Philippoteaux Felix - Bonaparte a la bataille de Rivoli

Events

January–March

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

– The

Treaty of Tripoli The Treaty of Tripoli (''Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary'') was signed in 1796. It was the first treaty between the United States and Tripoli (now Libya) to secur ...

, a peace treaty between the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

and

Ottoman Tripolitania The coastal region of what is today Libya was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912. First, from 1551 to 1864, as the Eyalet of Tripolitania ( ota, ایالت طرابلس غرب ''Eyālet-i Trâblus Gârb'') or ''Bey and Subjects of Tri ...

, is signed at

Algiers Algiers ( ; ar, الجزائر, al-Jazāʾir; ber, Dzayer, script=Latn; french: Alger, ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques ...

(''see also''

1796 Events January–March * January 16 – The first Dutch (and general) elections are held for the National Assembly of the Batavian Republic. (The next Dutch general elections are held in 1888.) * February 1 – The capital ...

). *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army. This prompts the tribunes who support him to flee to Ravenna, where Caesar is waiting. * 1325 – Alfonso IV ...

– The parliament of the

Cisalpine Republic The Cisalpine Republic ( it, Repubblica Cisalpina) was a sister republic of France in Northern Italy that existed from 1797 to 1799, with a second version until 1802. Creation After the Battle of Lodi in May 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte organized t ...

adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as the official flag (this is considered the birth of the

flag of Italy The national flag of Italy ( it, Bandiera d'Italia, ), often referred to in Italian as ''il Tricolore'' ( en, the Tricolour, ) is a tricolour (flag), tricolour featuring three equally sized vertical Pale (heraldry), pales of green, white and red, ...

). *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...

–

Action of 13 January 1797 The action of 13 January 1797 (known by the French as the Naufrage du ''Droits de l'Homme''; "shipwreck r sinkingof the ''Droits de l'Homme''") was a minor naval battle fought between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the c ...

, part of the

War of the First Coalition The War of the First Coalition (french: Guerre de la Première Coalition) was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 initially against the Kingdom of France (1791-92), constitutional Kingdom of France and then t ...

: Two British

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...

frigate A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied somewhat. The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed and ...

s, HMS ''Indefatigable'' and HMS ''Amazon'', drive the French

74-gun The "seventy-four" was a type of two- decked sailing ship of the line, which nominally carried 74 guns. It was developed by the French navy in the 1740s, replacing earlier classes of 60- and 62-gun ships, as a larger complement to the recently-de ...

ship of the line A ship of the line was a type of naval warship constructed during the Age of Sail from the 17th century to the mid-19th century. The ship of the line was designed for the naval tactic known as the line of battle, which depended on the two colu ...

'' Droits de l'Homme'' aground on the coast of

Brittany Brittany (; french: link=no, Bretagne ; br, Breizh, or ; Gallo language, Gallo: ''Bertaèyn'' ) is a peninsula, Historical region, historical country and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known ...

, with over 900 deaths. *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 *1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. *1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 *1639 – The "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, Fundamenta ...

–

Battle of Rivoli The Battle of Rivoli (14–15 January 1797) was a key victory in the French campaign in Italy against Austria. Napoleon Bonaparte's 23,000 Frenchmen defeated an attack of 28,000 Austrians under General of the Artillery Jozsef Alvinczi, en ...

: French forces under General

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

defeat an Austrian army of 28,000 men, under ''

Feldzeugmeister ''Feldzeugmeister'' was a historical military rank in some German and the Austro-Hungarian armies, especially in use for the artillery. It was commonly used in the 16th or 17th century, but could even be found at the beginning of the 20th century ...

József Alvinczi Freiherr Joseph Alvinczi von Borberek a.k.a. Baron József Alvinczi de Borberek (german: Joseph Alvinczy, Freiherr von Berberek; 1 February 1735 – 25 September 1810) was a soldier in the Habsburg Army and a field marshal of the Austrian Empi ...

, near Rivoli (modern-day

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

), ending

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

's fourth and final attempt to relieve the fortress city of

Mantua Mantua ( ; it, Mantova ; Lombard language, Lombard and la, Mantua) is a city and ''comune'' in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the Province of Mantua, province of the same name. In 2016, Mantua was designated as the Italian Capital of Culture ...

. *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. *1531 – The 6.4–7.1 1531 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. *1564 – ...

– The Treaty of the

Third Partition of Poland The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish ...

is signed in St. Petersburg by the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

and the

Kingdom of Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia (german: Königreich Preußen, ) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Re ...

. *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of "Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: King ...

– Siege of Mantua: Field marshal Dagobert von Wurmser surrenders the fortress city to the French; only 16,000 men of the

garrison A garrison (from the French ''garnison'', itself from the verb ''garnir'', "to equip") is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it. The term now often applies to certain facilities that constitute a mil ...

are capable of marching out as prisoners of war. *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states. *1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire. *1488 – ...

–

Battle of Faenza The Battle of Faenza, also known as the Battle of Castel Bolognese on February 3, 1797 saw a 7,000 troops from the Papal Army commanded by Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi facing 9,000 troops from the French Army under the command of Claude ...

: A French corps (9,000 men) under General

Claude Victor-Perrin Claude-Victor Perrin, 1st Duke of Belluno (7 December 1764 – 1 March 1841) was a French soldier and military commander who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire i ...

defeats the forces from the

Papal States The Papal States ( ; it, Stato Pontificio, ), officially the State of the Church ( it, Stato della Chiesa, ; la, Status Ecclesiasticus;), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope fro ...

, at

Castel Bolognese Castel Bolognese ( rgn, Castël Bulgnés) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Ravenna in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna and about southwest of Ravenna. As of 2006, it has a population of about ...

near

Faenza Faenza (, , ; rgn, Fènza or ; la, Faventia) is an Italian city and comune of 59,063 inhabitants in the province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated southeast of Bologna. Faenza is home to a historical manufacture of majolica-ware glazed eart ...

. *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

– The Riobamba earthquake in Ecuador, estimated magnitude 8.3, causes up to 40,000 casualties. *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 *1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. *1429 – English forces under ...

– "

Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser "" (; ) was a personal anthem to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and later of the Austrian Empire, with lyrics by Lorenz Leopold Haschka (1749–1827) and music by Joseph Haydn. It is sometimes called t ...

" is first performed, with the music composed in January by

Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn ( , ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio. His contributions ...

, which also becomes the tune to the

Deutschlandlied The "" (; "Song of Germany"), officially titled "" (; "The Song of the Germans"), has been the national anthem of Germany either wholly or in part since 1922, except for a seven-year gap following World War II in West Germany. In East German ...

, the German national anthem (''Deutschland, Deutschland über alles'', later ''Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit''). *

February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...

–

French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted French First Republic, France against Ki ...

– Battle of Cape St. Vincent: The British

under Admiral Sir John Jervis defeats a larger Spanish fleet off

Cape St. Vincent Cape St. Vincent ( pt, Cabo de São Vicente, ) is a headland in the municipality of Vila do Bispo, in the Algarve, southern Portugal. It is the southwesternmost point of Portugal and of mainland Europe. History Cape St. Vincent was already sacr ...

, Portugal. *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. * 1268 &ndas ...

– Invasion of Trinidad: Spanish Governor

José María Chacón Don José María Chacón (1 January 1749 – 1 January 1833) was the last Spanish Governor of Trinidad, serving from 1783 to 1797. He was responsible for signing the Cedula of Population in 1783, leading to extensive French immigration to Trini ...

peacefully surrenders the colony of

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...

to a British naval force, commanded by Sir

Ralph Abercromby Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom), Lieutenant General Sir Ralph Abercromby (7 October 173428 March 1801) was a British people, British soldier and politician. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-general in the British Army, was appointed Gov ...

. *

February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan ...

–

Treaty of Tolentino {{unreferenced, date=June 2018 The Treaty of Tolentino was a peace treaty between Revolutionary France and the Papal States, signed on 19 February 1797 and imposing terms of surrender on the Papal side. The signatories for France were the French Di ...

Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VI ( it, Pio VI; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799. Pius VI condemned the French Revoluti ...

signs a peace treaty with

Revolutionary France The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...

. He is forced to deliver works of art, treasures, territory, the

Comtat Venaissin The Comtat Venaissin (; Provençal: , Mistralian norm: , classical norm: ; 'County of Venaissin'), often called the for short, was a part of the Papal States (1274‒1791) in what is now the region of France. The entire region was an enclave ...

and 30 million francs. *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdina ...

