Events

January–March

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1601–1900 *1649 – Engli ...

– The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the ''Samarang''. *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...

– The fictional detective

Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes () is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a " consulting detective" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and ...

is perhaps born. *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...

– The Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh, U.S.A. is founded to promote German culture. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 &ndas ...

– The

North Carolina General Assembly The North Carolina General Assembly is the Bicameralism, bicameral legislature of the Government of North Carolina, State government of North Carolina. The legislature consists of two chambers: the North Carolina Senate, Senate and the North Ca ...

in the United States charters the

Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Company was incorporated under act of the North Carolina Legislature, ratified December 27, 1852, and was organized on January 20, 1854.Interstate Commerce Commission. Valuation Docket No. 31, ''Norfolk Souther ...

, to run from Goldsboro through New Bern, to the newly created seaport of Morehead City, near

Beaufort Beaufort may refer to: People and titles * Beaufort (surname) * House of Beaufort, English nobility * Duke of Beaufort (England), a title in the peerage of England * Duke of Beaufort (France), a title in the French nobility Places Polar regions ...

. * January 21 – The iron

clipper A clipper was a type of mid-19th-century merchant sailing vessel, designed for speed. Clippers were generally narrow for their length, small by later 19th century standards, could carry limited bulk freight, and had a large total sail area. "C ...

runs aground off the east coast of Ireland, on her maiden voyage out of Liverpool, bound for Australia, with the loss of at least 300 out of 650 on board. *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...

– Major streets are lit by

coal gas Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. It is produced when coal is heated strongly in the absence of air. Town gas is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous ...

for the first time by the San Francisco Gas Company; 86 such lamps are turned on this evening in San Francisco, California. *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th. *1462 – The ...

– Mexican troops force

William Walker William Walker may refer to: Arts * William Walker (engraver) (1791–1867), mezzotint engraver of portrait of Robert Burns * William Sidney Walker (1795–1846), English Shakespearean critic * William Walker (composer) (1809–1875), American Ba ...

and his troops to retreat to

Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( en, Free and Sovereign State of Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is d ...

. *

February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...

– Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed. *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of ...

– The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State in Southern Africa; its official independence is declared six days later in the Orange River Convention. *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantinople ...

– Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia. * March – The British East India Company annexes Jhansi State in India under the doctrine of lapse. Juan Alvarez

* March 1 ** The British Inman Line's sets out from Liverpool on passage to the United States with 480 on board; she is lost without a trace. ** German

psychologist A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior. Their work often involves the experimentation, observation, and interpretation of how indi ...

Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears; 2 years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg. ** The

Plan de Ayutla A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with details of timing and resources, used to achieve an objective to do something. It is commonly understood as a temporal set of intended actions through which one expects to achieve a goal. F ...

calls for liberal reforms and the ouster of President Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico. * March 3 – Australia's first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown, Victoria, opens. * March 11 – A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain, under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier. * March 20 – In the United States: ** The

Boston Public Library The Boston Public Library is a municipal public library system in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, founded in 1848. The Boston Public Library is also the Library for the Commonwealth (formerly ''library of last recourse'') of the Commonweal ...

opens to the public. ** The

Republican Party Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party. Republican Party may also refer to: Africa *Republican Party (Liberia) * Republican Part ...

is formed by anti-slavery opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in

Ripon, Wisconsin Ripon is a city in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 7,733 at the 2010 census. The city is surrounded by the Town of Ripon. Ripon is home to the Little White Schoolhouse, the commonly recognized birthplace of ...

. * March 24 – Slavery is abolished in Venezuela. * March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia. * March 28 – Crimean War: France declares war on Russia. *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V� ...

– United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.

April–June

* April 1 – ''

Hard Times Hard may refer to: * Hardness, resistance of physical materials to deformation or fracture * Hard water, water with high mineral content Arts and entertainment * ''Hard'' (TV series), a French TV series * Hard (band), a Hungarian hard rock supe ...

'' begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, ''

Household Words ''Household Words'' was an English weekly magazine edited by Charles Dickens in the 1850s. It took its name from the line in Shakespeare's ''Henry V'': "Familiar in his mouth as household words." History During the planning stages, titles origi ...

''. * April 16 – The United States packet ship '' Powhattan'' is wrecked off the New Jersey shore, with more than 200 victims. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 4 ...

– The Catholic University of Ireland (forerunner of University College Dublin) is founded. *

May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &ndash ...

– Taiping Rebellion: United States

diplomatic minister Diplomatic rank is a system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations. A diplomat's rank determines many ceremonial details, such as the order of precedence at official processions, table seating ...

Robert McLane Robert Milligan McLane (November 30, 1867 – May 30, 1904) was the 34th Mayor of Baltimore, serving from May 19, 1903, to his death on May 30, 1904. He is known for his role in the Great Baltimore Fire, and for his sudden death in office. Early ...

arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the American warship . *

May 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...

– The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes law (replacing the Missouri Compromise of 1820), creating the

Kansas Territory The Territory of Kansas was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the United States, Union as the Slave and ...

and the Nebraska Territory, west of the State of Missouri and the

State of Iowa Iowa () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the ...

