviland Le Mesurier, Australian soldier (b. 1856)
* November 28 – George B. Post, American architect (b. 1837)
* December 1
** Juho Lallukka, Finnish businessman (b. 1852)
** Juhan Liiv, Estonian poet and short story writer (b. 1864)
* December 5 – Ferdinand Dugué, French playwright (b. 1816)
* December 7
** Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian Catholic churchman, last surviving cardinal of Pius IX (b. 1828)
** Aaron Montgomery Ward, American businessman, inventor of mail order (b. 1844)
* December 8 – František Koláček, Austro-Hungarian physicist (b. 1851)
* December 10 – Léon Letort, French aviator (b. 1889)
* December 11
** Abraham Hirsch (architect), Abraham Hirsch, French architect (b. 1828)
** Carl von In der Maur, Governor of Liechtenstein (b. 1852)
** Ioan Kalinderu, Romanian jurist (b. 1840)
* December 12 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1844)
* December 13 – Birger Kildal, Norwegian businessman (b. 1849)
* December 15 – Miguel Lebrija, Mexican aviator (b. 1887)
* December 19 – Anthimus VII of Constantinople, Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople (b. 1827)
* December 25 – Alberto Aguilera, Spanish politician (b. 1842)
* December 26 – Ambrose Bierce, American writer, journalist (disappeared on this date) (b. 1842)
* December 27 – Infanta Antónia of Portugal (b. 1845)
* December 30 – Giovanni Maria Boccardo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1848)
excerpt and text search
covers 20 major world cities * Gilbert, Martin. ''A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933'' (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 269–96. * {{Authority control 1913,
Events
January
*January 5
Events Pre-1600
*1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France.
1601–1900
*1675 – Battle of Turckh ...
– First Balkan War
The First Balkan War ( sr, Први балкански рат, ''Prvi balkanski rat''; bg, Балканска война; el, Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; tr, Birinci Balkan Savaşı) lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and invo ...
: Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis
Pavlos Kountouriotis ( el, Παύλος Κουντουριώτης; 9 April 1855 – 22 August 1935) was a Greek rear admiral during the Balkan Wars, regent, and the first President of the Second Hellenic Republic. In total he served four times ...
forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (; tr, Çanakkale Boğazı, lit=Strait of Çanakkale, el, Δαρδανέλλια, translit=Dardanéllia), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli from the Gallipoli peninsula or from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (; ...
, from which it will not venture for the rest of the war.
* January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
– Edward Carson
Edward Henry Carson, 1st Baron Carson, PC, PC (Ire) (9 February 1854 – 22 October 1935), from 1900 to 1921 known as Sir Edward Carson, was an Irish unionist politician, barrister and judge, who served as the Attorney General and Solicito ...
founds the (first) Ulster Volunteer Force
The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group. Formed in 1965, it first emerged in 1966. Its first leader was Gusty Spence, a former British Army soldier from Northern Ireland. The group undertook an armed campaig ...
, by unifying several existing loyalist
Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cro ...
militia
A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...
s to resist home rule
Home rule is government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens. It is thus the power of a part (administrative division) of a state or an external dependent country to exercise such of the state's powers of governance wit ...
for Ireland.
* January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
*1264 & ...
– 1913 Ottoman coup d'état
The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (January 23, 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte ( tr, Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by ...
: Ismail Enver
İsmail Enver, better known as Enver Pasha ( ota, اسماعیل انور پاشا; tr, İsmail Enver Paşa; 22 November 1881 – 4 August 1922) was an Ottoman military officer, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal who formed one-third ...
comes to power.
* January – Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...
(whose first article using this name is published this month) travels to Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
to carry out research. Until he leaves on February 16 the city is home simultaneously to him, Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then ...
, Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian M ...
and Tito
Tito may refer to:
People Mononyms
* Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980), commonly known mononymously as Tito, Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman
* Roberto Arias (1918–1989), aka Tito, Panamanian international lawyer, diplomat, and journ ...
alongside Berg Berg may refer to:
People
*Berg (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)
*Berg Ng (born 1960), Hong Kong actor
* Berg (footballer) (born 1989), Brazilian footballer
Former states
*Berg (state), county and duchy of the Holy ...
, Freud
Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies explained as originating in conflicts in ...
and Jung
Carl Gustav Jung ( ; ; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. Jung's work has been influential in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philo ...
and Ludwig and Paul Wittgenstein
Paul Wittgenstein (November 5, 1887March 3, 1961) was an Austrian-American concert pianist notable for commissioning new piano concerti for the left hand alone, following the amputation of his right arm during the First World War. He devised nove ...
.
February
*February 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
* 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
– New York City's Grand Central Terminal
Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Grand Central is the southern terminus ...
, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station
A train station, railway station, railroad station or depot is a railway facility where trains stop to load or unload passengers, freight or both. It generally consists of at least one platform, one track and a station building providing such ...
.
* February 3
Events Pre-1600
* 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
*1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
– The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states on the basis of population. It was passed by Congress in 1909 in response to the 1895 Sup ...
is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income tax
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Tax ...
es on all sources of income, not just some.
* February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
– Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered ...
's last opera ''L'incoronazione di Poppea
''L'incoronazione di Poppea'' ( SV 308, ''The Coronation of Poppaea'') is an Italian opera by Claudio Monteverdi. It was Monteverdi's last opera, with a libretto by Giovanni Francesco Busenello, and was first performed at the Teatro Santi Giovanni ...
'' is performed theatrically for the first time in more than 250 years, in Paris.
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
* 1539 – The first recorded race is hel ...
– Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: "La Decena Trágica
The Ten Tragic Days ( es, La Decena Trágica) during the Mexican Revolution is the name now given to a multi-day coup d'etat in Mexico City by opponents of Francisco I. Madero, the democratically elected president of Mexico, between 9 - 19 Feb ...
", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero
Francisco Ignacio Madero González (; 30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican businessman, revolutionary, writer and Public figure, statesman, who became the 37th president of Mexico from 1911 until he was deposed in Ten Tragic Da ...
, begins.
* February 13
Events Pre-1600
* 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
*1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
*1462 – The ...
– Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet
Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...
from Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
China.
* February 18
Events Pre-1600
* 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
* 1268 &ndas ...
– Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero
Francisco Ignacio Madero González (; 30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican businessman, revolutionary, writer and Public figure, statesman, who became the 37th president of Mexico from 1911 until he was deposed in Ten Tragic Da ...
and Vice President José María Pino Suárez
José María Pino Suárez (; September 8, 1869 – February 22, 1913) was a Mexican statesman, lawyer, writer and newspaper proprietor who was a key figure of the Mexican Revolution and served as the 7th and last Vice President of Mexico fro ...
are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin
Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes (8 May 1856 – 21 July 1952) (in Spanish) was a Mexican politician who served as the 38th President of Mexico for less than one hour (45 minutes) on February 19, 1913, the short ...
serves as president for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta
José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (; 22 December 1854 – 13 January 1916) was a general in the Mexican Federal Army and 39th President of Mexico, who came to power by coup against the democratically elected government of Francisco I. Madero wit ...
, leader of the coup, takes office.
* February 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
* 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdina ...
– Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: Francisco I. Madero
Francisco Ignacio Madero González (; 30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican businessman, revolutionary, writer and Public figure, statesman, who became the 37th president of Mexico from 1911 until he was deposed in Ten Tragic Da ...
and José María Pino Suárez
José María Pino Suárez (; September 8, 1869 – February 22, 1913) was a Mexican statesman, lawyer, writer and newspaper proprietor who was a key figure of the Mexican Revolution and served as the 7th and last Vice President of Mexico fro ...
are assassinated.
* February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana
The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order (russian: Отделение по охранению общественной безопасности и порядка), usually called Guard Department ( rus, Охранное отд ...
, in Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, and exiled to Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
.
March
*March
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of Marc ...
** The House of Romanov
The House of Romanov (also transcribed Romanoff; rus, Романовы, Románovy, rɐˈmanəvɨ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to th ...
celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist
Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. ...
sentiment in Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
.
** Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren
Song Jiaoren (, ; Given name at birth: Liàn 鍊; Courtesy name: Dùnchū 鈍初) (5 April 1882 – 22 March 1913) was a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the Kuomintang (KMT). Song Jiaoren led the KMT to elec ...
, Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
uses military force to dissolve China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
's parliament, and rules as a dictator.
* c. March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor ...
– British steamship ''Calvados'' disappears in the Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via the ...
, with 200 on board.
* March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 &nd ...
– The Woman Suffrage Procession
The Woman Suffrage Procession on 3 March 1913 was the first suffragist parade in Washington, D.C. It was also the first large, organized march on Washington for political purposes. The procession was organized by the suffragists Alice Paul and L ...
takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland
Inez Milholland Boissevain (August 6, 1886 – November 25, 1916) was a leading American suffragist, lawyer, and peace activist.
From her college days at Vassar, she campaigned aggressively for women’s rights as the principal issue of a wide ...
on horseback.
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
** Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
is sworn in
Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon ', also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to giv ...
, as the 28th President of the United States.