– The

last invasion of Britain The Battle of Fishguard was a military invasion of Great Britain by Revolutionary France during the War of the First Coalition. The brief campaign, on 22–24 February 1797, is the most recent landing on British soil by a hostile foreign force ...

begins: French forces, under the command of American Colonel William Tate, land near

Fishguard Fishguard ( cy, Abergwaun, meaning "Mouth of the River Gwaun") is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with a population of 3,419 in 2011; the community of Fishguard and Goodwick had a population of 5,407. Modern Fishguard consists of two pa ...

, Wales. *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. ...

– William Tate surrenders to the British at Fishguard. *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 *747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is p ...

– Bank Restriction Act removes the requirement for the

Bank of England The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker, and still one of the bankers for the Government of ...

(the national bank of Great Britain) to convert banknotes into gold - Restriction period lasts until 1821. The Bank of England issues the first one-pound and two-pound notes (pound notes discontinued

March 11 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the venerati ...

1988 File:1988 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The oil platform Piper Alpha explodes and collapses in the North Sea, killing 165 workers; The USS Vincennes (CG-49) mistakenly shoots down Iran Air Flight 655; Australia celebrates its Australian ...

). *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...

–

John Adams John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Befor ...

sworn in Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon ', also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to giv ...

as the second

President of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United Stat ...

, with an uneventful transition of power from the administration of George Washington. *

March 5 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death. * 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern ...

– Protestant missionaries from the

London Missionary Society The London Missionary Society was an interdenominational evangelical missionary society formed in England in 1795 at the instigation of Welsh Congregationalist minister Edward Williams. It was largely Reformed in outlook, with Congregational miss ...

land in

Tahiti Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austr ...

, from the ''

Duff Duff may refer to: People * Duff (surname) * Duff (given name) * Duff (nickname) * Karen Duffy, an actress, model, and former MTV VJ once known as "Duff" * Duff Roman, on-air name of Canadian radio personality and executive David Mostoway (bo ...

'' (celebrated as

Missionary Day Missionary Day (french: Arrivée de l'Évangile) is an official holiday in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France. It is celebrated annually on 5 March, to mark the arrival of the London Missionary Society (LMS) missionaries in 1797 ...

French Polynesia )Territorial motto: ( en, "Great Tahiti of the Golden Haze") , anthem = , song_type = Regional anthem , song = " Ia Ora 'O Tahiti Nui" , image_map = French Polynesia on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of Frenc ...

). *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 *624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh. *1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War. *1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...

– ''

Médée ''Médée'' is a dramatic tragedy in five acts written in alexandrine verse by Pierre Corneille in 1635. Summary The heroine of the play is the sorceress Médée. After Médée gives Jason twin boys, Jason leaves her for Creusa. Médée exa ...

'', an opera by

Luigi Cherubini Luigi Cherubini ( ; ; 8 or 14 SeptemberWillis, in Sadie (Ed.), p. 833 1760 – 15 March 1842) was an Italian Classical and Romantic composer. His most significant compositions are operas and sacred music. Beethoven regarded Cherubini as the gre ...

, is premiered in Paris. *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang. *1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...

– Battle of Valvasone: The Austrian army, led by

Archduke Charles Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (german: link=no, Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 177130 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third s ...

, fights a

rearguard A rearguard is a part of a military force that protects it from attack from the rear, either during an advance or withdrawal. The term can also be used to describe forces protecting lines, such as communication lines, behind an army. Even more ...

action at the crossing of the

Tagliamento The Tagliamento () is a braided river in north-east Italy, flowing from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea at a point between Trieste and Venice. The Tagliamento river is considered as the last morphologically intact river in the Alps. (Its ...

River, but is defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at

Valvasone Valvasone Arzene () is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Pordenone in the Italy, Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about northwest of Trieste and about east of Pordenone. It was formed on 1 January 2015 after the merger o ...

. *

March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...

–

Battle of Parramatta The Battle of Parramatta was a battle of the Australian Frontier Wars which occurred in Sydney on March 1797. In the conflict, Aboriginal resistance leader Pemulwuy led a group of Bidjigal warriors, estimated to be at least 100, in an attack on ...

: Resistance leader

Pemulwuy Pemulwuy (also rendered as Pimbloy, Pemulvoy, Pemulwoy, Pemulwy or Pemulwye, or sometimes by contemporary Europeans as Bimblewove, Bumbleway or Bembulwoyan) (c. 1750 – 2 June 1802) was a Bidjigal man of the Eora nation, born around 1750 in th ...

led a group of

aboriginal Aborigine, aborigine or aboriginal may refer to: *Aborigines (mythology), in Roman mythology * Indigenous peoples, general term for ethnic groups who are the earliest known inhabitants of an area *One of several groups of indigenous peoples, see ...

warriors, estimated to be at least 100, in an attack on a government farm at

Toongabbie Toongabbie is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. One of the oldest suburbs in Sydney, Toongabbie is located approximately 30 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district and is part of the Greater We ...

Sydney Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...

, Australia.

April–June

April 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1457 BC – Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. * 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide. * 73 – Masad ...

– The

Spithead and Nore mutinies The Spithead and Nore mutinies were two major mutinies by sailors of the Royal Navy in 1797. They were the first in an increasing series of outbreaks of maritime radicalism in the Atlantic World. Despite their temporal proximity, the mutinies d ...

break out in the British Royal Navy. *

April 17 Events Pre-1600 *1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. *1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...

** Battle of San Juan: Sir

unsuccessfully invades

San Juan, Puerto Rico San Juan (, , ; Spanish for "Saint John") is the capital city and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States. As of the 2020 census, it is the 57th-largest city under the jur ...

in what will be one of the largest British attacks on Spanish territories in the western hemisphere, and one of the worst defeats of the British Royal Navy for years to come. **

Veronese Easter The Veronese Easter ( it, Pasque Veronesi, or singular ; french: Pâques véronaises) was a rebellion during the French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1797, Italian campaign of 1797, in which inhabitants of Verona and the surrounding areas r ...

: Citizens of

Verona Verona ( , ; vec, Verona or ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Northern Italy, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and the ...

, Italy, began an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces. *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. * 1428 – Peace of Ferrara betw ...

–

Armistice of Leoben The Peace of Leoben was a general armistice and preliminary peace agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and the First French Republic that ended the War of the First Coalition. It was signed at Eggenwaldsches Gartenhaus, near Leoben, on 18 Apr ...

: On behalf of the

French Republic France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

, a delegation under Napoleon Bonaparte signs a

peace treaty A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice An armistice is a formal agreement of warring ...

with the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...

Leoben Leoben () is a Styrian city in central Austria, located on the Mur river. With a population of about 25,000 it is a local industrial centre and hosts the University of Leoben, which specialises in mining. The Peace of Leoben, an armistice betwee ...

. *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. *1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...

– The first ship of the

United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...

, the frigate USS ''United States'', is commissioned. *

May 12 Events Pre-1600 * 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism. * 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang d ...

–

: Napoleon Bonaparte conquers

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...

, ending the city and

Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia, ...

's 1,100 years of independence. The last

doge of Venice The Doge of Venice ( ; vec, Doxe de Venexia ; it, Doge di Venezia ; all derived from Latin ', "military leader"), sometimes translated as Duke (compare the Italian '), was the chief magistrate and leader of the Republic of Venice between 726 a ...

Ludovico Manin Ludovico Giovanni Manin (; ; 14 May 1725 – 24 October 1802) was a Venetian politician, Venetian nobility, patrician, and the List of Doges of Venice, 120th and last Doge of Venice. He governed the Venetian Republic from 9 March 1789 until its ...

, steps down. The

Venetian Ghetto The Venetian Ghetto was the area of Venice in which Jews were forced to live by the government of the Venetian Republic. The English word ''ghetto'' is derived from the Jewish ghetto in Venice. The Venetian Ghetto was instituted on 29 March 151 ...

is thrown open. *

May 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...

– English abolitionist

William Wilberforce William Wilberforce (24 August 175929 July 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist and leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. A native of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, he began his political career in 1780, eventually becom ...

marries

Barbara Ann Spooner Barbara Ann Wilberforce (née Spooner; 24 December 1777 – 21 April 1847) was the spouse of abolitionist and MP William Wilberforce. Early life She was born in Birches Green, Erdington, Warwickshire, and died in The Vicarage, East Farleigh, Ke ...

about six weeks after their first meeting. *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 * 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch. * 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II. * 1461 – ...

– French troops disembark in

Corfu Corfu (, ) or Kerkyra ( el, Κέρκυρα, Kérkyra, , ; ; la, Corcyra.) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The isl ...

, beginning the First period of French rule in the Ionian Islands. *

June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. *1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...

– Napoleon Bonaparte decrees the birth of the

; he appoints ministers and establishes the first constitution.

July–September

Ataque británico en Santa Cruz de Tenerife

July 9 Events Pre-1600 *118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...