. The Kansas–Nebraska Act also establishes that these two new Territories will decide either to allow or disallow slavery, depending on balloting by their residents (these areas would have been strictly "free territory" under the Missouri Compromise, which allowed slavery in the State of Missouri but disallowed it in any other new state north of latitude 36° 30', which forms most of the southern boundary of Missouri. This prohibition of slavery extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean). * June – The

Grand Excursion The Grand Excursion was a promotional voyage by train and steamboat into the Upper Mississippi River valley, USA that first took place in June 1854. It marked the first railroad connection between the East Coast and the Mississippi River, and it in ...

takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago to

Rock Island, Illinois Rock Island is a city in and the county seat of Rock Island County, Illinois, Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. The original Rock Island, from which the city name is derived, is now called Rock Island Arsenal, Arsenal Island. The popul ...

, by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to Saint Paul, Minnesota, by

steamboat A steamboat is a boat that is marine propulsion, propelled primarily by marine steam engine, steam power, typically driving propellers or Paddle steamer, paddlewheels. Steamboats sometimes use the ship prefix, prefix designation SS, S.S. or S/S ...

. * June 10 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at

Annapolis, Maryland Annapolis ( ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland and the county seat of, and only incorporated city in, Anne Arundel County. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east o ...

. *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date). * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mo ...

– Battle of Bomarsund in Åland off the coast of Finland: British Royal Navy seaman's mate

Charles Davis Lucas Rear Admiral (Royal Navy), Rear Admiral Charles Davis Lucas Victoria Cross, VC (19 February 1834 – 7 August 1914) was born in Ireland and was the first person to win the Victoria Cross. An officer of the Royal Navy, he performed the earliest act ...

throws a live Russian

artillery shell A shell, in a military context, is a projectile whose payload contains an explosive, incendiary, or other chemical filling. Originally it was called a bombshell, but "shell" has come to be unambiguous in a military context. Modern usage ...

overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in

1857 Events January–March * January 1 – The biggest Estonian newspaper, ''Postimees'', is established by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. * January 7 – The partly French-owned London General Omnibus Company begins operating. * Janua ...

July–September

* July 4 – James Ambrose Cutting takes out the first of his three United States patents for improvements to the

wet plate The collodion process is an early photographic process. The collodion process, mostly synonymous with the "collodion wet plate process", requires the photographic material to be coated, sensitized, exposed, and developed within the span of about ...

collodion process The collodion process is an early photographic process. The collodion process, mostly synonymous with the "collodion wet plate process", requires the photographic material to be coated, sensitized, exposed, and developed within the span of about ...

(

Ambrotype The ambrotype (from grc, ἀμβροτός — “immortal”, and — “impression”) also known as a collodion positive in the UK, is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a pr ...

photography). * July 6 ** In

Jackson, Michigan Jackson is the only city and county seat of Jackson County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 33,534, down from 36,316 at the 2000 census. Located along Interstate 94 and U.S. Route 127, it is approxi ...

, the first convention of the

U.S. Republican Party The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP ("Grand Old Party"), is one of the Two-party system, two Major party, major contemporary political parties in the United States. The GOP was founded in 1854 by Abolitionism in the United Stat ...

is held. ** Said Pasha succeeds his nephew

Abbas Abbas may refer to: People * Abbas (name), list of people with the name, including: **Abbas ibn Ali, Popularly known as Hazrat-e-Abbas (brother of Imam Hussayn) **Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad ** Mahmoud Abbas (born 1935), Palest ...

, as the Pasha of Egypt. * July 7 – The

Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be established in Bombay, India, on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo by Cowaszee Nanabhoy Davar (1815–73) and his associates. The company was designed by Sir William Fairbaim. This mill be ...

is established as the first cotton mill in India by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar and associates. * July 17 – The '' Bienio progresista'' revolutionary coup occurs in Spain. * July 19 – Wood's despatch is sent by Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax to

Lord Dalhousie James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie (22 April 1812 – 19 December 1860), also known as Lord Dalhousie, styled Lord Ramsay until 1838 and known as The Earl of Dalhousie between 1838 and 1849, was a Scottish statesman and co ...

, Governor General of India, proposing radical improvements to the Indian educational system. * August 9 – Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony, on the death of his brother. *

August 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs. * 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamdan ...

– Battle of Bomarsund: Russian troops on the island of Bomarsund, in Åland, surrender to French–British troops. *

August 19 Events Pre-1600 *295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. *43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later know ...

–

John Lawrence Grattan John Lawrence Grattan (June 1, 1830 – August 19, 1854) was a mid-19th century US Cavalry officer, whose poor judgement and inexperience led to the Grattan massacre, which was a major instigator for the First Sioux War. Early life and militar ...

leads 29 United States troops and a civilian interpreter in attack on Lakota village over dispute involving emigrant cow. Grattan's command was annihilated. * August 27 – English lawyer

Alfred Wills Sir Alfred Wills (11 December 1828 – 9 August 1912) was a judge of the High Court of England and Wales and a well-known mountaineer. He was the third President of the Alpine Club, from 1863 to 1865. Early life Wills was the second son of Wi ...

and party set out for the first ascent of the Wetterhorn in Switzerland, regarded as the start of the " golden age of alpinism". * August 31– September 8 – An epidemic of

cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and ...

in London kills over 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that

is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology. Snow-cholera-map

* September 9 – British Inman Line's is wrecked off Cape Race (Newfoundland) on her maiden voyage without loss of life. * September 20 – Crimean War: Battle of Alma – The French–British alliance wins the first major land engagement of the war. The battle of the Alma in 1854 (1856), by Horace Vernet

The battle of the Alma in 1854 (1856), by Horace Vernet

* September 27 – SS ''Arctic'' disaster: The American paddle steamer sinks after a collision with the much smaller French ship , 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...