** The U.S. Department of Commerce
The United States Department of Commerce is an United States federal executive departments, executive department of the Federal government of the United States, U.S. federal government concerned with creating the conditions for economic growth ...
and U.S. Department of Labor
The United States Department of Labor (DOL) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It is responsible for the administration of federal laws governing occupational safety and health, wage and hour standards, unemploym ...
are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor
The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was a short-lived Cabinet department of the United States government, which was concerned with fostering and supervising big business.
Origins and establishment
Calls in the United States for ...
. The Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureau is part of the ...
, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries
The United States Fish Commission, formally known as the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, was an agency of the United States government created in 1871 to investigate, promote, and preserve the fisheries of the United States. In 1 ...
and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system, providing the foundation for transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and a large number of applications ...
form part of the Department of Commerce.
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
– 6 – First Balkan War
The First Balkan War ( sr, Први балкански рат, ''Prvi balkanski rat''; bg, Балканска война; el, Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; tr, Birinci Balkan Savaşı) lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and invo ...
– Battle of Bizani
The Battle of Bizani (, ''Máchi tou Bizaníou''; tr, Bizani Muharebesi, italic=no) took place in Epirus on . The battle was fought between Greek and Ottoman forces during the last stages of the First Balkan War, and revolved around the forts ...
: Forces of the Kingdom of Greece
The Kingdom of Greece ( grc, label=Greek, Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος ) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. It was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople, where ...
capture the forts of Bizani
Bizani ( el, Μπιζάνι) is a village and a former municipality in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Ioannina, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit ...
(covering the approaches to Ioannina
Ioannina ( el, Ιωάννινα ' ), often called Yannena ( ' ) within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus, an administrative region in north-western Greece. According to the 2011 census, the c ...
) from the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
.
* March 7
Events Pre-1600
* 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
* 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...
– British freighter ''Alum Chine'', carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore
Baltimore ( , locally: or ) is the List of municipalities in Maryland, most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, fourth most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, and List of United States cities by popula ...
harbour.
* March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
* 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
– Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra
Canberra ( )
is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...
.
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
*1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
*1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
– Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: Pancho Villa
Francisco "Pancho" Villa (,"Villa"
''Collins English Dictionary''. ; ;
returns to Mexico, from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
* ''Collins English Dictionary''. ; ;
March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eigh ...
– The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December
Events Pre-1600
* 771 – Austrasian king Carloman I dies, leaving his brother Charlemagne as sole king of the Frankish Kingdom.
* 963 – The lay papal protonotary is elected pope and takes the name Leo VIII, being consecrated on 6 ...
1952
Events January–February
* January 26 – Black Saturday in Egypt: Rioters burn Cairo's central business district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses.
* February 6
** Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, becomes m ...
(the Uruguayan Air Force
The Uruguayan Air Force ( es, Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya, abbreviated FAU) is the air service branch of the Armed Forces of Uruguay. Originally created as part of the National Army of Uruguay, the Air Force was established as a separate branch on Dec ...
(FAU) will grow from this foundation).
* March 18
Events Pre-1600
* 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10.
* 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ara ...
– King George I of Greece
George I ( Greek: Γεώργιος Α΄, ''Geórgios I''; 24 December 1845 – 18 March 1913) was King of Greece from 30 March 1863 until his assassination in 1913.
Originally a Danish prince, he was born in Copenhagen, and seemed destined for ...
is assassinated after 50 years on the throne; he is succeeded by his son Constantine I
Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to Constantine the Great and Christianity, convert to Christiani ...
.
* March 20
Events Pre-1600
* 673 – Emperor Emperor Tenmu, Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Asuka, Yamato#Imperial Palaces, Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka, Yamato, Asuka.
*1206 – Michael IV of Constantinople, Michael IV Au ...
– Sung Chiao-jen
Song Jiaoren (, ; Given name at birth: Liàn 鍊; Courtesy name: Dùnchū 鈍初) (5 April 1882 – 22 March 1913) was a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the Kuomintang (KMT). Song Jiaoren led the KMT to elec ...
, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Tai ...
), is wounded in an assassination attempt, and dies two days later.
** The city of Canberra
Canberra ( )
is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...
, the center of the Australian Capital Territory
The Australian Capital Territory (commonly abbreviated as ACT), known as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) until 1938, is a landlocked federal territory of Australia containing the national capital Canberra and some surrounding townships. ...
, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
.
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey Church, Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of ...
– Supporters of Phan Xích Long
Phan Xích Long, also known as Hồng Long, born Phan Phát Sanh (1893–1916), was a 20th-century Vietnamese mystic and geomancer who raised an unsuccessful uprising against French rule in Cochinchina from 1913 to 1916. He attempted to explo ...
begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
.
* March 25
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto.
* 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...
– The Great Dayton Flood
The Great Dayton Flood of 1913 resulted from flooding by the Great Miami River reaching Dayton, Ohio, and the surrounding area, causing the greatest natural disaster in Ohio history. In response, the General Assembly passed the Vonderheide Act to ...
, after four days of rain in the Miami Valley
The Miami Valley is the land area surrounding the Great Miami River in southwest Ohio, USA, and includes the Little Miami, Mad, and Stillwater rivers as well. Geographically, it includes Dayton, Springfield, Middletown, Hamilton, and other c ...
, kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in Dayton, Ohio
Dayton () is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. The 2020 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 137,644, while Greater Day ...
).
*March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, is ...
** Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: Venustiano Carranza
José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February ...
announces his Plan of Guadalupe
The Plan of Guadalupe ( es, Plan de Guadalupe) was a political manifesto which was proclaimed on March 26, 1913, by the Governor of Coahuila Venustiano Carranza in response to the reactionary coup d'etat and execution of President Francisco I. M ...
, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta
José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (; 22 December 1854 – 13 January 1916) was a general in the Mexican Federal Army and 39th President of Mexico, who came to power by coup against the democratically elected government of Francisco I. Madero wit ...
's government, as head of the ''Constitutionals''.
** Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars refers to a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan States in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan States of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defe ...
: The Siege of Adrianople ends, when Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
n forces take Adrianople
Edirne (, ), formerly known as Adrianople or Hadrianopolis (Greek: Άδριανούπολις), is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace. Situated from the Greek and from the Bulgarian borders, ...
from the Ottomans.
April
*April
April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days.
April is commonly associated with ...
– Bernhard Kellermann
Bernhard Kellermann (4 March 1879, Fürth, Kingdom of Bavaria – 17 October 1951) was a German author and poet.
Life
Bernhard Kellermann enrolled in 1899 at Technical University Munich initially in general studies, but later focused on G ...
's novel ''Der Tunnel
''Der Tunnel'' is a made-for-television German film released in 2001 and loosely based on true events in Berlin following
the closing of the East German border in August 1961 and the subsequent construction of the Berlin Wall. Roland Suso Rich ...
'' is published.
* April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...
– The United States Soccer Federation
The United States Soccer Federation (USSF), commonly referred to as U.S. Soccer, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and the official governing body of the sport of soccer in the United States. Headquartered in Chicago, the federation is ...
is formed.
* April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the direct election of United States senators in each state. The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and2 of the Constitution, under wh ...
is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
* April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
– Albrecht Grocery Shop, predecessor of the Aldi
Aldi (stylised as ALDI) is the common company brand name of two German multinational family-owned discount supermarket chains operating over 10,000 stores in 20 countries. The chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946, when t ...
discount store
A discount store or discounter offers a retail format in which products are sold at prices that are in principle lower than an actual or supposed "full retail price". Discounters rely on bulk purchasing and efficient distribution to keep down cost ...
chain globally, is founded in Essen
Essen (; Latin: ''Assindia'') is the central and, after Dortmund, second-largest city of the Ruhr, the largest urban area in Germany. Its population of makes it the fourth-largest city of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne, Düsseldorf and D ...
, Germany.>
* April 13
Events Pre-1600
*1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
* 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.
1601–1900
*1612 – In one of the epic samurai ...
Boca Juniors' debut in Primera was on April 13 v Estudiantil Porteño, a 4–2 win as visitor with 3 goals scored by Arnulfo Leal.
* April 21
Events Pre-1600
*753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date).
* 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered ...
– Cunard
Cunard () is a British shipping and cruise line based at Carnival House at Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc. Since 2011, Cunard and its three ships have been registered in Hamilton, Bermu ...
ocean liner
An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships).
Ca ...
, built by John Brown & Company
John Brown and Company of Clydebank was a Scottish Naval architecture, marine engineering and shipbuilding firm. It built many notable and world-famous ships including , , , , , and the ''Queen Elizabeth 2 (ship), Queen Elizabeth 2''.
At its ...
, is launched on the River Clyde
The River Clyde ( gd, Abhainn Chluaidh, , sco, Clyde Watter, or ) is a river that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the ninth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the third-longest in Scotland. It runs through the major cit ...
.
* April 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).
* 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy m ...
– The Woolworth Building
The Woolworth Building is an early skyscraper, early American skyscraper designed by architect Cass Gilbert located at 233 Broadway (Manhattan), Broadway in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was the tallest building in ...
opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert
Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934) was an American architect. An early proponent of skyscrapers, his works include the Woolworth Building, the United States Supreme Court building, the state capitols of Minnesota, Arkansas and We ...