– U.S. Senator

William Blount William Blount (March 26, 1749March 21, 1800) was an American Founding Father, statesman, farmer and land speculator who signed the United States Constitution. He was a member of the North Carolina delegation at the Constitutional Convention of ...

becomes the first federal legislator to be expelled from office, as his fellow Senators vote 25 to 1 to block him from his seat during an investigation against him on charges of criminal conspiracy. *

July 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. * 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade. * 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Sti ...

–

Horatio Nelson Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy. His inspirational leadership, grasp of strategy, and unconventional tactics brought abo ...

is wounded at the Battle of Santa Cruz, losing an arm. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...

–

Massacre of Tranent The Massacre of Tranent took place on 29 August 1797 in the town of Tranent, East Lothian, Scotland. Proclamation On 28 August a proclamation was drawn up by local people to object to the conscription of Scots into the British Militia, to be u ...

: British troops attack protestors against enforced recruitment into the

militia A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...

Tranent Tranent is a town in East Lothian (formerly Haddingtonshire), in the south-east of Scotland. The town lies 6 miles from the boundary of Edinburgh, and 9.1 miles from the city centre. It lies beside the A1 road, the A1 runs through the parish ...

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...

, killing 12. *

September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne ove ...

– The

Coup of 18 Fructidor The Coup of 18 Fructidor, Year V (4 September 1797 in the French Republican Calendar), was a seizure of power in France by members of the Directory, the government of the French First Republic, with support from the French military. The coup wa ...

is carried out in

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

as three of the five members of

The Directory The Directory (also called Directorate, ) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by ...

, France's executive council, arrested royalist members of the

Council of Five Hundred The Council of Five Hundred (''Conseil des Cinq-Cents''), or simply the Five Hundred, was the lower house of the legislature of France under the Constitution of the Year III. It existed during the period commonly known (from the name of the e ...

, the national legislature, and discard the results of the spring elections. *

September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. * 1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava * 1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Hen ...

– France's new government decrees that citizens who left the country without authorization are subject to the death penalty if they return. *

September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their b ...

–

Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret Dominique-Vincent Ramel (called Ramel de Nogaret; 3 November 1760 – 31 March 1829) was a French lawyer and politician who became Minister of Finance under the French Directory. He was an energetic reformer, but was blamed for many of the financia ...

, French finance minister, repudiates two thirds of France's debt.

October–December

October 11 Events Pre-1600 * 1138 – A massive earthquake strikes Aleppo; it is one of the most destructive earthquakes ever. *1142 – A peace treaty ends the Jin–Song wars. * 1311 – The peerage and clergy restrict the authority of Eng ...

–

Battle of Camperdown The Battle of Camperdown (known in Dutch as the ''Zeeslag bij Kamperduin'') was a major naval action fought on 11 October 1797, between the British North Sea Fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan and a Batavian Navy (Dutch) fleet under Vice-Admiral ...

: the British Royal Navy defeats the fleet of the

Batavian Republic The Batavian Republic ( nl, Bataafse Republiek; french: République Batave) was the successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis Bona ...

off the coast of

Holland Holland is a geographical regionG. Geerts & H. Heestermans, 1981, ''Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal. Deel I'', Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht, p 1105 and former province on the western coast of the Netherlands. From the 10th to the 16th c ...

. *

October 17 Events Pre-1600 * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty of China. *1091 – London tornado of 1091: A tornado thought to be of strength T8/F4 strikes the heart of London. *1346 – The English capture King Davi ...

– The

Treaty of Campo Formio The Treaty of Campo Formio (today Campoformido) was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philipp von Cobenzl as representatives of the French Republic and the Austrian monarchy, respectively. The treat ...

ends the

. *

October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philos ...

– The

XYZ Affair The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War. The name derives from the subst ...

inflames tensions between France and the United States when American negotiators

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (February 25, 1746 – August 16, 1825) was an American Founding Father, statesman of South Carolina, Revolutionary War veteran, and delegate to the Constitutional Convention where he signed the United States Constit ...

John Marshall John Marshall (September 24, 1755July 6, 1835) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 until his death in 1835. He remains the longest-serving chief justice and fourth-longes ...

, and

Elbridge Gerry Elbridge Gerry (; July 17, 1744 – November 23, 1814) was an American Founding Father, merchant, politician, and diplomat who served as the fifth vice president of the United States under President James Madison from 1813 until his death in 18 ...

meet with French government representatives

Jean-Conrad Hottinguer Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer (15 February 1764, Zurich – 12 September 1841, Castle Piple, Boissy-Saint-Léger) was a Swiss-born French banker who later became a Baron of the French Empire. Biography Career In 1784, Hottinguer left the city ...

, Pierre Bellamy and Lucien Hauteval and are told that a treaty between France and the U.S. will require payment of a bribe to France's Foreign Minister Charles Talleyrand and a large loan of American cash to France. Pinckney tells people later that his response was "No, no, not a sixpence!"; Hottinguer, Bellamy and Hauteval are referred to, respectively, as "X", "Y" and "Z" in U.S. government reports on the failed negotiations. *

October 21 Events Pre-1600 *1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade. *1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of A ...

– In

Boston Harbor Boston Harbor is a natural harbor and estuary of Massachusetts Bay, and is located adjacent to the city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Port of Boston, a major shipping facility in the northeastern United States. History Since ...

, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate is launched to fight

Barbary pirates The Barbary pirates, or Barbary corsairs or Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Salé, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, Libya, Tripoli. This area was known i ...

off the coast of

Tripoli Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to: Cities and other geographic units Greece *Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...

; the ship will remain in commission in the 21st century. *

October 22 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council. * 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (no ...

–

André-Jacques Garnerin André-Jacques Garnerin (31 January 176918 August 1823) was a French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute. He was appointed Official Aeronaut of France. Biography Garnerin was born in Paris. He was captured by British tro ...

makes the first parachute descent, at Parc Monceau, Paris; he uses a silk parachute to descend approximately from a hot air balloon. *

November November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars, the fourth and last of four months to have a length of 30 days and the fifth and last of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. No ...

– 1797 Rugby School rebellion: The students at

Rugby School Rugby School is a public school (English independent boarding school for pupils aged 13–18) in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. Up ...

in England rebel against the headmaster, Henry Ingles, after he decrees that the damage to a tradesman's windows should be paid for by the students. *

November 16 Events Pre-1600 * 951 – Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force of 10,000 men under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom. *1272 – Whi ...

** The Prussian heir apparent, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia as Fredrick William III. ** (or November 23?) – British

is wrecked on the approaches to

Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819, with 348,634 people in its urban area. The ...

; of the 240 on board, all but 12 are lost.

Undated

* The secret

Lautaro Lodge The Lautaro Lodge ( es, Logia Lautaro) was a revolutionary secret lodge active in Latin American politics in the 19th Century. It was initially known as the Lodge of Rational Knights ( es, Logia de los Caballeros Racionales). Its initial purposes w ...

as the ''Logia de los Caballeros Racionales'' ("Lodge of Rational Knights") is founded, perhaps in

Cádiz Cádiz (, , ) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the Province of Cádiz, one of eight that make up the autonomous community of Andalusia. Cádiz, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe, ...

; membership will include many leaders of the

Spanish American wars of independence The Spanish American wars of independence (25 September 1808 – 29 September 1833; es, Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) were numerous wars in Spanish America with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule during the early ...

such as

Francisco de Miranda Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (28 March 1750 – 14 July 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda (), was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary. Although his own plans for the independence of the Spani ...

Bernardo O'Higgins Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (; August 20, 1778 – October 24, 1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. He was a wealthy landowner of Basque-Spanish and Irish ancestry. Althou ...

and

José de San Martín José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 177817 August 1850), known simply as José de San Martín () or '' the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru'', was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and cent ...

. * Shinyukan Cram School (進修館) founded by Masataka Okudaira (奥平昌孝) in Nakatsu,

Buzen Province was an old province of Japan in northern Kyūshū in the area of Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture. It was sometimes called , with Bungo Province. Buzen bordered on Bungo and Chikuzen Provinces. History The ruins of the ancient capital ...

(now

Oita Prefecture Oita often refers to: *Ōita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan *Ōita (city), the capital of the prefecture Oita or Ōita may also refer to: Places *Ōita District, Ōita, a former district in Ōita Prefecture, Japan *Ōita Stadium, a multi-use stadium ...

Kyushu Island is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surroun ...

, as predecessor of Keio-Gijyuku University in Japan. *

Joseph-Louis Lagrange Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangiadifferential calculus In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus—the study of the area beneath a curve. ...

, entitled ''Théorie des fonctions analytiques''.