, with approximately 320 deaths.

October–December

* October 1 – The watch company founded in

1850 Events January–June * April ** Pope Pius IX returns from exile to Rome. ** Stephen Foster's parlor ballad "Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway" is published in the United States. * April 4 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a cit ...

in Roxbury, Massachusetts, by

Aaron Lufkin Dennison Aaron Lufkin Dennison (March 6, 1812 – January 9, 1895) was an American watchmaker and businessman who founded a number of companies. Early life Dennison was born in Freeport, Maine, after which the family moved to Brunswick, Maine. He was ...

, relocates to Waltham, to become the

Waltham Watch Company The Waltham Watch Company, also known as the American Waltham Watch Co. and the American Watch Co., was a company that produced about 40 million watches, clocks, speedometers, compasses, time delay fuses, and other precision instruments in the Un ...

, pioneer in the American system of watch manufacturing. * October 9– 11 – United States diplomats in Europe meet and draft the Ostend Manifesto, setting out a rationale for the U.S. to acquire Cuba from Spain. * October 6 – The

great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead The great fire of Gateshead and Newcastle was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in two North East England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an ex ...

in England is ignited by a spectacular explosion. * October 17 – '' The Age'' newspaper is founded in Melbourne, Australia. *

October 25 Events Pre-1600 * 285 (or 286) – Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers. * 473 – Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II a ...

– Crimean War:

Battle of Balaclava The Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War, was part of the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55), an Allied attempt to capture the port and fortress of Sevastopol, Russian Empire, Russia's principal naval base on the Bl ...

– The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry

Charge of the Light Brigade The Charge of the Light Brigade was a failed military action involving the British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War. Lord Raglan had intended to se ...

, from which only 200 of 700 men survive. Relief of the Light Brigade

November November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars, the fourth and last of four months to have a length of 30 days and the fifth and last of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. No ...

** Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 trained volunteer nurses, having set out on October 21 from England, arrive at

Selimiye Barracks Selimiye Barracks ( tr, Selimiye Kışlası), also known as Scutari Barracks, is a Turkish Army barracks located in the Üsküdar district on the Asian side of Istanbul, Turkey. It was originally built in 1800 by Sultan Selim III for the soldier ...

in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops invalided from the Crimean War. ** The

Mute Rebellion {{Short description, Series of riots The Mute rebellion (Swedish language, Swedish: ''Muteupproret'') was a series of riots that occurred in Halland, Sweden between November 1854 and February 1855. The riots started in Himle Hundred near Mute A ...

breaks out in Sweden. *

November 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign. * 1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Br ...

– Crimean War: Battle of Inkerman – The Russians are defeated. * November 14 –

Great Storm of 1854 The Great Storm of 1854 occurred in and around the Black Sea on 14 November 1854. It caused severe damage and caused major disruption to armed forces—naval forces especially—in the region engaged in the Crimean War. At the time of the storm, th ...

in the Black Sea: 19 British transport and other ships (plus 2 French) supporting the Crimean War are wrecked with the loss of at least 287 men. * November 17 – In Egypt, the

Suez Canal The Suez Canal ( arz, قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ, ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The long canal is a popular ...

Company is formed. * December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks out in

Ballarat Ballarat ( ) is a city in the Central Highlands (Victoria), Central Highlands of Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia. At the 2021 Census, Ballarat had a population of 116,201, making it the third largest city in Victoria. Estimated resid ...

, Victoria (Australia). * December 8 –

Pope Pius IX Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...

in the apostolic constitution '' Ineffabilis Deus'' defines ''ex Cathedra'' the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the

Blessed Virgin Mary Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother o ...

was conceived without

original sin Original sin is the Christian doctrine that holds that humans, through the fact of birth, inherit a tainted nature in need of regeneration and a proclivity to sinful conduct. The biblical basis for the belief is generally found in Genesis 3 (t ...

. *

December 10th Events Pre-1600 *1317 – The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger, King of Sweden, Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in t ...

–

Sa'id Pasha Mehmed Said Pasha ( ota, محمد سعيد پاشا ‎; 1838–1914), also known as Küçük Said Pasha ("Said Pasha the Younger") or Şapur Çelebi or in his youth as Mabeyn Başkatibi Said Bey, was an Ottoman monarchist, senator, statesman ...

officially abolishes slavery in Egypt.

Undated

* Ignacy Łukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka near Krosno County. * Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its individual components, by distillation. * The Icelandic trade is opened to merchants other than

Danes Danes ( da, danskere, ) are a North Germanic ethnic group and nationality native to Denmark and a modern nation identified with the country of Denmark. This connection may be ancestral, legal, historical, or cultural. Danes generally regard t ...

. * A Russian fort is established at the modern-day site of

Almaty Almaty (; kk, Алматы; ), formerly known as Alma-Ata ( kk, Алма-Ата), is the List of most populous cities in Kazakhstan, largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of about 2 million. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to ...