, it is the tallest building in the world
This list of tallest buildings includes skyscrapers with continuously occupiable floors and a height of at least . Non-building structures, such as towers, are not included in this list (for these, see ''List of tallest buildings and structur ...
on this date, and for more than a decade after.
May
*May
May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the third of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May ...
– The Muscat rebellion
The Muscat rebellion was an uprising in 1913 led by Sālim bin Rāshid al-Kharūṣī against the authority of the Sultans of Muscat and Oman. The rebels established their own state, the Ibāḍī imamate. Its causes lay in a deep-rooted rivalry ...
begins in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman ( ar, سلطنة مسقط وعمان, Salṭanat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān), also known briefly as the State of Muscat and Oman () during the rule of Taimur bin Feisal, was a sovereign state that encompassed the prese ...
in Tanuf, a village just north of the city of Nizwa
Nizwa ( ar, نِزْوَى, Nizwā) is the largest city in Ad Dakhiliyah Region in Oman and was the capital of Oman proper. Nizwa is about (1.5 hours) from Muscat. The population is estimated at around 72,000 people, including the two areas o ...
.
* May 3
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
* 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
– ''Raja Harishchandra
''Raja Harishchandra'' () is a 1913 Indian silent film directed and produced by Dadasaheb Phalke. It is often considered the first full-length Indian feature film. ''Raja Harishchandra'' features Dattatraya Damodar Dabke, Anna Salunke, Bhalc ...
'', the first full-length Indian feature film
A feature film or feature-length film is a narrative film (motion picture or "movie") with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole presentation in a commercial entertainment program. The term ''feature film'' originall ...
, is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry
The Cinema of India consists of motion pictures produced in India, which had a large effect on world cinema since the late 20th century. Major centers of film production across the country include Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Ko ...
.
* May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
–July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abd ...
– A major industrial strike occurs in the Black Country
The Black Country is an area of the West Midlands county, England covering most of the Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell and Walsall. Dudley and Tipton are generally considered to be the centre. It became industrialised during its ro ...
of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
*1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
* 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
– New York Governor William Sulzer
William Sulzer (March 18, 1863 – November 6, 1941) was an American lawyer and politician, nicknamed Plain Bill Sulzer. He was the 39th Governor of New York and a long-serving congressman from the same state.
Sulzer was the first, and to date ...
approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation and philanthropic medical research and arts funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The second-oldest major philanthropic institution in America, after the Carneg ...
, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American business magnate and philanthropist. He has been widely considered the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history. Rockefeller was ...
.
* May 24
Events Pre-1600
* 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
* 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.
* 1276 – Magnus La ...
– 25 – Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...
moves from Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
to Munich
Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
.
* May 24
Events Pre-1600
* 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
* 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.
* 1276 – Magnus La ...
– Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia
german: Viktoria Luise Adelheid Mathilde Charlotte
, house = Hohenzollern
, father = Wilhelm II, German Emperor
, mother = Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
, birth_name = Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia
, ...
marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover
Hanover (; german: Hannover ; nds, Hannober) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony. Its 535,932 (2021) inhabitants make it the 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-largest city in Northern Germany ...
and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns.
* May 26
Events Pre-1600
* 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe.
* 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire take ...
(May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky
Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (russian: И́горь Ива́нович Сико́рский, p=ˈiɡərʲ ɪˈvanəvitʃ sʲɪˈkorskʲɪj, a=Ru-Igor Sikorsky.ogg, tr. ''Ígor' Ivánovich Sikórskiy''; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972)Fortie ...
becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air flying machine, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using wings that generate lift caused by the aircraft's forward airspeed and the shape of the wings. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinc ...
.
* May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– The ballet
Ballet () is a type of performance dance that originated during the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread and highly technical form of ...
''The Rite of Spring
''The Rite of Spring''. Full name: ''The Rite of Spring: Pictures from Pagan Russia in Two Parts'' (french: Le Sacre du printemps: tableaux de la Russie païenne en deux parties) (french: Le Sacre du printemps, link=no) is a ballet and orchestral ...
'' (music by Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French (from 1934) and American (from 1945) citizenship. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the ...
, conducted by Pierre Monteux
Pierre Benjamin Monteux (; 4 April 18751 July 1964) was a French (later American) conductor. After violin and viola studies, and a decade as an orchestral player and occasional conductor, he began to receive regular conducting engagements in ...
, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky
Vaslav (or Vatslav) Nijinsky (; rus, Вацлав Фомич Нижинский, Vatslav Fomich Nizhinsky, p=ˈvatsləf fɐˈmʲitɕ nʲɪˈʐɨnskʲɪj; pl, Wacław Niżyński, ; 12 March 1889/18908 April 1950) was a ballet dancer and choreog ...
and design by Nicholas Roerich
Nicholas Roerich (; October 9, 1874 – December 13, 1947), also known as Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh (russian: link=no, Никола́й Константи́нович Ре́рих), was a Russian painter, writer, archaeologist, theosophi ...
) is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev
Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev ( ; rus, Серге́й Па́влович Дя́гилев, , sʲɪˈrɡʲej ˈpavləvʲɪdʑ ˈdʲæɡʲɪlʲɪf; 19 August 1929), usually referred to outside Russia as Serge Diaghilev, was a Russian art critic, pat ...
's Ballets Russes
The Ballets Russes () was an itinerant ballet company begun in Paris that performed between 1909 and 1929 throughout Europe and on tours to North and South America. The company never performed in Russia, where the Revolution disrupted society. A ...
, at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées
The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées () is an entertainment venue standing at 15 avenue Montaigne in Paris. It is situated near Avenue des Champs-Élysées, from which it takes its name. Its eponymous main hall may seat up to 1,905 people, while th ...
in Paris; its modernist
Modernism is both a philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, an ...
style provokes one of the most famous classical music riot
There have been many notable instances of unruly behaviour at classical music concerts, often at the premiere of a new work or production.
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
See also
* Succès de scandale
* Cla ...
s in history. The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco Chanel
Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel ( , ; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with popularizing a sporty, c ...
, Marcel Duchamp
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (, , ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso ...
, Harry Graf Kessler
Harry Clemens Ulrich Graf von Kessler (23 May 1868 – 30 November 1937) was an Anglo-German count, diplomat, writer, and patron of modern art. English translations of his diaries "Journey to the Abyss" (2011) and "Berlin in Lights" (1971) reve ...
and Maurice Ravel
Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with Impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composers rejected the term. In ...
.
* May 30
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...
– First Balkan War
The First Balkan War ( sr, Први балкански рат, ''Prvi balkanski rat''; bg, Балканска война; el, Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; tr, Birinci Balkan Savaşı) lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and invo ...
: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus
sq, Epiri rup, Epiru
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = Historical region
, image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg
, map_alt =
, map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich ...
which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...
is recognised.
June
*June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War
The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 ( O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies r ...
.
* June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– Emily Davison
Emily Wilding Davison (11 October 1872 – 8 June 1913) was an English suffragette who fought for Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom, votes for women in Britain in the early twentieth century. A member of the Women's Social and Polit ...
, a British suffragette
A suffragette was a member of an activist women's organisation in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for the right to vote in public elections in the United Kingdom. The term refers in particular to members ...
, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.
* June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– Muscat rebellion
The Muscat rebellion was an uprising in 1913 led by Sālim bin Rāshid al-Kharūṣī against the authority of the Sultans of Muscat and Oman. The rebels established their own state, the Ibāḍī imamate. Its causes lay in a deep-rooted rivalry ...
: Rebels take Nizwa
Nizwa ( ar, نِزْوَى, Nizwā) is the largest city in Ad Dakhiliyah Region in Oman and was the capital of Oman proper. Nizwa is about (1.5 hours) from Muscat. The population is estimated at around 72,000 people, including the two areas o ...
.
* June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
– The Deutsches Stadion
The ''Deutsches Stadion'' ("German Stadium") was a monumental stadium designed by Albert Speer for the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg, southern Germany. Its construction began in September 1937, and was scheduled for completion in 1943. Li ...
in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons, in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer Olympics
The 1916 Summer Olympics (german: Olympische Sommerspiele 1916), officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, German Empire, but were eventually cancelled for the first time in its 20-year history due to ...
(later to be cancelled as the result of World War I).
* June 11
Events Pre-1600
* 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...
** Women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
is enacted in Norway.
** Battle of Bud Bagsak
The Battle of Bud Bagsak was a battle during the Moro Rebellion phase of the Philippine–American War fought between June 11 and June 15, 1913. The defending Moro fighters were fortified at the top of Mount Bagsak on the island of Jolo, Sulu ...
: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with kampilan
The kampilan ( Baybayin: ) also known as talong is a type of single-edged sword, traditionally used by various ethnic groups in the Philippine archipelago. It has a distinct profile, with the tapered blade being much broader and thinner at the p ...
swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15
Events Pre-1600
* 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.
* 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
* 923 – Battle of So ...
.
* June 18
Events Pre-1600
* 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China.
* 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
* 860 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about ...