Births

January–March

Franz Schubert by Wilhelm August Rieder 1875

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

Christopher Jacob Boström Christopher Jacob Boström (1 January 1797 in Piteå, Norrbotten – 22 March 1866 in Uppsala) was a Swedish philosopher. His ideas dominated Swedish philosophy until the beginning of the twentieth century.

, Swedish philosopher (d.

1866 Events January–March * January 1 ** Fisk University, a historically black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee. ** The last issue of the abolitionist magazine '' The Liberator'' is published. * January 6 – Ottoman tr ...

) **

Utagawa Kuniyoshi Utagawa Kuniyoshi ( ja, 歌川国芳, ; January 1, 1798 – April 14, 1861) was one of the last great masters of the Japanese ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al'' (2005). "Kuniyoshi" in He was a ...

, Japanese woodblock printer (''ukiyo-e'') (d.

1861 Statistically, this year is considered the end of the whale oil industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the petroleum oil industry. Events January–March * January 1 ** Benito Juárez captures Mexico City. ** The first steam-p ...

) *

–

Frederick William Hope Frederick William Hope (3 January 1797 – 15 April 1862) was an English clergyman, naturalist, collector, and entomologist, who founded a professorship at the University of Oxford to which he gave his entire collections of insects in 1849 (now ...

, English entomologist at the University of Oxford (d.

1862 Events January–March * January 1 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos Island, in modern-day Nigeria. * January 6 – French intervention in Mexico: French, Spanish and British forces arrive in Veracruz, Mexico. * January ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1601–1900 *1649 – Engli ...

–

Wilhelm Beer Wilhelm Wolff Beer (4 January 1797 – 27 March 1850) was a banker and astronomer from Berlin, Prussia, and the brother of Giacomo Meyerbeer. Astronomy Beer's fame derives from his hobby, astronomy. He built a private observatory with a ...

, German banker, astronomer (d.

1850 Events January–June * April ** Pope Pius IX returns from exile to Rome. ** Stephen Foster's parlor ballad "Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway" is published in the United States. * April 4 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a cit ...

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...

–

Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein Eduard Ernst Friedrich Hannibal Vogel von Fal(c)kenstein (5 January 1797 – 6 April 1885) was a Prussian ''General der Infanterie''. Biography Vogel von Falckenstein was born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) in Silesia, the son of Hannibal Vog ...

, Prussian general (d.

1885 Events January–March * January 3– 4 – Sino-French War – Battle of Núi Bop: French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam. * January 4 – ...

) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...

–

Edward Turner Bennett Edward Turner Bennett (6 January 1797 – 21 August 1836) was an English zoologist and writer. He was the elder brother of the botanist John Joseph Bennett.

, English zoologist and writer (d.

1836 Events January–March * January 1 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. * January 5 – Davy Crockett arrives in Texas. * January 12 ** , with Charles Darwin on board, r ...

) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...

–

Edmund Murray Dodd Edmund Murray Dodd (January 9, 1797 – July 27, 1876) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented the township of Sydney in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1832 to 1848. He was born in Sydney, Nova Scotia, ...

, Canadian lawyer (d.

1876 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Reichsbank opens in Berlin. ** The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol. * February 2 – The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs i ...

) *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...

–

Annette von Droste-Hülshoff Baroness Anna Elisabeth Franziska Adolphine Wilhelmine Louise Maria von Droste zu Hülshoff, known as Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (; 10 January 179724 May 1848), was a 19th-century German poet, novelist, and composer of Classical music. She was ...

, German writer (d.

1848 1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the polit ...

) *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...

Carl Rottmann Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann (11 January 1797, in Handschuhsheim – 7 July 1850, in Munich) was a German landscape painter and the most famous member of the Rottmann family of painters. Rottmann belonged to the circle of artists around King Lud ...

, German landscape painter, the most famous member of the Rottmann family of painters (d.

) **

Connop Thirlwall Connop Thirlwall (11 January 1797 – 27 July 1875) was an English bishop (in Wales) and historian. Early life Thirlwall was born at Stepney, London, to Thomas and Susannah Thirlwall. His father was an Anglican priest who claimed descent from ...

, English bishop (in Wales), historian (d.

1875 Events January–March * January 1 – The Midland Railway of England abolishes the Second Class passenger category, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies follow Midland's lead during the rest of the ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...

Gideon Brecher Gideon Brecher (; 12 January 1797 – 14 May 1873), also known by the pen name Gedaliah ben Eliezer (, was an Austrian writer and physician. He was a central figure in the Moravian Haskalah. Biography Brecher was born in Prossnitz, Moravia, a ...

, Austrian physician, writer (d.

1873 Events January–March * January 1 ** Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar. ** The California Penal Code goes into effect. * January 17 – American Indian Wars: Modoc War: First Battle of the Stronghold – Modoc Indians defeat ...

) *

–

George Agar-Ellis, 1st Baron Dover George James Welbore Agar-Ellis, 1st Baron Dover PC FRS FSA (14 January 179710 July 1833) was a British politician and man of letters. He was briefly First Commissioner of Woods and Forests under Lord Grey between 1830 and 1831. Background ...

, British peer and man of letters (d.

1833 Events January–March * January 3 – Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833), Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. * February 6 – His Royal Highness Prince Otto ...

) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...

–

Vincenz Kollar Vincenz Kollar (15 January 1797 in Kranowitz, Silesia – 30 May 1860 in Vienna) was an Austrian entomologist who specialised in Diptera. He was especially concerned with species of economic interest, particularly those of forests. Kollar describe ...

, Austrian entomologist specializing in Diptera (d.

1860 Events January–March * January 2 – The discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan is announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 – The Pemberton Mill in Lawrence, Massachusett ...

) *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

–

Joseph Barclay Pentland Joseph Barclay Pentland (17 January 1797Joseph Barclay Pentland
in ''Dictionary of U ...

, Irish geographer (d.

) *

January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender ...

Henri-Bernard Dabadie Henri-Bernard Dabadie (19 January 1797 – 20 May 1853) was a French baritone, particularly associated with Rossini and Auber roles. Life and career Born in Pau, Dabadie studied at the Paris Conservatory and made his debut at the Paris Opér ...

, French baritone (d.

1853 Events January–March * January 6 – Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. * January 8 – Taiping Reb ...

) **

Cornelia Aletta van Hulst Cornelia Aletta van Hulst (19 January 1797 – 7 November 1870) was a Dutch painter.1870 Events January–March * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the Broo ...

) *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 &ndas ...

–

Jonathan Leavitt Jonathan Leavitt (1764–1830) was a prominent Greenfield, Massachusetts attorney, judge, state senator and businessman for whom the architect Asher Benjamin designed the Leavitt House, now the Leavitt-Hovey House on Main Street, in 1797. ...

, American bookbinder, co-founder of the New York City publishing firm of Leavitt & Trow (d.

1852 Events January–March * January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic. * January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations come tog ...

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Co ...

–

Joseph Méry Joseph Méry (21 January 179717 June 1866) was a French writer, journalist, novelist, poet, playwright and librettist. Career An ardent romanticist, he collaborated with Auguste Barthélemy in many of his satires and wrote a great number of st ...

, French writer (d.

) *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...

** Archduchess

Maria Leopoldina of Austria Dona Maria Leopoldina of Austria (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826) was the first Empress of Brazil as the wife of Emperor Dom Pedro I from 12 October 1822 until her death. She was also Queen of Portugal during her husband's brief r ...

(d.

1826 Events January–March * January 15 – The French newspaper ''Le Figaro'' begins publication in Paris, initially as a weekly. * January 30 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island o ...

) **

Thomas Moore-Lane Thomas Moore-Lane (22 January 1797 – 26 September 1844) was born in Co. Wexford, Ireland and was son of Robert Moore-Lane of Lansboro, and Emily Gordon. His surname has also been recorded as Moore Lane. Career Thomas Moore-Lane (F.R.C.S), w ...

, Irish oculist, surgeon, physician to the Nawab (d.

1844 In the Philippines, it was the only leap year with 365 days, as December 31 was skipped when 1845 began after December 30. Events January–March * January 15 – The University of Notre Dame, based in the city of the same name, receives ...

) *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. *1438 – The Cou ...

–

Leo Dupont Venerable Leo Dupont (24 January 1797 – 18 March 1876), also known as ''"The Holy Man of Tours,"'' or the "Apostle of the Holy Face", was a Catholic who helped spread various Catholic devotions such as that of the Holy Face of Jesus and night ...

, Martinique-born Venerated French Catholic, who helped spread various Catholic devotions (d.

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...

Achille Rémy Percheron Achille Rémy Percheron (25 January 1797 Paris – 1869) was a French entomologist. He listed, in ''Bibliographie entomologique'' more than 5 000 authors and 500 anonymous contributions. Works *With Hippolyte Louis Gory Hippolyte Louis Gory (2 ...