. * The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded. * The future Waterbury Clock Company (Incorporated on March 27, 1857) is founded as a department within the Benedict and Burnham Manufacturing Company in Waterbury, Connecticut, the predecessor of Timex Group USA in timepiece manufacturing.

Births

January–June

* January 1 –

James George Frazer Sir James George Frazer (; 1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941) was a Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion. Personal life He was born on 1 Janua ...

, Scottish social anthropologist (d.

1941 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...

) *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Jin Huaidi becomes emperor of China in succession to his father, Emperor Hui of Jin, Jin Huidi, despite a challenge from his uncle, Sima Ying. * 871 – Æthelred I, King of Wessex, Æthel ...

– Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (d.

1918 This year is noted for the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide. Events Below, the events ...

) *

– Lady Randolph Churchill, born Jennie Jerome, American-born British socialite and mother of Winston Churchill (d.

1921 Events January * January 2 ** The Association football club Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, from Belo Horizonte, is founded as the multi-sports club Palestra Italia by Italian expatriates in First Brazilian Republic, Brazil. ** The Spanish lin ...

) * January 12 **

Kataoka Shichirō Baron was an early admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Biography Early career Born to a ''samurai'' family in the Satsuma domain (present day Kagoshima prefecture), Kataoka entered the 3rd class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 187 ...

, Japanese admiral (d.

1920 Events January * January 1 ** Polish–Soviet War in 1920: The Russian Red Army increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20. ** Kauniainen, completely surrounded by the city of Espoo, secedes from Espoo as its own ma ...

) ** David Macpherson, Canadian-born American civil engineer (d.

1927 Events January * January 1 – The British Broadcasting ''Company'' becomes the British Broadcasting ''Corporation'', when its Royal Charter of incorporation takes effect. John Reith becomes the first Director-General. * January 7 * ...

) *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 *1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. *1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 *1639 – The "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, Fundamenta ...

–

Nikolai Pavlovich Bobyr Nikolai Pavlovich Bobyr (russian: Николай Павлович Бобырь) (14 January 1854, Malaya Zagorovka, Bereznyansky District, Chernigov Governorate – December 1920, Yalta) was an Imperial Russian Army general of the cavalry who wa ...

, Russian general (d.

) * February 9 ** Edward Carson, Irish Unionist MP and barrister (d.

1935 Events January * January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935, an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims. * ...

) **

Aletta Jacobs Aletta Henriëtte Jacobs (; 9 February 1854 – 10 August 1929) was a Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist. As the first woman officially to attend a Dutch university, she became one of the first female physicians in the Netherlands. I ...

, Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist (d.

1929 This year marked the end of a period known in American history as the Roaring Twenties after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ushered in a worldwide Great Depression. In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the Cristero War, a Catholic ...

) * February 16 –

Charles Webster Leadbeater Charles Webster Leadbeater (; 16 February 1854 – 1 March 1934) was a member of the Theosophical Society, Co-Freemasonry, author on occult subjects and co-initiator with J. I. Wedgwood of the Liberal Catholic Church. Originally a pr ...

, British theosophist (d.

1934 Events January–February * January 1 – The International Telecommunication Union, a specialist agency of the League of Nations, is established. * January 15 – The 8.0 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake, Nepal–Bihar earthquake strik ...

) *

– Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (d.

1902 Events January * January 1 ** The Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require state registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the world's f ...

) *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 *747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is p ...

–

Mary M. Cohen Mary M. Cohen (pen name, Coralie; February 26, 1854 – July 2, 1911) was an American social economist, journalist, belletrist, educator, communal worker, and proto-feminist of the long nineteenth century. She was also an artist, wood-carver, st ...

, American social economist (d.

1911 A notable ongoing event was the Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions, race for the South Pole. Events January * January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory ...

) * March 4 –

Tomás António Garcia Rosado Tomás António Garcia Rosado, (4 March 1854 in Beja, Portugal – 30 August 1937 in Sintra, Portugal) was an infantry officer and general of the Portuguese Army. Life In 1895, after accompanying Afonso, Duke of Porto to Portuguese India, he ...

, Portuguese general (d.

1937 Events January * January 1 – Anastasio Somoza García becomes President of Nicaragua. * January 5 – Water levels begin to rise in the Ohio River in the United States, leading to the Ohio River flood of 1937, which continues into Fe ...

) * March 10 **

Florence Carpenter Ives Florence Carpenter Ives (, Carpenter; March 10, 1854 – December 20, 1900) was an American journalist and editor. She served as editor of the woman's department of the ''Metropolitan and Rural Home'' and was in charge of all the press work sent o ...

, American journalist and editor (d.

1900 As of March 1 ( O.S. February 17), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 13 days until February 28 ( O.S. February 15), 2 ...

) **

Stanisław Tondos Stanisław Tondos (10 March 1854 – 22 December 1917) was a Poles, Polish landscape painter and architectural painter. Life Tondos was born on in Kraków. He studied during the years 1869–1875 at the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts with ...

, Polish painter (d.

1917 Events Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 9 – WWI – Battle of Rafa: The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's ...

) * March 11 –

Jane Meade Welch Jane Meade Welch (March 11, 1854 – September 30, 1931) was an American journalist and historian who lectured and wrote on American history. She was the first woman in Buffalo, New York to become a professional journalist, the first American wo ...