– The Arab Congress of 1913
The Arab Congress of 1913 (also known as the "Arab National Congress," "First Palestinian Conference," the "First Arab Congress," and the "Arab-Syrian Congress") met in a hall of the French Geographical Society (Société de Géographie) at 184 Bo ...
opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
.
* June 19
Events Pre-1600
* 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.
*1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle chang ...
– The Parliament of South Africa
The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is South Africa's legislature; under the present Constitution of South Africa, the bicameral Parliament comprises a National Assembly and a National Council of Provinces. The current twenty-seve ...
passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.
* June 13
Events Pre-1600
* 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius, Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.
*1325 – Ib ...
– The predecessor of the Aldi
Aldi (stylised as ALDI) is the common company brand name of two German multinational family-owned discount supermarket chains operating over 10,000 stores in 20 countries. The chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946, when t ...
store chain opens in Essen
Essen (; Latin: ''Assindia'') is the central and, after Dortmund, second-largest city of the Ruhr, the largest urban area in Germany. Its population of makes it the fourth-largest city of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne, Düsseldorf and D ...
, Germany.
* June 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.
* 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome.
* ...
– Joseph Cook
Sir Joseph Cook, (7 December 1860 – 30 July 1947) was an Australian politician who served as the sixth Prime Minister of Australia, in office from 1913 to 1914. He was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1913 to 1917, after earlier serving ...
becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia
The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the Australian Government, federal government of Australia and is also accountable to Parliament of A ...
.
* June 29
Events Pre-1600
* 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.
*1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi.
* 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...
– The Second Balkan War
The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 ( O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies r ...
begins.
July
*July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
** Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
** Death Valley
Death Valley is a desert valley in Eastern California, in the northern Mojave Desert, bordering the Great Basin Desert. During summer, it is the Highest temperature recorded on Earth, hottest place on Earth.
Death Valley's Badwater Basin is the ...
, California
California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time highest temperature recorded on Earth
The highest temperature recorded on Earth has been measured in three major ways: air, ground, and via satellite observation. Air measurements are used as the standard measurement due to persistent issues with unreliable ground and satellite re ...
(although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest ''verified'' air temperature, subject to confirmation).
* July 13
Events Pre-1600
* 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
* 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
*1260 – The Livon ...
– The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak was a cholera outbreak the Romanian Army suffered during the Second Balkan War of 1913 against the Kingdom of Bulgaria. This conflict was part of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. As Bulgaria was then f ...
during the Second Balkan War starts.
* July 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth.
* 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Ste ...
– The town of San Javier, Uruguay
San Javier (''Сан-Хавьер'') is a town situated on the east bank of the river Río Uruguay in the Río Negro Department of Uruguay. It was founded in 1913 by a Russian group of settlers, members of the New Israel religious sect, who migr ...
is founded by Russian settlers.
* July 29
Events Pre-1600
* 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple.
* 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque
Palenque (; Yucatec Maya language, Yucatec Maya: ), also anciently known in the ...
Agreement reached at the Anglo-Ottoman Convention which defined the limits of Ottoman jurisdiction in the area of the Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf ( fa, خلیج فارس, translit=xalij-e fârs, lit=Gulf of Persis, Fars, ), sometimes called the ( ar, اَلْخَلِيْجُ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ, Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a Mediterranean sea (oceanography), me ...
with respect to Kuwait
Kuwait (; ar, الكويت ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( ar, دولة الكويت '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the nort ...
, Qatar
Qatar (, ; ar, قطر, Qaṭar ; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar,) is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it sh ...
and Bahrain
Bahrain ( ; ; ar, البحرين, al-Bahrayn, locally ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, ' is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an ...
.
August
*August 2
Events Pre-1600
*338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
*216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...
– The first known ascent of Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (; el, Όλυμπος, Ólympos, also , ) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is part of the Olympus massif near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, located in the Olympus Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, be ...
in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas
François-Frédéric Boissonnas (18 June 1858 – 17 October 1946), known as Fred Boissonnas, was a Swiss photographer from Geneva. His work is considered crucial for the development of photography in Greece, and its use in favourably publicisin ...
guided by Christos Kakkalos
Christos Kakkalos ( el, Χρήστος Κάκκαλος; Litochoro, 13 July 1882 – 12 April 1976) was a Greece, Greek mountain guide. He led the 1913 expedition of the Swiss Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas and is considered the fir ...
.
* August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
– Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
: The province of Chungking
Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a municipality in Southwest China. The official abbreviation of the city, "" (), was approved by the State Counc ...
(Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
* August 10
Events Pre-1600
* 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
* 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
* 991 – Battle of Maldon: Th ...
– Second Balkan War
The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 ( O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies r ...
: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus
sq, Epiri i Veriut rup, Epiru di Nsusu
, type = Part of the wider historic region of Epirus
, image_blank_emblem =
, blank_emblem_type =
, image_map = Epirus across Greece Albania4.svg
, map_caption ...
is assigned to Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...
.
* August 13
Events Pre-1600
* 29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes.
* 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas.
* 554 – Em ...
– Harry Brearley
Harry Brearley (18 February 1871 – 14 July 1948)
was an English metallurgist, credited with the invention of "rustless steel" (later to be called "stainless steel" in the anglophone world). Based in Sheffield, his invention brought affordabl ...
invents stainless steel
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron that is resistant to rusting and corrosion. It contains at least 11% chromium and may contain elements such as carbon, other nonmetals and metals to obtain other desired properties. Stainless steel's corros ...
in Sheffield
Sheffield is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in South Yorkshire, England, whose name derives from the River Sheaf which runs through it. The city serves as the administrative centre of the City of Sheffield. It is Historic counties o ...
.
* August 20
Events Pre-1600
*AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile.
* 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arabs, Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take c ...
– After his airplane fails at an altitude of , aviator Adolphe Pégoud
Adolphe Célestin Pégoud (13 June 1889 – 31 August 1915) was a French aviator and flight instructor who became the first fighter ace in history during World War I.
Biography
Adolphe Célestin Pégoud was born 13 June 1889 in Montferrat, F ...
becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely.
* August 23
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Caesar ...
– The Little Mermaid
"The Little Mermaid" ( da, Den lille havfrue) is a literary fairy tale written by the Danish author Hans Christian Andersen. The story follows the journey of a young mermaid who is willing to give up her life in the sea as a mermaid to gain a h ...
statue is finished in Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan ar ...
, Denmark.
* August 26
Events Pre-1600
* 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
*1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most of ...
– Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Transport Company, Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman.
* August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.
September
* September 7–September 8, 8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place inMunich
Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
.
* September 9
** In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber process, Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population.
** Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to Aerobatic maneuver, loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev, Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
.
** Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible ''LZ 14'' (naval designation ''L 1'') is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board.
* September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem ''Luonnotar (Sibelius), Luonnotar'' is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté.
* September 13 – The Bell of Chersonesos is returned by France to Russia after having been seized during the Crimean War.
* September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.
* September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros (aviator), Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
* September 29 – Second Balkan War
The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 ( O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies r ...
: The Treaty of Constantinople (1913), Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
October
* October 1 –Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: Pancho Villa
Francisco "Pancho" Villa (,"Villa"
''Collins English Dictionary''. ; ;
's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.
* October 7 – The Ford Motor Company's Highland Park Ford Plant, Highland Park Plant in Highland Park, Michigan, near Detroit, becomes the first automobile production facility in the world to implement the moving assembly line, significantly speeding up production of the Ford Model T, Model T.
* October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner , carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by SOS messages to the scene.
* October 10
** U.S. President ''Collins English Dictionary''. ; ;
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.
** Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
is elected President of the Republic of China.
* October 11 – The Philadelphia Athletics win the deciding game of the 1913 World Series, over baseball's New York Giants, winning 3–1 to take the series in five games.
* October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.
* October 16 – The British Royal Navy's is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.
* October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Germany is finished.
* October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
* October 26 – Victoriano Huerta
José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (; 22 December 1854 – 13 January 1916) was a general in the Mexican Federal Army and 39th President of Mexico, who came to power by coup against the democratically elected government of Francisco I. Madero wit ...
elected president of Mexico.
* October 28–December 2 – Zabern Affair: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern, Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the German Empire.
* October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.
November
* November 5 – King Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III of Bavaria, Ludwig III. * November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa. * November 7–November 11, 11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.December
* December 1 ** The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Henry Ford, Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production. ** Crete, having obtained self rule from Ottoman Empire, Turkey after theFirst Balkan War
The First Balkan War ( sr, Први балкански рат, ''Prvi balkanski rat''; bg, Балканска война; el, Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; tr, Birinci Balkan Savaşı) lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and invo ...
, is annexed by Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg), Greece.
**Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens.
* December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the ''Mona Lisa'' in Florence, and is arrested.
* December 19 – The Raker Act is signed by President Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.
* December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.
* December 30 – Kingdom of Italy, Italy returns the ''Mona Lisa'' to French Third Republic, France.