, French entomologist (d.

1869 Events January–March * January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan. * January 5 – Scotland's oldest professional football team, Kilmarnock F.C., is founded. * January 20 – E ...

) **

John Stuart, 12th Earl of Moray John Stuart, 12th Earl of Moray (25 January 1797 – 8 November 1867), styled The Honourable John Stuart between 1810 and 1859, was a Scottish soldier and politician. Background Moray was a younger son of Francis Stuart, 10th Earl of Moray, and Lu ...

(d.

1867 Events January–March * January 1 – The Covington–Cincinnati Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, in the United States, becoming the longest single-span bridge in the world. It was renamed a ...

) *

–

Therese Albertine Luise Robinson Therese Albertine Luise von Jakob Robinson (26 January 1797 – 13 April 1870) was a German-American author, linguist and translator, and second wife of biblical scholar Edward Robinson (scholar), Edward Robinson. She published under the pseudonym ...

, German-American author (d.

1870 Events January–March * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the Broo ...

) *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession o ...

–

Narcisse Girard Narcisse Girard (28 January 179716 January 1860) was a French violinist, conductor and composer.Walsh TJ. ''Second Empire Opera – The Théâtre-Lyrique Paris 1851-1870.'' John Calder Ltd, London, 1981. Life Girard was born in Nantes. A pupil ...

, French violinist (d.

) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler o ...

Marguerite Beaubien Marguerite Beaubien (29 January 1797 – 11 August 1848) was born in Nicolet, Lower Canada the daughter of a farm family in the Trois-Rivières region. They were successful enough that Marguerite was well educated and she joined the Sisters o ...

, Canadian nun, mother superior with the Sisters of Charity (d.

) **

Prince Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Adolf Karl Friedrich Ludwig Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (29 January 1797 – 24 April 1873) was a Prussian nobleman, soldier, and politician. He briefly served as Minister-President of Prussia in 1862 and was succeeded by Otto von Bismarck ...

, Prussian nobleman (d.

) *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 *1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. *1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 *1607 – An estimated ...

–

Edwin Vose Sumner Edwin Vose Sumner (January 30, 1797March 21, 1863) was a career United States Army officer who became a Union Army general and the oldest field commander of any Army Corps on either side during the American Civil War. His nicknames "Bull" or "Bul ...

, career United States Army officer who became a Union Army general during the American Civil War (d.

1863 Events January–March * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate states an official war goal. It proclaims t ...

) *

January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...

–

Franz Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast ''oeuvre'', including more than 600 secular vocal wor ...

, Austrian pianist, composer (d.

1828 Events January–March * January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Villèle, as Prime Minister of France. * January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized. * January 22 – Arthu ...

) *

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...

– Frederick Sullivan, English first-class cricketer associated with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) (d.

) *

Joseph Louis Corbin Joseph Louis Corbin (2 February 1797 – November 1859) was a French general who took command of the successful attack that closed the Siege of Constantine in 1837. He also served in the 1849 expedition to Rome, and helped restore calm in Paris af ...

, French general who took command of the successful attack that lifted the Siege of Constantine in 1837 (d.

1859 Events January–March * January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico. * January 24 ( O. S.) – Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Romania since 1866, final u ...

) ** Bertha Zück, German-born treasurer of Queen Josephine of Sweden (d. 1868) * February 5 – György Andrássy, Hungarian nobleman (d. 1872) * February 6 ** Richard Hawes, United States Representative from Kentucky and the second Confederate Governor of Kentucky (d. 1877) ** Vaast Barthélemy Henry, French Catholic priest (d. 1884) ** Joseph von Radowitz, conservative Prussian statesman, general (d.

) * February 10 – George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, British landowner, courtier and politician (d. 1883) * February 11 – Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, English Conservative politician (d.

) *

– John Timon, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo (d.

) *

– Pierre Sylvain Dumon, French politician, deputy (1831-1848) (d.

) * February 15 – Henry Engelhard Steinway, German-American piano manufacturer (d. 1871) * February 17 – Charles Alexandre, French Hellenist (d.

) *

** Jean-Baptiste Boucho, French-born Vicar Apostolic of Malacca-Singapore (d. 1871) ** John Day (judge), John Day, Liberian politician and jurist, 2nd Chief Justice of Liberia (1854 until his death) (d.

) *

** Giuseppe Avezzana, Italian soldier fighting in Europe and America (d. 1879) ** Wincenty Smokowski, Polish-Lithuanian painter, illustrator (Academic and Classical styles) (d.

) * February 21 – João Mouzinho de Albuquerque, Portuguese writer, administrator (d. 1881) *

** Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance, French pathologist remembered for Dance's sign (d. 1832) ** Yelizaveta Golitsyna, Russian noble, Catholic nun (d.

) * February 23 – Heinrich Halfeld, German engineer (d.

) * February 24 – Samuel Lover, Irish songwriter (d. 1868) *

– Maria Abdy, English poet (d.

) * February 27 ** Wilhelm Meinhold, Pomeranian priest, author (d. 1851) ** Henry George Ward, English diplomat, politician, and colonial administrator (d.

) * February 28 – John Henderson (Mississippi politician), John Henderson, Mississippi lawyer, United States Senator (d. 1857) * March 2 – Étienne Mulsant, French entomologist, ornithologist (d. 1880) * March 3 – Gotthilf Hagen, German civil engineer who made important contributions to fluid dynamics (d. 1884) *

** Friedrich von Gerolt, Prussian Privy Councillor, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the United States (d. 1879) ** James Rider, American politician from New York (d.

) * March 6 – Gerrit Smith, American social reformer (d. 1874) * March 7 – Édouard Thibaudeau, Lower Canadian lawyer, political figure (d.

) * March 10 ** Henry Acton, English Unitarian minister (d. 1843) ** Selah R. Hobbie, United States Representative from New York (d. 1854) ** Henry Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth, British peer, Member of Parliament for several constituencies (d. 1878) ** George Julius Poulett Scrope, English geologist, political economist and magistrate (d.

) * March 12 – Benjamin Caesar, English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket (1824-1830) (d.

) *

** Eleazer Parmly, American dentist in New York City (d. 1874) ** Charles de Rémusat, French politician and writer (d.

) ** George Bacon Wood, American physician (d. 1879) * March 15 – Benjamin Guérard, French librarian, historian (d. 1854) *

** Lavinia Ryves, British woman claiming to be a member of the British royal family (d. 1871) ** Alaric Alexander Watts, British poet, journalist (d. 1864) * March 17 ** Andrew Fernando Holmes, Canadian physician (d.

) ** Johann Adam Pupikofer, Swiss historian, curator of the Thurgau cantonal archive in Frauenfeld (d. 1882) * March 18 – Michel Goudchaux, French banker, politician who was twice Minister of Finance during the French Second Republic (d.

) * March 19 ** John Braithwaite (engineer), John Braithwaite, English engineer, inventor of the first steam fire engine (d.

) ** Addison Gardiner, American lawyer and politician, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1854-1855) (d. 1883) * March 20 – John Roberton (1797), John Roberton, Scottish physician, social reformer (d.

) *

– Johann Andreas Wagner, German palaeontologist (d.

) * March 22 ** Eduard Gans, German jurist (d. 1839) ** Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany (d. 1888) ** Jean-Bernard Rousseau, French Roman Catholic professed religious of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (d.

) ** Józef Zaliwski, Polish independence activist (d. 1855) * March 23 – Ernest Edgcumbe, 3rd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, English politician (d.

) * March 24 ** Abraham Hoagland, early American Mormon leader (d. 1872) ** Thomas B. Jackson, United States Representative from New York (d. 1881) ** Sackville Lane-Fox, British Conservative Party politician (d. 1874) ** Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, Italian Catholic priest, philosopher (d. 1855) * March 25 ** Auguste-Arthur, Comte de Beugnot, French historian, statesman (d. 1865) ** J. G. M. Ramsey, American historian (d. 1884) ** John Winebrenner, American founder of the Churches of God General Conference (d.

) * March 26 ** Fortunato José Barreiros, Portuguese colonial administrator, military architect (d.

) ** Joseph Fielding, early American leader of the Latter Day Saint movement (d.

) ** Hedworth Lambton (MP), Hedworth Lambton, Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom (d.

) * March 27 ** John Dix Fisher, physician and founder of Perkins Institution for the Blind in Boston (d.

) ** George Glyn, 1st Baron Wolverton, English banker with interests in the railways (d.

) ** Heinrich LXXII, Prince Reuss of Lobenstein and Ebersdorf (d.

) ** Alfred de Vigny, French poet, early leader of French Romanticism (d.