, American historian (d.

1931 Events January * January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, used to accelerate particles to study nuclear physics. * January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa. * January 22 – Sir I ...

) *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...

** Paul Ehrlich, German physician and scientist, recipient of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

1915 Events Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix. January * January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction". *January 1 ...

) ** Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President of the United States (d.

1925 Events January * January 1 ** The Syrian Federation is officially dissolved, the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus having been replaced by the State of Syria. * January 3 – Benito Mussolini makes a pivotal speech in the Italia ...

) * March 15 –

Emil von Behring Emil von Behring (; Emil Adolf von Behring), born Emil Adolf Behring (15 March 1854 – 31 March 1917), was a German physiologist who received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first one awarded in that field, for his discovery ...

, German physiologist, winner of the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

) * March 18 – Nikolai Ruzsky, Russian general (d.

) * March 30 –

Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza Hermann Albin Josef Freiherr Kövess von Kövessháza ( hu, kövessházi báró Kövess Hermann; 30 March 1854 – 22 September 1924) was the final, and completely ceremonial, Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Army. He served as a gener ...

, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d.

1924 Events January * January 12 – Gopinath Saha shoots Ernest Day, whom he has mistaken for Sir Charles Tegart, the police commissioner of Calcutta, and is arrested soon after. * January 20– 30 – Kuomintang in China hol ...

) * April 18 –

Ludwig Levy Ludwig Levy (18 April 1854 – 30 November 1907) was a German Jewish architect of the Historicist school. He designed a number of synagogues, amongst which was the huge Neue Synagoge in Strasbourg, as well as official buildings such as the ministri ...

, German architect (d.

1907 Events January * January 14 – 1907 Kingston earthquake: A 6.5 Mw earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica, kills between 800 and 1,000. February * February 11 – The French warship ''Jean Bart'' sinks off the coast of Morocco. ...

) * April 22 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer, author, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

1943 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 – ...

) * April 28 – Hertha Ayrton, English engineer, mathematician and inventor (d.

1923 Events January–February * January 9 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory). * January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area, t ...

) * April 29 **

Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré ( S: stress final syllable ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The ...

, French mathematician, physicist (d.

1912 Events January * January 1 – The Republic of China (1912–49), Republic of China is established. * January 5 – The Prague Conference (6th All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) opens. * January 6 ...

) ** Paul von Rennenkampf, Russian nobleman, statesman, and general (d.

) * May 5 – Orrin Dubbs Bleakley, member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (d.

) *

May 11 Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...

–

Albion Woodbury Small Albion Woodbury Small (May 11, 1854 – March 24, 1926) founded the first independent Department of Sociology in the United States at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois in 1892. He was influential in the establishment of sociology as ...

, American sociologist (d.

1926 Events January * January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece. * January 8 **Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz. ** Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuy ascends the throne, the last monarch of V ...

) *

May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus La ...

–

John Riley Banister John Riley Banister (May 24, 1854 – 1918) was an American law officer, cowboy and Texas Ranger. Early years Banister was born in Banister Hollow, a small settlement located in Camden County, Missouri, which was to become a local hub or cent ...

, American law officer, Texas Ranger (d.

) * May 25 –

Clara Louise Burnham Clara Louise Burnham (, Root; May 25, 1854 – June 20, 1927) was an American novelist. After the success of ''No Gentlemen'' (1881), other books followed, including ''A Sane Lunatic'' (1882), ''Dearly Bought'' (1884), ''Next Door'' (1886), ''Yo ...

, American novelist (d.

) * June 2 –

Adolf von Brudermann Adolf von Brudermann (2 June 1854 Vienna – 26 October 1945 Vienna) was a ''General der Kavallerie'' (general of the cavalry) of the Austro-Hungarian Army. He saw service during World War I. Personal life Brudermann was the youngest of the four ...

, Austro-Hungarian general (d.

1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Januar ...

) * June 8 – Douglas Cameron, Canadian politician. Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (d.

) * June 14 – Dave Rudabaugh, American outlaw, gunfighter (d.

1886 Events January–March * January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885. * January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...

) *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. * 1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...

–

Robert Kekewich Major-General (United Kingdom), Major-General Robert George Kekewich, Order of the Bath, CB (17 June 1854 – 5 November 1914) was a Victorian era British Army officer. Early life Kekewich was the second son of Trehawke Kekewich, of Peamore Hou ...

, British general (d.

1914 This year saw the beginning of what became known as World War I, after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne was Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. It als ...

) *

–

Andrew Jackson Houston Andrew Jackson Houston (June 21, 1854June 26, 1941) was an American politician. He was a son of the famous Texas hero and statesman Sam Houston and his wife Margaret Lea Houston, and was named for his father's mentor Andrew Jackson. He served br ...

, American politician (d.

) * June 26 – Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Canada, leader in World War I (d.

)

July–December

* July 2 –

Sophia Braeunlich Sophia Braeunlich (, Toepken; July 2, 1854 – August 11, 1898) was an American business manager and journalist. She started her career as an amanuensis at ''The Engineering and Mining Journal'', advancing to positions of exchange news editor and ...

, American business manager (d.

1898 Events January–March * January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, B ...

) * July 3 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (d.

1928 Events January * January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA. * January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris Bazhanov, J ...