Date unknown
* The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Presidency, Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh). * French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source. * The Camel (cigarette), Camel cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes). * Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother. * Astra AB, Astra, as predecessor of AstraZeneca, a healthcare and pharmaceutical brand worldwide, founded in Södertälje, Sweden. * The value of International trade, world trade reaches roughly $38 billion.Births
January–February
* January 1 – Shih Kien, Shek Kin, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009)
* January 2 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004)
* January 4 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d. 2007)
* January 6
** Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001)
** Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
* January 7 – Victor H. Krulak, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2008)
* January 9
** Eric Berry (actor), Eric Berry, British actor (d. 1993)
** Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
* January 10
** Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991)
** Mehmet Shehu, 23rd Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1981)
* January 11
** Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980)
** Jean Murrell Capers, American judge (d. 2017)
* January 15
** Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002)
** Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998)
** Alexander Marinesko, Soviet naval officer (d. 1963)
* January 17 – Everett Parker, American civil rights activist (d. 2015)
* January 18 – George Unwin, British World War II fighter ace (d. 2006)
* January 22
** Henry Bauchau, Belgian novelist, poet and psychoanalyst (d. 2012)
** William Conway (cardinal), William Conway, Irish cardinal (d. 1977)
** Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003)
* January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
*1264 & ...
** Jean-Michel Atlan, French painter (d. 1960)
** Wally Parks, American founder of the NHRA (d. 2007)
* January 25
** Huang Hua, Foreign Minister of China (d. 2010)
** Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994)
* January 29
** Victor Mature, American actor (d. 1999)
** Peter von Zahn, German journalist, writer (d. 2001)
* February 2 – Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
* February 4
**Frank P. Keller, American Film editing, film editor (d. 1977)
**Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
**Richard Seaman, British motor racing driver (d. 1939)
* February 6 – Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996)
* February 8
** Betty Field, American actress (d. 1973)
** Norman H. Boke, American plant anatomist (d. 1996)
* February 10
** Douglas Slocombe, British cinematographer (d. 2016)
** Bill White (rugby union born 1913), Bill White, Australian rugby union player (d. 1969)
* February 14
** Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996)
** Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d. 1987)
** Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared 1975)
* February 19 – Frank Tashlin, American animation director (d. 1972)
* February 20 – Tommy Henrich, American baseball player (d. 2009)
* February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– P. C. Sorcar, Indian stage magician (d. 1971)
* February 25
** Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989)
** Gert Fröbe, German actor ''(Goldfinger)'' (d. 1988)
* February 26 – George Barker (poet), George Barker, British poet (d. 1991)
* February 27
** T. B. Ilangaratne, Sri Lankan author, dramatist, actor and politician (d. 1992)
** Paul Ricœur, French philosopher (d. 2005)
** Kazimierz Sabbat, leader of Polish government-in-exile (d. 1989)
** Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984)
March–April
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor ...
– R. S. R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005)
* March 2 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d. 1971)
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
– John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952
Events January–February
* January 26 – Black Saturday in Egypt: Rioters burn Cairo's central business district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses.
* February 6
** Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, becomes m ...
)
* March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
* 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
– Loulie Jean Norman, American singer (d. 2005)
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
*1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
*1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
** William J. Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1987)
** Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer, lyricist (d. 2009)
* March 15 – Rosita Contreras, Argentine actress (d. 1962)
* March 18
Events Pre-1600
* 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10.
* 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ara ...
** René Clément, French film director (d. 1996)
** Reinhard Hardegen, German U-boat commander (d. 2018)
** Werner Mölders, German fighter pilot (d. 1941)
* March 19 – Smoky Dawson, Australian singer (d. 2008)
* March 21 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991)
* March 22 – Tom McCall, American politician and journalist (d. 1983)
* March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, is ...
** Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996)
** Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist (d. 2010)
* March 28 – Toko Shinoda, Japanese painter (d. 2021)
* March 29 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
* March 30
** Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002)
** Frankie Laine, American singer (d. 2007)
** Ċensu Tabone, Maltese politician (d. 2012)
* March 31 – Etta Baker, American musician (d. 2006)
* April 3 – Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
* April 4
** Cecil Gant, American blues singer, songwriter and pianist (d. 1951)
** Rosemary Lane (actress), Rosemary Lane, American singer (d. 1974)
** Frances Langford, American singer, actress (d. 2005)
** Muddy Waters, African-American musician (d. 1983)
* April 7
**Louise Currie, American actress (d. 2013)
**Florence S. Jacobsen, American Mormon leader (d. 2017)
**Charles Vanik, American politician (d. 2007)
* April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
** Sourou-Migan Apithy, Beninese political figure, 2nd President of Dahomey (d. 1989)
** Benedict J. Semmes Jr., American admiral (d. 1994)
** Carlton Skinner, Governor of Guam (d. 2004)
* April 9 – Aleksanteri Saarvala, Finnish artistic gymnast (d. 1989)
* April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
– Stefan Heym, German writer (d. 2001)
* April 11 – Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (d. 2006)
* April 11 – Winifred Drinkwater, Scottish aviator, first woman to hold a commercial pilot's license (d. 1996)
* April 14 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (d. 2008)
* April 16 – Les Tremayne, British-born American actor (d. 2003)
* April 18 – Jack Pope, American judge, attorney, and author (d. 2017)
* April 19
** Lloyd Cardwell, American football player and coach (d. 1997)
** Karl Rawer, German physicist (d. 2018)
* April 21
Events Pre-1600
*753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date).
* 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered ...
– Richard Beeching, chairman of British Rail (d. 1985)
* April 27 – Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004)
* April 29 – Eugene Vielle, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2015)
May–June
* May 1
** Roy Matsumoto, American army officer (d. 2014)
** Louis Nye, American comedian, actor (d. 2005)
** Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
* May 4 – Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d. 2009)
* May 5 – Fred J. Doocy, American politician, banker (d. 2017)
* May 6 – Stewart Granger, Anglo-American actor (d. 1993)
* May 8
** Bob Clampett, American director (''Looney Tunes'') (d. 1984)
** Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937)
** Sid James, South African-born British actor, comedian (d. 1976)
** Charles Scorsese, American actor, father of Martin Scorsese (d. 1993)
* May 11 – Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994)
* May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
** Liu Xuyi, Chinese historian (d. 2018)
** William Tolbert, President of Liberia (d. 1980)
* May 16
** Gheorghe Apostol, Romanian communist politician (d. 2010)
** Woody Herman, American musician, band leader (d. 1987)
** Paul R. Norby, American naval officer (d. 2015)
* May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (d. 1996)
* May 20
** Teodoro Fernández, Peruvian soccer player (d. 1996)
** William Redington Hewlett, William Hewlett, American businessman (d. 2001)
* May 22 – Benedict Garmisa, American politician (d. 1985)
* May 24
Events Pre-1600
* 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
* 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.
* 1276 – Magnus La ...
** Peter Ellenshaw, American matte designer (d. 2007)
** James Flint (RAF officer), James Flint, British Royal Air Force officer, businessman (d. 2013)
** Haldor Topsøe (1913–2013), Haldpr Topsøe, Danish engineer (d. 2013)
* May 25 – Benjamin Melniker, American producer (d. 2018)
* May 26
Events Pre-1600
* 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe.
* 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire take ...
** Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994)
** Pierre Daninos, French writer, humorist (d. 2005)
** Josef Manger, German weightlifter (d. 1991)
* May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997)
* May 31 – Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian, radio and television personality (d. 1979)
* June 2 – Elsie Tu, English-born Hong Kong social activist (d. 2015)
* June 3 – Yitzhak Berman, Israeli politician (d. 2013)
* June 6 – Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d. 1991)
* June 10 – Benjamin Shapira, German-born Israeli biochemist, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1993)
* June 11
Events Pre-1600
* 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...
** Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970)
** Risë Stevens, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2013)
* June 13
Events Pre-1600
* 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius, Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.
*1325 – Ib ...
** Ralph Edwards, American game show host (d. 2005)
** Yitzhak Pundak, Polish-born Israeli military officer, diplomat (d. 2017)
** Oswald Teichmüller, German mathematician (d. 1943)
* June 18
Events Pre-1600
* 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China.
* 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
* 860 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about ...
** Robert Mondavi, American winemaker (d. 2008)
** Sammy Cahn, American songwriter (d. 1993)
** Sylvia Field Porter, American economist, journalist (d. 1991)
* June 20 – Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Spanish royal, Count of Barcelona (d. 1993)
* June 21
** Luis Taruc, Filipino political figure, insurgent (d. 2005)
** Madihe Pannaseeha Thero, Sri Lankan Buddhist monk (d. 2003)
** Kid Azteca, Mexican boxer (d. 2002)
* June 22 – Álvaro Alsogaray, Argentine politician and businessman (d. 2005)
* June 23
** Jacques Rabemananjara, Malagasy politician, playwright and poet (d. 2005)
** William P. Rogers, American diplomat (d. 2001)
* June 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.
* 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome.
* ...