) * March 28 – George O. Belden, American politician, Representative from New York (d.

) * March 29 – Charles I. du Pont, American manufacturer, politician (d.

) * March 31 ** William Ryerson, Methodist minister, political figure in western Canada (d. 1872) ** Walter Calverley Trevelyan, English naturalist, geologist (d. 1879)

April–June

* April 1 ** Sir William Alexander, 3rd Baronet of England (d.

) ** Ludwig Titze, Austrian singer associated with Franz Schubert's songs (d.

) * April 2 ** Samuel Bogart, itinerant Methodist minister, militia captain from Ray County, Missouri (d.

) ** Joseph-François Deblois, Lower Canadian lawyer (d.

) ** John Peter Gassiot, English businessman, amateur scientist (d. 1877) ** Dunning R. McNair, Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate (1853-1861) (d.

) ** David Robertson, 1st Baron Marjoribanks, Scottish stockbroker, politician (d.

) ** Franz Graf von Wimpffen, Austrian general, admiral (d.

) * April 3 ** Judson Allen, American businessman, politician (d. 1880) ** Ebenezer Childs, American pioneer (d. 1864) ** Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier, Belgian botanist, Member of Parliament (d. 1878) * April 4 ** Asa Wentworth Jr., Vermont businessman and politician, President of the Vermont State Senate (d. 1882) ** Joseph Dresser Wickham, American minister (d. 1891) * April 5 ** Karl August Devrient, German stage actor best known for performances of Schiller and Shakespeare (d. 1872) ** Johann Fischbach, Austrian painter (d. 1871) ** Henry Perrine, physician, horticulturist, United States Consul in Campeche, Mexico (d. 1840) * April 7 ** Théodore Anne, French playwright (d.

) ** Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux, French anatomist, naturalist (d. 1880) ** Pierre Leroux, French philosopher, political economist (d. 1871) ** Joseph Young, early American convert to the Latter Day Saint movement, missionary, longtime general authority of the LDS Church (d. 1881) * April 8 – Jehiel Brooks, American soldier, territorial governor, and plantation owner (d. 1886) * April 9 ** Pierre Carmouche, French playwright, chansonnier (d. 1868) ** John Hill (North Carolina politician), John Hill, United States Representative from North Carolina (d.

) * April 12 – Zina Pitcher, American physician (d. 1872) * April 13 – Stanislas Julien, French sinologist, Chair of Chinese at the Collège de France for over 40 years (d.

) * April 15 ** Philip Dorsheimer, politician, New York State Treasurer (d. 1868) ** Michel Garicoïts, French Basque Roman Catholic priest, founder of the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Bétharram (d.

) ** Adolphe Thiers, President of France and Prime Minister of France (d. 1877) *

** William Beresford (politician), William Beresford, British Conservative politician (d. 1883) ** John Ogilvie (lexicographer), John Ogilvie, Scottish lexicographer, editor of the ''Imperial Dictionary of the English Language'' (d.

) *

** Thomas J. Drake, American lawyer, Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (d.

) ** Richard Ryan (biographer), Richard Ryan, British biographer of Irish descent (d. 1849) * April 19 ** Carlo Emanuele Muzzarelli, Italian clergyman (d. 1856) ** Jeronis de Soysa, pioneering Ceylonese entrepreneur, philanthropist (d.

) * April 21 – George Stephen Benjamin Jarvis, Upper Canadian judge, political figure (d. 1878) * April 23 ** Ranulph Dacre, New Zealand naval seaman (d. 1884) ** Giuseppe Ferlini, Italian combat medic turned explorer and treasure hunter (d.

) ** Penina Moise, United States poet (d. 1880) ** Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, German Romantic painter, illustrator (d. 1855) * April 24 ** Henry Bliss (author), Henry Bliss, author, lawyer and provincial agent for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (d.

) ** Peter I. Borst, American politician, United States Representative from New York (d.

) * April 26 – Albert Seerig, German surgeon, anatomist (d.

) * April 27 ** Jean Victoire Audouin, French naturalist, entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist, and malacologist (d. 1841) ** Eliphaz Fay, fourth president of Colby College (then called the Waterville College) in Maine (d. 1854) ** William B. Slaughter (politician), William B. Slaughter, United States politician (d. 1879) ** Linus Yale Sr., American inventor, manufacturer of locks (d. 1858) * April 28 – John Richardson (convict), John Richardson, Australian convict, accompanies several exploring expeditions as botanical collector (d. 1882) * April 29 – Gideon Hard, American lawyer, politician (d.

) * May 1 ** Pierre Nicolas Gerdy, French physician, native of Loches-sur-Ource (d. 1856) ** Johann Jakob Stähelin, Swiss theologian (d.

) * May 2 ** Abraham Pineo Gesner, Canadian geologist and inventor (d. 1864) * May 3 ** Heinrich Berghaus, German geographer (d. 1884) ** George Webster (architect), George Webster, English architect practising in Kendal (d. 1864) * May 6 – Joseph Brackett, American religious leader, composer (d. 1882) * May 7 ** Walter Colton, Chaplain for the United States Navy (d. 1851) ** Charles Frederick (Royal Navy officer), Charles Frederick, Royal Navy officer, Third Naval Lord (d.

) ** Elizabeth Grant (diarist), Elizabeth Grant, British diarist (d.

) ** José Antonio Saco, Cuban statesman, deputy to the Spanish Cortes, writer, social critic, publicist, essayist, anthropologist, historian (d. 1879) * May 8 ** Giacomo Luigi Brignole, Italian Catholic Cardinal, Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals (d.

) ** John Septimus Roe, first Surveyor-General of Western Australia (d. 1878) * May 9 – Lansdown Guilding, St. Vincent-born English theologian, early naturalist (d. 1831) *

– Daniel Lynn Carroll, sixth President of Hampden–Sydney College (1835-1838) (d. 1851) * May 11 ** Clement Finley, 10th Surgeon General of the United States Army (d. 1879) ** Ernst Meyer (painter), Ernst Meyer, German-born Danish genre painter of Jewish ancestry (d.

) ** José Mariano Salas, Mexican general and politician, twice interim president of Mexico (1846 and 1859) (d.

) *

– Johann Hermann Kufferath, German composer (d. 1864) * May 13 – Ulrik Frederik Cappelen, Norwegian jurist and politician (d. 1864) * May 14 – Carl Georg Christian Schumacher, German painter (d.

) * May 15 ** George Dromgoole, Virginia politician, lawyer (d. 1847) ** Lydia Irving, British philanthropist, prison visitor (d. 1893) ** Auguste Bottée de Toulmon (the younger), Auguste Bottée de Toulmon, 19th-century French composer, musicologist (d.

) * May 16 ** Pascual Echagüe, Argentine soldier, politician (d.

) ** Pierre-Chéri Lafont, French actor (d.

) * May 18 ** Stoddard Judd, American physician, politician (d.

) ** Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (d. 1854) * May 19 ** Jean-Baptiste Marc Bourgery, French physician and anatomist, native of Orléans (d. 1849) ** Richard Pakenham, British diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (d. 1868) ** Maria Isabel of Portugal, List of heads of state of Spain, Queen of Spain (d. 1818) * May 20 – Alexis-François Rio, French writer on art (d. 1874) * May 21 ** Claus Winter Hjelm, Norwegian legal scholar, judge (d. 1871) ** Nathan Ryno Smith, American surgeon, medical school professor (d. 1877) * May 24 ** James Turner Morehead (Kentucky politician), James Turner Morehead, United States Senator and the 12th Governor of Kentucky (d. 1854) ** Archibald Randall, United States federal judge (d. 1846) ** Lars Rasch, Norwegian jurist, politician (d. 1864) ** Henry Thynne, 3rd Marquess of Bath, England (d. 1837) * May 26 – Ralph Randolph Gurley, American clergyman (d. 1872) * May 27 – Sir Thomas Bazley, 1st Baronet of England (d. 1883) * May 29 ** Edwin Croswell, American journalist, politician (d. 1871) ** Nicolas Roret, French editor, publisher known for an important series of manuals (''Manuels'') and encyclopedias (d.

) *

– Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann, German mineralogist (d.

) * June 1 – Abby Hadassah Smith, early American suffragist, campaigner for property and voting rights from Glastonbury (d. 1879) * June 2 – Joseph Blake, 3rd Baron Wallscourt, Irish nobleman and pioneering socialist (d. 1849) * June 6 – Rehuel Lobatto, Dutch mathematician (d.

) * June 7 ** Manuel Alves Branco, 2nd Viscount of Caravelas, Brazilian politician (d. 1855) ** Richard Samuel Guinness, Irish lawyer and a Member of Parliament (d. 1857) * June 8 – Henry William-Powlett, 3rd Baron Bayning, English peer and clergyman (d.