) * July 4 – Alexandru Marghiloman, 25th Prime Minister of Romania (d.

) *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...

– George Eastman, American photographic inventor (''Kodak'') (suicide) (d.

1932 Events January * January 4 – The British authorities in India arrest and intern Mahatma Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel. * January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident (1932), Sakuradamon Incident: Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang fails in his effort ...

) * July 27 – Takahashi Korekiyo, 11th Prime Minister of Japan (d.

1936 Events January–February * January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...

) *

July 31 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. * 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...

** Arthur Barclay, 15th president of Liberia (d.

1938 Events January * January 1 ** The Constitution of Estonia#Third Constitution (de facto 1938–1940, de jure 1938–1992), new constitution of Estonia enters into force, which many consider to be the ending of the Era of Silence and the a ...

) **

José Canalejas y Méndez José Canalejas y Méndez (31 July 1854 – 12 November 1912) was a Spanish politician, born in Ferrol, who served as Prime Minister of Spain. Early life Son of a railway engineer, politician and editor of the newspaper '' El Eco Ferrola ...

, Prime Minister of Spain (d.

) *

August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. *216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...

– Milan I of Serbia (d.

1901 Events January * January 1 – The Crown colony, British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria (Australia), Victoria and Western Australia Federation of Australia, federate as the Australia, ...

) * August 23 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d.

) *

September 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. * 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancon ...

– Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (d.

) *

September 3 Events Pre-1600 *36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 – San Marino, one of the s ...

–

Anna Sandström ''Anna'' Maria Carolina Sandström (3 September 1854 – 26 May 1931) was a Swedish feminist, reform pedagogue and a pioneer within the educational system of her country. She is referred to as the leading reform pedagogue within female educati ...

, Swedish social reformer (d.

) * September 6 – Georges Picquart, French general, Minister of War (d.

) * September 18 –

Viktor Dankl von Krasnik Viktor Julius Ignaz Ferdinand Graf Dankl von Kraśnik (Born as Viktor Dankl; 18 September 18548 January 1941) was a highly decorated Austro-Hungarian officer who reached the pinnacle of his service during World War I with promotion to the rare r ...

, Austro-Hungarian general (d.

) * October 3 –

William C. Gorgas William Crawford Gorgas KCMG (October 3, 1854 – July 3, 1920) was a United States Army physician and 22nd Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1914–1918). He is best known for his work in Florida, Havana and at the Panama Canal in abating the ...

, American physician, Surgeon General (d.

) * October 7 – Christiaan de Wet, Boer general, rebel leader, and politician (d.

1922 Events January * January 7 – Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic), Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes. * January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éirean ...

) * October 9 –

Myron T. Herrick Myron Timothy Herrick (October 9, 1854March 31, 1929) was an American banker, diplomat and Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 42nd governor of Ohio and United States Ambassador to France on two occasions. Biography Herrick was bor ...

, American banker, diplomat, Republican politician and 42nd governor of Ohio (d.

) * October 16 **

Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is ...

, Irish writer (d.

) ** Karl Kautsky, Czech Marxist theoretician (d.

) * October 17 –

Queenie Newall Sybil Fenton Newall (17 October 1854 – 24 June 1929), best known as Queenie Newall, was an English people, English archery, archer who won the gold medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. She was 53 years old at the time, still the oldes ...

, British Olympic archer (d.

) * October 20 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d.

1891 Events January–March * January 1 ** Paying of old age pensions begins in Germany. ** A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence. **Germany takes formal possession of its new Africa ...

) * October 26 –

C. W. Post Charles William Post (October 26, 1854 – May 9, 1914) was an American innovator, breakfast cereal and foods manufacturer and a pioneer in the prepared-food industry. He was the founder of what is now Post Consumer Brands. Early life Char ...

, American cereal manufacturer (d.

) * October 28 –

Mary G. Charlton Edholm Mary G. Charlton Edholm (October 28, 1854 – November 29, 1935) was an American reformer and journalist. She worked as a journalist for twenty years. Edholm was appointed World's Superintendent of Press work, at the Boston Convention of th ...

, American social purity and temperance reformer (d.

) * October 30 – Franz Rohr von Denta, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d.

) * November 3 –

Carlo Fornasini ''Cavaliere dottore'' Carlo Fornasini (3 November 185424 December 1931) was an Italian micropalaeontologist who specialised in Foraminifera ('forams'). He was a pioneer in using fossil forams to sequence marine sedimentary deposits by their rel ...

, micropalaeontologist (d.

) *

– Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * November 6 – John Philip Sousa, American composer, conductor (''Stars and Stripes Forever'') (d.

) * November 8 –

Johannes Rydberg Johannes (Janne) Robert Rydberg (; 8 November 1854 – 28 December 1919) was a Swedish physicist mainly known for devising the Rydberg formula, in 1888, which is used to describe the wavelengths of photons (of visible light and other electrom ...

, Swedish physicist (d.

1919 Events January * January 1 ** The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of Pressburg (now Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of Czechoslovakia. ** HMY ''Iolaire'' sinks off the c ...

) * November 13 – George Whitefield Chadwick, American composer (d.

) * November 17 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (d.

) *

November 19 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 636 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire at the Battle o ...

–

Danske Dandridge Danske Dandridge (November 19, 1854 – June 3, 1914) was a Danish-born American poet, historian, and garden writer. Along with her contemporaries, Waitman T. Barbe and Thomas Dunn English, Dandridge was considered a major poet of late 19th-cent ...

