1876 in science

The year 1876 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

* December 7 – First recorded observation of the Great White Spot on Saturn, made by American astronomer Asaph Hall, who uses it to calculate the planet's rotation period.

Biology

* Robert Koch demonstrates that ''Bacillus anthracis'' is the source of anthrax, the first bacterium conclusively shown to cause disease.
* Koller's sickle in avian gastrulation is first described by August Rauber.
* Francis Galton invents the silent dog whistle.
* Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs by the German biologist Oscar Hertwig.

Chemistry

* Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes ''On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances'', a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which lays out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria.

Exploration

* May 24 – End of the ''Challenger'' expedition.

Mathematics

* Édouard Lucas demonstrates that 127 is a Mersenne prime, the largest that will be recorded for seventy-five years. He also shows that the Mersenne number 2⁶⁷ − 1, or M₆₇, must have factors.

Medicine

* February 22 – Swedish woman Karolina Olsson lapses into a form of hibernation for 32 years.
* David Ferrier publishes ''The Functions of the Brain''.
* William Macewen demonstrates clinical diagnosis of the site of brain tumors and performs the first successful intercranial surgery.
* Patrick Manson begins studying filariasis infection in humans.
* Meharry Medical College founded in Nashville, Tennessee as the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College; it is the first medical school for African Americans in the Southern United States.

Technology

* February 14 – Scottish American inventor Alexander Graham Bell and American electrical engineer Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone, initiating the Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy.
* March 7 – Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for the telephone.
* March 10 – Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful bi-directional telephone call, saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you".
* April – Joseph Zentmayer makes his Centennial microscope in the United States.
* Nicolaus Otto builds the first successful four-stroke engine using the Otto cycle.
* Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts, patents an atomizing paint distributor, a form of airbrush.
* The Seth Thomas Clock Company is awarded a United States patent for an adjustable wind-up alarm clock.
* Thomas Hawksley first uses pressure grouting to control water leakage under an embankment dam at Tunstall Reservoir in Weardale, County Durham, England.

Institutions

* October 4 – First classes begin at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.
* Elizabeth Bragg becomes the first woman to graduate with a civil engineering degree in the United States, from University of California, Berkeley.

Awards

* Copley Medal: Claude Bernard
* Wollaston Medal: Thomas Henry Huxley

Births

* January 5 – Lucien Bull (died 1972), Irish-born pioneer in chronophotography.
* January 23 – Otto Diels (died 1954), German Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.
* February 15 – E. H. "Chinese" Wilson (died 1930), English-born plant collector.
* April 22 – Robert Bárány (died 1936), Viennese-born Nobel Prize winner in medicine.
* June 13 – William Sealy Gosset (died 1937), English statistician.
* October 3 – Gabrielle Howard née Matthaei (died 1930), English-born plant physiologist.
* November 9 – Hideyo Noguchi (died 1928), Japanese bacteriologist.
* November 19 – Tatyana Afanasyeva (died 1964), Russian-born mathematician.
* November 25 – Paul Nitsche (executed 1948) Nazi German psychiatrist and eugenicist.

Deaths

* November 26 – Karl Ernst von Baer (born 1792), Baltic German naturalist.
* Undated – Anna Volkova (born 1800), Russian chemist.

References

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19th century in science
1870s in science