) * June 11 ** Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham, English soldier, courtier and politician (d.

) ** Henry Lascelles, 3rd Earl of Harewood, English peer and Member of Parliament (d. 1857) ** José Trinidad Reyes, Honduran Father, national hero, and founder of Autonomous National University of Honduras (d. 1855) * June 12 – Thomas Ainslie Young, official and political figure in Lower Canada (d.

) * June 15 ** Honoratus Bonnevie (politician), Honoratus Bonnevie, Norwegian politician (d.

) ** Sámuel Brassai, centenarian, linguist, teacher, "The Last Transylvanian Polymath" (d. 1897) * June 16 ** Sophie Frémiet, French painter (d.

) ** Alexander Kazarsky, Russian Navy officer, hero of the Russo-Turkish War (d.

) * June 17 – Alexandre Vinet, Swiss critic and theologian (d. 1847) * June 19 – Hamilton Hume, early explorer of the present-day Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria (d.

) * June 20 – Karolina Gerhardinger, German Roman Catholic professed religious, established the School Sisters of Notre Dame (d. 1879) * June 21 – Christoffel Brand, South African jurist (d.

) * June 23 – Théophile Bra, French Romantic sculptor and exact contemporary of Eugène Delacroix (d.

) * June 24 ** Francisco Freire Allemão e Cysneiro, Brazilian botanist who collected in northeast Brazil and along the Rio de Janeiro (d. 1874) ** Johan Coenraad van Hasselt, Dutch physician, zoologist (d. 1823) ** John Hughes (archbishop of New York), John Hughes, Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States (d. 1864) * June 26 – Imam Shamil, Avar political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus (d. 1871) *

– Frederic Baraga, Slovenian Catholic missionary to the United States, grammarian of Native American languages (d. 1868)

July–September

* July 2 ** Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág, Hungarian noblewoman, ancestor of several European monarchs (d.

) ** Pierre Joseph Michel Lorquin, French entomologist specializing in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (d.

) * July 4 ** Jacquette Löwenhielm, Swedish noble and lady-in-waiting (d. 1839) ** James W. Parker, American pioneer, uncle of Cynthia Ann Parker and the great uncle of Comanche Quanah Parker (d. 1864) * July 6 – Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey, England (d.

) * July 7 – George Meads, English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket (1825-1836) (d. 1881) * July 11 – Francis Close, Anglican rector of Cheltenham (1826–1856) and Dean of Carlisle (1856–1881) (d. 1882) * July 12 ** John Gaylord, early American Mormon leader (d. 1874) ** Adele Schopenhauer, German author (d. 1849) * July 14 – James Scott Bowerbank, British naturalist, palaeontologist (d. 1877) * July 15 ** Kloka Anna, Swedish cunning woman, medium (d.

) ** Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I, attorney, jurist in his native Georgia (d. 1834) ** Pier Alessandro Paravia, Venetian writer, scholar, philanthropist, professor of Italian eloquence (d. 1857) * July 16 – Daniel D. Barnard, American politician, Representative from New York (d.

) * July 17 ** Paul Delaroche, French painter (d. 1856) ** William Matthew Harries, influential member of both houses of the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope (d. 1865) ** John Hodgetts-Foley, British Member of Parliament (d.

) * July 18 – Robert Christison, Scottish toxicologist, physician (d. 1882) * July 20 ** Gotthard Fritzsche, Prussian-Australian pastor (d.

) ** Eli Kirk Price, Philadelphia lawyer (d. 1884) ** Sir Paweł Strzelecki, Polish explorer, geologist (d.

) * July 21 – John M. Read, American lawyer (d. 1874) *

– Maria Foote, English actress, peeress (d.

) * July 25 ** Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889) ** Nicholas Marcellus Hentz, French American educator, arachnologist (d. 1856) ** Nehemiah Platt, American politician from New York (d. 1851) * July 26 ** William Bulkeley Hughes, Welsh politician (d. 1882) ** William Gore Ouseley, British diplomat serving in various roles in Washington (d.

) ** William Ranwell, English marine painter (d.

) * July 29 ** François Bourdon, French engineer, inventor (d. 1865) ** Daniel Drew, American businessman (d. 1879) ** Beverly R. Wellford, American physician (d.

) * July 30 – Harriet Windsor-Clive, 13th Baroness Windsor of England (d.

) * July 31 – Alonzo C. Paige, American lawyer, politician from New York (d. 1868) * August 1 ** Joseph Gensoul, French surgeon (d. 1858) ** William Knollys (British Army officer), William Thomas Knollys, British Army General (d. 1883) * August 2 ** John Brown (geographer), John Brown, English geographer (d.

) ** William Gibson-Craig, Scottish advocate, politician (d. 1878) ** Amédée Thierry, French journalist, historian (d.

) * August 4 ** William S. Hamilton, American politician, miner (d.

) ** Benjamin F. H. Witherell, Michigan jurist (d.

) * August 5 ** Cayetano Heredia, Peruvian physician (d.

) ** Friedrich August Kummer, German violoncellist, pedagogue and composer (d. 1879) * August 6 – August Wilhelm Stiehler, German government official, paleobotanist (d. 1878) * August 7 ** James Kānehoa, member of the court of King Kamehameha II and Kamehameha III during the Kingdom of Hawaii (d. 1851) ** Justin von Linde, German jurist, statesman from the Grand Duchy of Hesse (d.

) * August 8 ** George Peck (clergyman), George Peck, American Methodist clergyman (d.

) ** Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, French painter (d. 1890) ** George Rykert, Upper Canada businessman, surveyor and political figure (d. 1857) ** William Walker (Quebec politician), William Walker, Quebec lawyer, political figure (d.

) * August 9 ** Charles Allen (Massachusetts politician), Charles Allen, United States Representative from Massachusetts (d.

) ** Charles Robert Malden, British naval officer (d. 1855) ** Christian Wilhelm Niedner, German church historian, theologian (d. 1865) ** Archibald Yell, American politician, Representative from Arkansas (d. 1847) * August 10 ** Guillaume Louis Cottrau, French composer, music publisher (d. 1847) ** Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (naturalist), Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, Finnish entomologist, governor of the Viipuri province in the Grand Duchy of Finland (d. 1854) ** John M. Patton, Virginia politician, lawyer (d. 1858) ** Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, German botanist (d.

) * August 11 – George Shillibeer, English coachbuilder (d.

) * August 12 – Manuel Aguilar Chacón, Costa Rican head of state (d. 1846) * August 13 – Horatio Chriesman, American surveyor, politician in Mexican Texas and participant in the Texas Revolution (d. 1878) * August 14 – Robert Radcliffe (cricketer), Robert Radcliffe, English first-class cricketer associated with Cambridge University (d. 1832) * August 15 – James Black (clergyman), James Black, Scottish-born Canadian clergyman (d. 1886) * August 17 – Peter Broun, first Colonial Secretary of Western Australia (d. 1846) * August 18 – Antoine Claudet, French photographer, artist who produced daguerreotypes (d.

) * August 20 ** Johan Frederik Møller, Danish painter, photographer (d. 1882) ** John Sinclair (Archdeacon of Middlesex), John Sinclair, Archdeacon of Middlesex (d.

) ** Francesco Zantedeschi, Italian priest, physicist (d.

) * August 21 ** Chauncey J. Fox, American politician from New York (d. 1883) ** John Montagu (colonial secretary), John Montagu, Indian-born Tasmanian colonial secretary (d.

) ** John Iltyd Nicholl, Welsh Member of Parliament (d.

) * August 22 ** Augustin-Magloire Blanchet, French Canadian Catholic prelate in the Pacific Northwest (d. 1887) ** Thomas Dale (priest), Thomas Dale, British priest in the Church of England, Dean of Rochester (d.

) * August 23 – Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant, French mechanic, mathematician (d. 1886) * August 24 ** John Cobbold (1797–1882), John Cobbold, British brewer, railway developer and Conservative Party politician (d. 1882) ** Laufilitonga, 39th and last Tuokinai of Tonga (d. 1865) * August 25 ** John P. Bigelow, American politician (d. 1872) ** Henrik Hertz, Danish poet (d.

) * August 26 ** Innocent of Alaska, Russian Orthodox missionary priest (d. 1879) ** Sheldon Peck, American folk artist (d.

) * August 27 ** John Bathurst Deane, South African-born English clergyman, schoolmaster, antiquary and author (d. 1887) ** Edwin James (scientist), Edwin James, American botanist (d.

) * August 28 ** Ferenc Duschek, Hungarian politician (d. 1872) ** Karl Otfried Müller, German scholar, Philodorian (d. 1840) * August 30 – Mary Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, English novelist, dramatist, essayist, biographer and travel writer (d. 1851) * August 31 ** Philipp von Brunnow, Russian diplomat (d.