– Gustaaf Deloor, Belgian road racing cyclist (d. 2002)
* June 25 – Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d. 2005)
* June 26
** Rudolf Brazda, German concentration camp prisoner (d. 2011)
** Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet, politician (d. 2008)
** Konrāds Kalējs, Latvian soldier (d. 2001)
** Anissa Rawda Najjar, Lebanese feminist, women's rights activist (d. 2016)
** Maurice Wilkes, British computer scientist (d. 2010)
* June 27
** Richard Pike Bissell, American author (d. 1977)
** Elton Britt, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 1972)
** Benvenuto Nunes, Brazilian olympic freestyle, backstroke swimmer (d. unknown)
* June 28
** Franz Antel, Austrian filmmaker (d. 2007)
** Maldwyn James, Welsh international rugby union player (d. 2003)
* June 30
** Henry Leask, British Army officer (d. 2004)
** Alfonso López Michelsen, 24th President of Colombia (d. 2007)
July
* July 1
** Lee Guttero, American basketball player (d. 2004)
** Noel Miller, Australian cricketer (d. 2007)
** Frederick Malkus, American politician (d. 1999)
** André Tollet, French upholsterer, trade unionist and communist (d. 2001)
** Frank Barrett (baseball), Frank Barrett, American relief pitcher (d. 1998)
** Mario Acerbi, Italian football player (d. 2010)
** Joana Raspall i Juanola, Spanish writer and librarian (d. 2013)
** Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam, Indian Army Chief (d. 2000)
* July 3 – Dorothy Kilgallen, American newspaper columnist (d. 1965)
* July 4 – Barbara Weeks (film actress), Barbara Weeks, American actress (d. 2003)
* July 5
** Elwood Cooke, American tennis player (d. 2004)
** Smiley Lewis, American New Orleans rhythm and blues singer, guitarist (d. 1966)
* July 6 – Vance Trimble, American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, author (d. 2021)
* July 7
** Pinetop Perkins, American blues musician (d. 2011)
** Lu Ann Meredith, American actress (d. 1998)
* July 8 – Alejandra Soler, Spanish politician and schoolteacher (d. 2017)
* July 9
** Ted Grant, South African Trotskyist (d. 2006)
** William M. Zachacki, (d. 1969)
* July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
** Elizabeth Inglis, English actress (d. 2007)
** Joan Marsh, American actress (d. 2000)
* July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abd ...
– Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ghanese nationalist leader, 2nd Prime Minister of Ghana (d. 1978)
* July 12
** Sultan Hamid II (d. 1978)
** Edith Nash, American educator, poet (d. 2003)
** Rufus Rogers, New Zealand doctor, politician (d. 2009)
** Willis Lamb, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008)
* July 13
Events Pre-1600
* 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
* 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
*1260 – The Livon ...
** Kay Linaker, American actress (d. 2008)
** Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish shipping magnate (d. 2012)
* July 14
** Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)
** René Llense, French football goalkeeper (d. 2014)
** Princess Urraca of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, (d. 1999)
* July 15
** Gene Wettstone, American gymnastics coach (d. 2013)
** Hammond Innes, English author (d. 1998)
** Abraham Sutzkever, Yiddish language poet, memoirist (d. 2010)
* July 16
** Mirza Babayev, Azerbaijani movie actor, singer (d. 2003)
** Herman Gundlach, American football offensive lineman (d. 2005)
** Antoine Raab, German footballer (d. 2006)
** Carmen Acevedo Vega, Ecuadorian poet, writer, and journalist (d. 2006)
* July 17
** Roger Garaudy, French Holocaust denier (d. 2012)
** Bertrand Goldberg, American architect (d. 1997)
* July 18
** N. Krishnaswami Reddy, Indian lawyer (d. 2002)
** Du Runsheng, Chinese military officer, politician, and economist (d. 2015)
** Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997)
* July 19
** Fred Agnich, American politician (d. 2004)
** Manouchehr Sotodeh, Iranian geographer (d. 2016)
* July 20
** Irma Córdoba, Argentine actress (d. 2008)
** Guillermo Leaden, Argentine bishop (d. 2014)
* July 22
** Esteban Reyes, Mexican tennis player (d. 2014)
** Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader, songwriter (d. 1995)
** Licia Albanese, Italian-born soprano (d. 2014)
* July 23
** Coral Browne, Australian actress (d. 1991)
** Michael Foot, British politician (d. 2010)
* July 24 – Robert Emhardt, American actor (d. 1994)
* July 26 – Kan Yuet-keung, Hong Kong banker, politician and lawyer (d. 2012)
* July 28 – Hedley Kett, British naval officer (d. 2014)
* July 29
Events Pre-1600
* 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple.
* 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque
Palenque (; Yucatec Maya language, Yucatec Maya: ), also anciently known in the ...
– Erich Priebke, German war criminal, leader of the 1944 Ardeatine massacre (d. 2013)
* July 30 – Lou Darvas, American artist, cartoonist (d. 1987)
August
* August 8 – Robert Stafford, Governor of Vermont, U.S Representative and U.S. Senator (d. 2006)
* August 9 – Tadeusz Kotz, Polish World War II fighter ace (d. 2008)
* August 10
Events Pre-1600
* 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
* 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
* 991 – Battle of Maldon: Th ...
** Noah Beery Jr., American actor (d. 1994)
** Wolfgang Paul, German physicist (d. 1993)
* August 13
Events Pre-1600
* 29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes.
* 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas.
* 554 – Em ...
** Fred Davis (snooker player), Fred Davis, English snooker, billiards player (d. 1998)
** Makarios III, Archbishop and first President of Cyprus (d. 1977)
* August 16
** Menachem Begin, 6th Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
** Helen F. Holt, American politician (d. 2015)
* August 17
** W. Mark Felt, American FBI Associate Director, ''Deep Throat'' Watergate informant (d. 2008)
** Rudy York, American baseball player (d. 1970)
* August 18 – Nils Löfgren, Swedish chemist (d. 1967)
* August 20
Events Pre-1600
*AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile.
* 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arabs, Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take c ...
– Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
* August 22 – James W. Downing, American naval officer and author (d. 2018)
* August 26
Events Pre-1600
* 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
*1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most of ...
– Boris Pahor, Slovenian writer (d. 2022)
* August 27 – Nina Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, German wife of freedom fighter Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (d. 2006)
* August 28
** Robertson Davies, Canadian novelist (d. 1995)
** Richard Tucker (tenor), Richard Tucker, American tenor (d. 1975)
* August 29
** Jackie Mitchell, Baseball Pitcher (d. 1987)
** Jan Ekier, Polish pianist, composer (d. 2014)
* August 30 – Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
* August 31
** Helen Levitt, American photographer (d. 2009)
** Bernard Lovell, British radio astronomer (d. 2012)
** Michael Gover, English actor (d. 1987)
September–October
* September 1 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter, graphic artist (d. 1979)
* September 2
** Alex Lovy, American animator (d. 1992)
** Israel Gelfand, Russian mathematician (d. 2009)
** Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (d. 1981)
* September 3 – Alan Ladd, American actor (d. 1964)
* September 4
** Mickey Cohen, American gangster (d. 1976)
** Boone Guyton, American test pilot (d. 1996)
** Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
** Kenzō Tange, Japanese architect (d. 2005)
* September 6 – Julie Gibson, American singer and actress (d. 2019)
* September 10
** Lincoln Gordon, American diplomat (d. 2009)
** Zephania Mothopeng, South African politician, activist (d. 1990)
* September 11
** Bear Bryant, Paul "Bear" Bryant, American football coach (d. 1983)
** Eugenia Rawls, American actress (d. 2000)
* September 12
** Jesse Owens, African-American athlete (d. 1980)
** Eiji Toyoda, Japanese industrialist (d. 2013)
* September 13
** Roy Engel, American actor (d. 1980)
** Trần Đại Nghĩa, North Vietnamese army general (d. 1997)
* September 14
** Jacobo Árbenz, President of Guatemala (d. 1971)
** Annalisa Ericson, Swedish actress (d. 2011)
* September 15 – John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General, convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988)
* September 17
** Robert Lembke, German television presenter, game show host (d. 1989)
** Ata Kandó, Hungarian-born Dutch photographer (d. 2017)
* September 19 – Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970)
* September 22 – Lillian Chestney, American painter (d. 2000)
* September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist, member of the CoBrA movement (d. 2007)
* September 24
** Wilson Rawls, American author (d. 1984)
** Herb Jeffries, American actor, popular music and jazz singer (d. 2014)
* September 25
** Charles Helou, 9th President of Lebanon (d. 2001)
** Terence Patrick O'Sullivan, British civil engineer (d. 1970)
* September 27 – Alexandru Drăghici, Romanian communist activist and politician (d. 1993)
* September 28 – Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss artist, illustrator (d. 2007)
* September 29
** Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988)
** Stanley Kramer, American film producer, director, and writer (d. 2001)
** Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d. 1996)
* September 30
** Bill Walsh (producer), Bill Walsh, American movie producer, writer (d. 1975)
** Cecilia Caballero Blanco, First Lady of Colombia (d. 2019)
* October 2 – Roma Mitchell, Australian lawyer, Governor of South Australia (d. 2000)
* October 4 – Martial Célestin, 1st Prime Minister of Haiti (d. 2011)
* October 10
** Alice Chetwynd Ley, British romance writer (d. 2004)
** Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
* October 11 – Joe Simon, American comic book artist, writer (d. 2011)
* October 18 – Evelyn Venable, American actress (d. 1993)
* October 19 – Vinicius de Moraes, Brazilian poet, lyricist, and diplomat (d. 1980)
* October 20