, Danish-born American poet, historian, and garden writer (d.

) *

November 21 Events Pre-1600 * 164 BCE – Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, rededicates the Temple in Jerusalem, an event is commemorated each year by the festival of Hanukkah. (25 Kislev 3597 in the Hebrew calendar.) * 235 ...

– Pope Benedict XV (d.

) *

November 27 Events Pre-1600 *AD 25 – Luoyang is declared capital of the Eastern Han dynasty by Emperor Guangwu of Han. * 176 – Emperor Marcus Aurelius grants his son Commodus the rank of " Imperator" and makes him Supreme Commander of the ...

–

Gerhard Louis De Geer Baron Gerhard Louis De Geer of Finspång (usually known as Louis De Geer; 27 November 185425 February 1935) was a Swedish politician, who served in the first chamber of the ''Riksdag'' 1901–14, was governor of Kristianstad County 1905–23, an ...

, 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.

) * December 14 – John Kemp Starley, English bicycle inventor (d.

) *

December 16 Events Pre-1600 * 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom. * 755 ...

–

Austin M. Knight Austin Melvin Knight (December 16, 1854 – February 26, 1927) was an admiral in the United States Navy. He was commander in chief of the U.S. Asiatic Fleet from 1917 to 1918. His 1901 textbook ''Modern Seamanship'' was a standard reference for ov ...

, American admiral (d.

) * December 22 –

Takamine Jōkichi was a Japanese chemist. He is known for being the first to isolate epinephrine in 1901. Early life and education Takamine was born in Takaoka, Toyama, Takaoka, Toyama Prefecture, in November 1854. His father was a doctor; his mother a member of ...

, Japanese chemist (d.

) * December 24 – Thomas Stevens, English cyclist (d.

)

Undated

Jane Clouson Jane Maria Clouson (1854 – 30 April 1871) was found bludgeoned with a hammer and nearly dead in the early hours of April 26, 1871, dying in hospital four days later. Edmund Walter Pook (1851–1920) was charged for her murder, but found not guil ...

, teenage British murder victim (d.

1871 Events January–March * January 3 – Franco-Prussian War – Battle of Bapaume: Prussians win a strategic victory. * January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the sout ...

) *

Eliza D. Keith Eliza Douglas Keith (pen names, Erle Douglas and Di Vernon; 1854 – November 6, 1939) was an American educator, author, and journalist; she was also a social reformer and activist. Keith began teaching immediately after finishing her educatio ...

, American educator, author, and journalist (d.

1939 This year also marks the start of the Second World War, the largest and deadliest conflict in human history. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 ** Third Reich *** Jews are forbidden to ...

) * John Francon Williams, Welsh-born journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor (d.

)

Deaths

January–June

– William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (b.

1768 Events January–March * January 9 – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus, with acrobats on galloping horses, in London. * February 11 – Samuel Adams's circular letter is issued by the Massachusetts House of Rep ...

) *

–

John Martin John Martin may refer to: Business *John Martin (businessman) (1820–1905), American lumberman and flour miller *John Charles Martin (fl. 1913–1931), American newspaper publisher *John Martin (publisher) (born 1930), American founder of Black ...

, English painter (b.

1789 Events January–March * January – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes the pamphlet ''What Is the Third Estate?'' ('), influential on the French Revolution. * January 7 – The 1788-89 United States presidential election a ...

) *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. ...

– Ann Walker, English landowner and philanthropist (b.

1803 Events * January 1 – The first edition of Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière's ''Almanach des gourmands'', the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris. * January 5 – William Symington demonstrates his ...

) * March 6 –

Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, (born Charles William Stewart; 1778–1854), was an Anglo-Irish nobleman, a British soldier and a politician. He served in the French Revolutionary Wars, in the suppression of the Irish Rebel ...

(b.

1778 Events January–March * January 18 – Third voyage of James Cook: Captain James Cook, with ships HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS ''Discovery'', first views Oahu then Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands of the Pacific Ocean, which he na ...

) * March 11 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (b.

1804 Events January–March * January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, and becomes the first black republic, having the only successful slave revolt ever. * February 4 – The Sokoto Caliphate is founded in West Africa. * Februa ...

) * March 13 ** Sir Thomas Talfourd, English jurist (b.

1795 Events January–June * January – Central England records its coldest ever month, in the Central England temperature, CET records dating back to 1659. * January 14 – The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Uni ...

) **

Jean-Baptiste de Villèle Jean-Baptiste is a male French name, originating with Saint John the Baptist, and sometimes shortened to Baptiste. The name may refer to any of the following: Persons * Charles XIV John of Sweden, born Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, was King ...

, Prime Minister of France (b.

1773 Events January–March * January 1 – The hymn that becomes known as ''Amazing Grace'', at this time titled "1 Chronicles 17:16–17", is first used to accompany a sermon led by curate John Newton in the town of Olney, Bucking ...

) * March 18 – Alexander Allan, Scottish businessman, founder of

Allan Line The Allan Shipping Line was started in 1819, by Alexander Allan (ship-owner), Captain Alexander Allan of Saltcoats, Ayrshire, trading and transporting between Scotland and Montreal, a route which quickly became synonymous with the Allan Line. By th ...

(b.

1780 Events January–March * January 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cape St. Vincent: British Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a Spanish fleet. * February 19 – The legislature of New York votes to allow ...

) * March 19 – William Pope Duval, first civilian governor of Florida Territory (b.

1784 Events January–March * January 6 – Treaty of Constantinople: The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea. * January 14 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Brit ...

) *

March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...

–

Pedro María de Anaya Pedro Bernardino María de Anaya y Álvarez (20 May 1795 – 21 March 1854) was a Mexican soldier who served twice as interim president of Mexico during the Mexican-American War. Inbetween presidencies, he directly participated in the fighting as ...

, 2-time President of Mexico (b.

) * March 26 –

Emilie Hammarskjöld Emilie Augusta Kristina Hammarskjöld née Holmberg (May 6, 1821 – March 26, 1854) was a Swedish composer and musician. She was active as a concert singer, a pianist and a music instructor. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music ...

, Swedish-born American musician (b.

1821 Events January–March * January 21 – Peter I Island in the Antarctic is first sighted, by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. * January 28 – Alexander Island, the largest in Antarctica, is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Be ...

) * March 27 ** William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland, English politician (b.

) **

Charles III, Duke of Parma , image = Charles III, Duke of Parma.JPG , caption = , birth_date = , birth_place = Villa delle Pianore, Lucca, Duchy of Parma , death_date = , death_place = Parma, Duchy of Parma , house = Bourbon-Parma , spouse = Princess Louise Marie ...

(b.

1823 Events January–March * January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII (who has been captured by armed revolutio ...

) * April 11 – Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b.

1799 Events January–June * January 9 – British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound, to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the French Revolutionary Wars. * January ...

) * April 15 – Arthur Aikin, English chemist, mineralogist (b.

) * April 22 ** Nicolás Bravo, 3-time President of Mexico (b.

1786 Events January–March * January 3 – The third Treaty of Hopewell is signed, between the United States and the Choctaw. * January 6 – The outward bound East Indiaman '' Halsewell'' is wrecked on the south coast of Englan ...

) **

Domingo Eyzaguirre Domingo de Eyzaguirre y Arechavala (July 17, 1775 – April 22, 1854) was a Chilean politician and philanthropist. He was born in Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile, the son of the Basque people, Basque Domingo Eyzaguirre Escutasolo and of María ...

, Chilean philanthropist (b.

1775 Events Summary The American Revolutionary War began this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress t ...

) * April 29 –

Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey (17 May 1768 – 29 April 1854), styled Lord Paget between 1784 and 1812 and known as the Earl of Uxbridge between 1812 and 1815, was a British Army officer and politician. After serving as a member ...

, British general (b.

) * June 7 –

Charles Baudin Charles Baudin (21 July 1784 – 7 June 1854), was a French admiral, whose naval service extended from the First Empire through the early days of the Second Empire. Biography From 1800, Baudin served as a midshipman on ''Géographe'' and took ...

, French admiral (b.

) * June 13 –

Rosina Regina Ahles Rosina Regina Ahles (5 December 1799, Bietigheim - 13 June 1854, Berlin) was a German actress, notable in her own right and as the wife of the actor, composer and writer Albert Lortzing. Bibliography *Hans Hoffmann: ''Rosina Lortzing aus Bi ...

, German actor (b.

)

July–December

* July 6 – Georg Ohm, German physicist (b.

) *

July 16 Events Pre-1600 * 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar. * 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece. * 105 ...

– Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt (b.

1813 Events January–March * January 18–January 23 – War of 1812: The Battle of Frenchtown is fought in modern-day Monroe, Michigan between the United States and a British and Native American alliance. * January 24 – T ...

) *

– Samuel Wilson, American thought to be the real-life basis for Uncle Sam (b. 1766) * August – Conquering Bear, Lakota chief (b. c. 1800) *

– Heinrich Clauren (b. 1771) * August 3 – Qishan (official), Qi Shan (b.

) * August 9 – Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (b. 1797) * August 14 – Carl Carl, Polish-born actor and theatre director (b. 1787) * August 20 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (b.

) * August 21 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer, politician (b. 1777) * September 8 – Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal, philologist (b. 1782) * September 12 – Jarvis W. Pike, former Mayor of Columbus, Ohio (b.

) * September 29 – Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, French general, Marshal of France, Ministry of War (France), Minister of War (d. 1798) * October 1 - Martín Perfecto de Cos, General of the Mexican Army (b. 1800) * October 26 – Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (b. 1792) * November 2 – George Mogridge (Old Humphrey), British writer, poet (b. 1787) * November 3 – Maxim Gauci, Maltese lithographer (b. 1774) * November 9 – Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, philanthropist, wife of Alexander Hamilton (b. 1757) * November 25 – John Gibson Lockhart, Scottish writer (b. 1794) * December 9 – Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b.

) * December 11 – Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1777) * December 15 – Kamehameha III, Kingdom of Hawaii, King of Hawaii (b. c. 1814)

Undated

* Concepción Mariño, Venezuelan heroine (b. 1790) * Úrsula Goyzueta, Bolivian heroine (b. 1787) * Su Sanniang, Chinese rebel (b. 1830)

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Undated

Births

January–June

July–December

Undated

Deaths

January–June

July–December

Undated

References

Further reading