** Barney Phillips, American actor (d. 1982)
** Cecilia Miranda de Carvalho, Brazilian singer (d. 2011)
* October 22
** Boots Mallory, American actress, dancer, and model (d. 1958)
** Robert Capa, Hungarian-born American photojournalist (d. 1954)
** Tamara Desni, German-born British actress (d. 2008)
** Hans-Peter Tschudi, 2-time President of Switzerland (d. 2002)
* October 24
** Ron Barassi Sr., Australian rules footballer (d. 1941)
** Tito Gobbi, Italian operatic baritone (d. 1984)
* October 27
** Joe Medicine Crow, American tribal historian and anthropologist (d. 2016)
** Otto Wichterle, Czech inventor of the modern contact lens (d. 1998)
* October 28 – Don Lusk, American animator (d. 2018)
November
* November 2 – Burt Lancaster, American actor, best known for his role in ''Elmer Gantry (film), Elmer Gantry'' (d. 1994)
* November 3
** Marika Rökk, Egyptian-born Austrian singer, dancer and actress (d. 2004)
** Antony Mitradas, Indian film director (d. 2017)
* November 5 – Vivien Leigh, British actress, best known for her role in ''Gone with the Wind (film), Gone With The Wind'' (d. 1967)
* November 6 – Aisha Abd al-Rahman, Egyptian writer (d. 1998)
* November 7
** Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)
** Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian sculptor (d. 2009)
** Tahira Tahirova, Azerbaijani politician (d. 1991)
* November 8 – Max Desfor, American photographer (d. 2018)
* November 10
** Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (d. 2005)
** Sun Yun-suan, Chinese engineer, politician (d. 2006)
* November 11 – Rosemary Inyama, educator, politician, businesswoman and community developer (d. unknown)
* November 13
** Landrum Bolling, American political scientist and academic administrator (d. 2018)
** Lon Nol, 2-Time Prime Minister of Cambodia (d. 1985)
** Alexander Scourby, American actor (d. 1985)
* November 15 – Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d. 2005)
* November 16 – Ellen Albertini Dow, American actress (d. 2015)
* November 18 – Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French painter (d. 1999)
* November 21
** John Boulting, English film director (d. 1985)
** Roy Boulting, English film director, producer (d. 2001)
* November 22
** Charles Berlitz, American author (d. 2003)
** Benjamin Britten, English composer (d. 1976)
** Gardnar Mulloy, American tennis player and coach (d. 2016)
** Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice (d. 2006)
** Jacqueline Vaudecrane, French figure skater (d. 2018)
* November 23 – William Krehm, Canadian author, journalist and political activist (d. 2019)
* November 24 – Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress (d. 2005)
* November 25 – Lewis Thomas, American physician, essayist (d. 1993)
December
* December 1 – Mary Martin, American actress (d. 1990)
* December 2 – Jerry Sohl, American scriptwriter (d. 2002)
* December 6
** Nikolai Amosov, Ukrainian heart surgeon, inventor, best-selling author, and exercise enthusiast (d. 2002)
** Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (d. 2004)
* December 9 – Cynthia Chalk, American photographer (d. 2018)
* December 10 – Morton Gould, American composer (d. 1996)
* December 11 – Jean Marais, French actor (d. 1998)
* December 13 – Arnold Brown (General of The Salvation Army), Arnold Brown, Salvation Army general (d. 2002)
* December 15 – Muriel Rukeyser, American poet (d. 1980)
* December 16 – George Ignatieff, Canadian diplomat, recipient of the 1984 Pearson Medal of Peace (d. 1989)
* December 18
** Lynn Bari, American actress (d. 1989)
** Alfred Bester, American author (d. 1987)
** Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
* December 21 – Arnold Friberg, American artist (d. 2010)
* December 23 – Frank Pierpoint Appleby, Canadian politician (d. 2015)
* December 25
** Candy Candido, American voice actor (d. 1999)
** Tony Martin (American singer), Tony Martin, American singer and actor (d. 2012)
** Henri Nannen, German journalist, mass media owner (d. 1996)
* December 26 – Frank Swift, English footballer (d. 1958)
* December 28
**Lou Jacobi, Canadian-American actor (d. 2009)
**Charles Maxwell (actor), Charles Maxwell, American actor (d. 1993)
* December 29 – Pierre Werner, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 2002)
* December 30 – Elyne Mitchell, Australian author (d. 2002)
Date unknown
* Halil-Salim Jabara, Israeli Arab politician (d. 1999) * Bahjat Talhouni, 4-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1994)Deaths
January
* January 2 ** Hermann Kinkelin, Swiss mathematician and politician (b. 1832) ** Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b. 1855) * January 3 – Jeff Davis (Arkansas governor), Jeff Davis, American politician, 20th Governor of Arkansas (b. 1862) * January 4 – Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (b. 1833) * January 6 – Gyula Juhász (sculptor), Gyula Juhász, Hungarian sculptor (b. 1876) *January 8 - Xavier Mertz, Swiss explorer, mountaineer and skier (b. 1882) * January 16 ** Tom Dolan (baseball), Tom Dolan, American baseball pitcher (b. 1855) ** Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, American aeronaut, scientist and inventor (b. 1832) * January 18 – George Alexander Gibson, Scottish physician (b. 1854) * January 20 ** José Guadalupe Posada, Mexican political printmaker and engraver (b. 1852) ** Karl Wittgenstein, Austrian steel tycoon (b. 1847) * January 21 – Aluísio Azevedo, Brazilian novelist (b. 1857) * January 27 – Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1832) * January 28 ** Julius Heinrich Franz, German astronomer (b. 1847) ** Segismundo Moret, Spanish politician and writer, 3-time Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1833)February
* February 2 – Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer and inventor (b. 1845)
* February 4 – Gordon Sprigg, Sir Gordon Sprigg, British Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (b. 1830)
* February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
** Johan Ehrnrooth, 5th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1833)
** Lio Gangeri, Italian sculptor (b. 1845)
* February 8 – Morten Eskesen, Danish author (b. 1826)
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
* 1539 – The first recorded race is hel ...
** Manuel Enrique Araujo, 23rd President of El Salvador (assassinated) (b. 1865)
** Bernardo Reyes, Mexican general and politician (b. 1850)
* February 15 – Florence Barker (actress), Florence Barker, American actress (b. 1891)
* February 17 – Edward Stanley Gibbons, English philatelist, founder of Stanley Gibbons Ltd (b. 1840)
* February 20 – Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (b. 1878)
* February 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
* 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdina ...
** Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist and semiotician (b. 1857)
** Empress Dowager Longyu, Chinese empress (b. 1868)
** Francisco I. Madero
Francisco Ignacio Madero González (; 30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican businessman, revolutionary, writer and Public figure, statesman, who became the 37th president of Mexico from 1911 until he was deposed in Ten Tragic Da ...
, 33rd President of Mexico, assassinated (b. 1873)
* February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– Dénes Andrássy, Hungarian nobleman (b. 1835)
* February 26 – Felix Draeseke, German composer (b. 1835)
* February 27 – Riccardo Cessi, Italian painter (b. 1840)
* February 28 – George Finnegan, American Olympic boxer (b. 1881)
March
* March 7
Events Pre-1600
* 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
* 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...
– E. Pauline Johnson, Canadian writer (b. 1861)
* March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (b. c. 1822)
* March 11 – John Shaw Billings, American military, medical leader (b. 1838)
* March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
* 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
– Francisco Pereira Passos, Brazilian engineer politician, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro (b. 1836)
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
*1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
*1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
– Felix Hidalgo, Filipino artist (b. 1855)
* March 14 – Auguste Desgodins, French missionary (b. 1826)
* March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eigh ...
– Soledad Acosta, Colombian journalist and writer (b. 1833)
* March 18
Events Pre-1600
* 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10.
* 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ara ...
– King George I of Greece
George I ( Greek: Γεώργιος Α΄, ''Geórgios I''; 24 December 1845 – 18 March 1913) was King of Greece from 30 March 1863 until his assassination in 1913.
Originally a Danish prince, he was born in Copenhagen, and seemed destined for ...
(b. 1845)
* March 19 – Géza Allaga, Hungarian composer (b. 1841)
* March 21 – Manuel Bonilla, 2-time President of Honduras (b. 1849)
* March 22
**Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, Romanian lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1833)
**Song Jiaoren, Sung Chiao-jen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1882)
* March 25
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto.
* 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...
– Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, British field marshal (b. 1833)
* March 31 – J. P. Morgan, American financier (b. 1837)
April
* April 7 – Carl von Lemcke, German mathematician (b. 1867) *April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– Gyula Kőnig, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1849)
* April 15 – Kareemullah Shah, Indian Sufi scholar and saint
* April 18 – Lester Frank Ward, American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist (b. 1841)
* April 19
** Paul Janson, Belgian politician (b. 1840)
** Hugo Winckler, German archaeologist and historian who uncovered the capital of the Hittite Empire (Hattusa) (b. 1863)
* April 20 – Vilhelm Bissen, Danish sculptor (b. 1836)
* April 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).
* 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy m ...
– Vsevolod Abramovich, Russian aviator (b. 1890)
* April 25
** Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Ukrainian author (b. 1864)
** Stjepan Kovačević, Croatian politician (b. 1841)
* April 27 – Gabriel von Seidl, German architect (b. 1848)
* April 28 – Andreas Flocken, German entrepreneur and inventor (b. 1845)
* April 29 – Václav Hladík, Austro-Hungarian novelist (b. 1868)
May
* May 1 – John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger, U.S. Marshal (b. 1850)
* May 2
** Tancrède Auguste, Haitian general, 20th President of Haiti (b. 1856)
** Metropolitan Baselios Paulose I, Indian bishop (b. 1836)
* May 6 – Elena Guro, Russian painter and writer (b. 1877)
* May 8 – Louis Adolphus Duhring, American physician (b. 1845)
* May 16 – Louis Perrier, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1849)
* May 19 – Gabriel Loppé, French painter and photographer (b. 1825)
* May 25 – Alfred Redl, Austrian military intelligence officer, double agent (honorable suicide) (b. 1864)
* May 27 – Catherine Amanda Coburn, American journalist, newspaper editor (b. 1834)
* May 28 – John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, British politician and scientist (b. 1839)
June
* June 2 – Alfred Austin, English Poet Laureate (b. 1835)
* June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– Chris von der Ahe, German-born American brewer, baseball owner (b. 1851)
* June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
– Emily Davison
Emily Wilding Davison (11 October 1872 – 8 June 1913) was an English suffragette who fought for Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom, votes for women in Britain in the early twentieth century. A member of the Women's Social and Polit ...
, English suffragette (b. 1872)
* June 22
** Ștefan Octavian Iosif, Romanian poet (b. 1875)
** Victorin-Hippolyte Jasset, French pioneer (b. 1862)
* June 23
** Nicolás de Piérola, Peruvian politician, 2-time President of Peru (b. 1839)
** Jonathan Hutchinson, Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, English surgeon (b. 1828)
* June 28 – Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Brazilian lawyer, politician and 4th President of Brazil (b. 1841)
July
* July 1 – Emanuel M. Abrahams, American politician (b. 1866)
* July 3 – Horatio Nelson Young, American Civil War naval hero (b. 1845)
* July 5 – Prince Arisugawa Takehito (b. 1862)
* July 7 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Union Army officer, diplomat and politician (b. 1841)
* July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
** Mikoláš Aleš, Austro-Hungarian painter (b. 1835)
** John Valentine Ellis, Canadian journalist (b. 1835)
* July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abd ...
– Charles Lavigne, Ceylonese Roman Catholic and Syro Malabar Catholic bishop and Servant of God (b. 1840)
* July 13
Events Pre-1600
* 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
* 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
*1260 – The Livon ...
– Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General (b. 1841)
* July 16 – Sigismund Bachrich, Hungarian composer (b. 1841)
* July 17 – Esther Saville Allen, American author (b. 1837)
* July 19 – Clímaco Calderón, Colombian lawyer, politician and 15th President of Colombia (b. 1852)
* July 20 – Vsevolod Rudnev, Russian admiral (b. 1855)
* July 22 – Adhémar Esmein, French jurist (b. 1848)
** Eduardo López Rivas, Venezuelan editor and journalist (b. 1850)
* July 29
Events Pre-1600
* 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple.
* 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque
Palenque (; Yucatec Maya language, Yucatec Maya: ), also anciently known in the ...
– Tobias Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838)
* July 30
** Lady Alicia Blackwood, English painter (b. 1818)
** Warren F. Daniell, American politician, U.S. Representative from New Hampshire (b. 1826)
** Itō Sachio, Japanese poet and novelist (b. 1864)
August
* August 3
** Josephine Cochrane, American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher (b. 1839)
** Joseph Graybill, American actress (b. 1887)
* August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
– Étienne Laspeyres, German economist (b. 1834)
* August 7 – Samuel Franklin Cody, American-born British aviation pioneer (b. 1867)
* August 9 – Wilhelm Albermann, German sculptor (b. 1835)
* August 10
Events Pre-1600
* 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
* 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
* 991 – Battle of Maldon: Th ...
– Jules Desbrochers des Loges, French entomologist (b. 1836)
* August 11
** Vasily Avseenko, Russian journalist and writer (b. 1842)
** Natalie Zahle, Danish educator and women's rights activist (b. 1827)
* August 13
Events Pre-1600
* 29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes.
* 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas.
* 554 – Em ...
– August Bebel, German Social Democratic politician (b. 1840)
* August 20
Events Pre-1600
*AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile.
* 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arabs, Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take c ...
– Émile Ollivier, 24th Prime Minister of France (b. 1825)
* August 22 – Oscar de Négrier, French general (b. 1839)
* August 28 – Fyodor Kamensky, Russian sculptor (b. 1836)
* August 29 – Lars Havstad, Norwegian activist (b. 1851)
September
* September 1 – Patriarch and Metropolitan Lukijan Bogdanović (b. 1867)
*September 2 - Bill Miner, American bandito and stagecoach robber (b. 1847)
* September 4 – Henry Billings Brown, American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1836)
* September 9 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, 16th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843)
* September 13 – Arandzar, Armenian poet and writer (b. 1877)
* September 16 – Julius Lewkowitsch, German engineer (b. 1857)
* September 18 – Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky (b. 1872)
* September 20 – Ferdinand Blumentritt, Filipino author (b. 1853)
* September 29 – Rudolf Diesel, German engine inventor (b. 1858)
* September 30
** Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi, Siamese princess (b. 1876)
** Antoni Klawiter, Polish Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1836)
October
* October 4
** Josep Tapiró Baró, Spanish painter (b. 1836)
** Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Oman (b. 1864)
** Eleanor Cripps Kennedy, Canadian businessman (b. 1825)
* October 5 – Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856)
* October 7 – Ivan Banjavčić, Croatian politician and philanthropist (b. 1843)
* October 10
**Adolphus Busch, German-American brewer, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch (b. 1839)
** Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia, Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1835)
** Katsura Tarō, 6th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1848)
* October 12 – Elisabeth Leisinger, German soprano (b 1864)
* October 13 – Leonid Sobolev, 6th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1844)
* October 16 – Ralph Rose, American Olympic athlete (b. 1885)
* October 19 – Charles Tellier, French engineer, inventor of the chemical refrigerator (b. 1828)
* October 20 – Viktor Kirpichov, Russian engineer and physicist (b. 1845)
* October 21 – Theodor Kolde, German Protestant theologian (b. 1850)
* October 23 – Edwin Klebs, Swiss-German pathologist, discoverer of Diphtheria bacterium (b. 1834)
* October 29 – Darío de Regoyos, Spanish painter (b. 1857)
* October 31 – William Evans-Gordon, Sir William Evans-Gordon, British diplomat and politician (b. 1857)
November
* November 3 – Sava Grujić, Serbian diplomat, general and politician, 5-time Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1840)
* November 4 – Fredericus Anna Jentink, Dutch zoologist (b. 1844)
* November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823)
* November 6 – Cho Ki-chon, North Korean poet (d. 1951)
* November 8 – Ferdinand Abell, American businessman (b. 1835)
* November 16 – George Barham, Sir George Barham, English businessman, founder of Express County Milk Supply Company (b. 1836)
* November 21 – Francesco Acri, Italian philosopher (b. 1834)
* November 22 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1837)
* November 25 – Haviland Le Mesurier, Australian soldier (b. 1856)
* November 28 – George B. Post, American architect (b. 1837)
December
* December 1
** Juho Lallukka, Finnish businessman (b. 1852)
** Juhan Liiv, Estonian poet and short story writer (b. 1864)
* December 5 – Ferdinand Dugué, French playwright (b. 1816)
* December 7
** Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian Catholic churchman, last surviving cardinal of Pius IX (b. 1828)
** Aaron Montgomery Ward, American businessman, inventor of mail order (b. 1844)
* December 8 – František Koláček, Austro-Hungarian physicist (b. 1851)
* December 10 – Léon Letort, French aviator (b. 1889)
* December 11
** Abraham Hirsch (architect), Abraham Hirsch, French architect (b. 1828)
** Carl von In der Maur, Governor of Liechtenstein (b. 1852)
** Ioan Kalinderu, Romanian jurist (b. 1840)
* December 12 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1844)
* December 13 – Birger Kildal, Norwegian businessman (b. 1849)
* December 15 – Miguel Lebrija, Mexican aviator (b. 1887)
* December 19 – Anthimus VII of Constantinople, Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople (b. 1827)
* December 25 – Alberto Aguilera, Spanish politician (b. 1842)
* December 26 – Ambrose Bierce, American writer, journalist (disappeared on this date) (b. 1842)
* December 27 – Infanta Antónia of Portugal (b. 1845)
* December 30 – Giovanni Maria Boccardo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1848)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Alfred Werner * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Charles Richet * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Rabindranath Tagore * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Henri La FontaineReferences
Further reading
* Charles Emmerson. ''1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War'' (2013excerpt and text search
covers 20 major world cities * Gilbert, Martin. ''A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933'' (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 269–96. * {{Authority control 1913,