) ** Ramón Castilla, Peruvian ''caudillo'' who served as President of Peru three times (d.

) ** James Ferguson (American astronomer), James Ferguson, Scottish-born American astronomer and engineer (d.

) * September 1 – William FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros of England (d. 1874) * September 3 – Benjamin Nottingham Webster, English actor-manager and dramatist (d. 1882) *

** Alvan Cullom, American politician, Representative from Tennessee (d. 1877) ** Raynold Kaufgetz, Swiss soldier (d.

) *

** Francis H. Cone, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia (U (d.

) ** John Blennerhassett Martin, American painter (d. 1857) ** William Ruggles, professor at George Washington University (d. 1877) * September 6 ** William Smith (Virginia governor), William Smith, lawyer, congressman, Governor of Virginia, Major General during the American Civil War (d. 1887) ** Jenny Vertpré, French stage actress (d. 1865) * September 7 ** Louis Vulliemin, Swiss theologian, historian (d. 1897) ** Per Erik Wallqvist, Swedish ballet dancer, ballet master (d. 1855) * September 10 ** Benjamin Nicolas Marie Appert, French philanthropist (d. 1847) ** Franz Krüger, German (Prussian) painter, lithographer (d. 1857) ** Daniel Parkhurst Leadbetter, United States Representative from Ohio (d.

) ** Carl Gustaf Mosander, Swedish chemist (d. 1858) ** Piotr Wysocki, Polish lieutenant, leader of the Polish conspiracy against Russian Tsar Nicolas I (d.

) * September 11 – George Strange Boulton, Upper Canada lawyer, political figure (d.

) * September 12 ** Jacob Barit, Russian Talmudist, communal worker (d. 1883) ** George Barrell Emerson, American educator, pioneer of women's education (d. 1881) ** Samuel Joseph May, American reformer (d. 1871) ** Samuel McLean (U.S. Consul), Samuel McLean, United States Consul for Trinidad (d. 1881) * September 13 – Joseph Stannard, English marine and landscape painter (d. 1830) * September 14 – Joseph-Désiré Court, French painter of historical subjects and portraits (d. 1865) * September 15 – Andrew Trumbo, United States Representative from Kentucky (d. 1871) * September 16 ** Levi Silliman Ives, American theologian, bishop (d.

) ** Samuel Milford, English-born Australian barrister, judge (d. 1865) ** Anthony Panizzi, Italian-born British librarian, head of the British Museum (d. 1879) ** Johann Friedrich Ludwig Wöhlert, German businessman (d. 1877) * September 17 ** Eugène Defacqz, Belgian liberal politician, magistrate (d. 1871) ** Heinrich Kuhl, German naturalist, zoologist (d. 1821) * September 18 – Camille-Melchior Gibert, French dermatologist (d.

) * September 19 – January Suchodolski, Polish painter, Army officer (d.

) * September 21 ** George Hamilton Seymour, British diplomat (d. 1880) ** John Talbot (Reformer), John Talbot, Irish-born Canadian schoolmaster (d. 1874) * September 23 ** Johannes Henrik Berg, Norwegian politician (d. 1886) ** Charles Brown (congressman), Charles Brown, Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (d. 1883) ** Thomas H. Rochester, 6th son of Colonel Nathaniel Rochester, 6th mayor of Rochester (d. 1874) * September 24 – Carl Peter Wilhelm Gramberg, German theologian, biblical scholar (d. 1830) * September 25 – John J. Allen (judge), John J. Allen, Virginia lawyer (d. 1871) * September 26 – Olry Terquem (paleontologist), Olry Terquem, French pharmacist, paleontologist (d. 1887) * September 27 ** Édouard Frère, French bookseller (d. 1874) ** Jacob von der Lippe, Norwegian politician, Bishop of the Diocese of Christianssand (d. 1878) * September 28 ** Sophie von Knorring, Swedish novelist, noble (d.

) ** Caroline LeRoy, second wife of American author Daniel Webster (d. 1882) ** Aimée Caroillon des Tillières, wealthy French heiress, saloniste during the July Monarchy (d.

) * September 29 ** Percy Nugent, Irish politician (d. 1874) ** Joseph Thompson (doctor), Joseph Thompson, early settler of Atlanta, Georgia (d.

)

October–December

Thurlow Weed - Project Gutenberg eText 13160

PORTRAIT OF CHARLES HODGE, Rembrandt Peale

* October 1 – Lewis Ruffner, salt manufacturer from Malden, West Virginia (d. 1883) * October 2 – Jonathan Pitney, American physician, promoter of Absecon Island as healing seashore resort (d. 1889) * October 3 ** Knud Ibsen, father of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (d. 1877) ** Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d.

) ** Hopkins L. Turney, Democratic United States Representative from Tennessee (d. 1857) * October 4 ** Jeremias Gotthelf, Swiss novelist (d. 1854) ** Charles-Séraphin Rodier (mayor), Charles-Séraphin Rodier, Canadian merchant (d.

) * October 5 – John Gardner Wilkinson, English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist (d.

) * October 6 ** Albrecht Elof Ihre, Swedish diplomat, Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs (d. 1877) ** Charles Panet, lawyer and political figure in Quebec (d. 1877) ** Joseph Othmar Rauscher, Austrian Prince-Archbishop of Vienna and cardinal (d.

) * October 7 – Peter Georg Bang, Danish politician, jurist (d.

) * October 8 ** William H. DeLancey, American Episcopal bishop (d. 1865) ** Ludwig Förster, German-born Austrian architect (d.

) ** Charles Knapp (congressman), Charles Knapp, United States Representative from New York (d. 1880) ** William Thomasson, United States Representative from Kentucky (d. 1882) * October 9 ** Thomas Boutillier, Quebec doctor, political figure (d.

) ** Henry Collen, English miniature portrait painter to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and the Duchess of Kent (d. 1879) ** Philippe Suchard, Swiss chocolatier, industrialist (d. 1884) * October 10 ** August Heinrich Hermann von Dönhoff, Prussian diplomat (d. 1874) ** Thomas Drummond, British army officer, civil engineer, senior public official (d. 1840) * October 12 – Gaspard Thémistocle Lestiboudois, French naturalist (d.

) * October 13 ** George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797), George Anson, British military officer, Whig politician (d. 1857) ** Thomas Haynes Bayly, English poet (d. 1839) ** Dong Haichuan, Chinese martial artist, credited to be the founder of Baguazhang (d. 1882) ** John H. McHenry, United States House of Representatives (d. 1871) ** William Motherwell, Scottish poet, antiquary and journalist (d. 1835) * October 14 ** Jean Crespon, French zoologist and naturalist (d. 1857) ** Ida Laura Pfeiffer, Austrian traveler and travel book author (d. 1858) * October 15 ** Johann Gottlieb Fleischer, German botanist and ornithologist (d. 1838) ** Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse, German philologist (d. 1855) ** William Siborne, British officer and military historian whose most notable work was a history of the Waterloo Campaign (d. 1849) * October 16 – James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan (d. 1868) *

** Mario Aspa, Italian composer (d. 1868) ** Juan Lavalle, Argentine military and political figure (d. 1841) *

** Gallus Jacob Baumgartner, Swiss statesman and prominent federalist (d.

) ** Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont, French physician and psychiatrist (d. 1881) * October 19 – Littleton Kirkpatrick, American Whig Party politician (d.

) * October 20 – José Bernardo Escobar, interim President of Guatemala (d. 1849) *

** Thomas M. Allen (Missouri clergyman), Thomas M. Allen, clergyman who played a prominent role in establishing the Christian Church in Missouri (d. 1871) ** William Hale (British inventor), William Hale, British inventor (d.

) * October 24 – Štefan Moyses, Slovak bishop, teacher, patriot, co-founder and first chairman of ''Matica slovenská'' (d.

) * October 25 ** Crispino Agostinucci, Italian Catholic bishop (d. 1856) ** Thomas Shuldham O'Halloran, first Police Commissioner and first Police Magistrate of South Australia (d.

) * October 26 ** Johann Adam Philipp Hepp, German physician, lichenologist (d.

) ** Luther Severance, United States Representative, diplomat from Maine (d. 1855) ** Antoine-Charles Taschereau, Quebec official, political figure (d.

) * October 27 – Andrew Combe, Scottish physician, phrenologist (d. 1847) * October 28 – James C. Curtis, American lawyer, politician (d. 1881) * October 30 ** Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1829) ** Lott Warren, United States Representative from Georgia (U (d.

) * October 31 – Benjamin H. Smith, American politician from Virginia (d. 1887) * November 1 ** María Santos Corrales, inspiration of Peru's famous poet and patriot soldier (d. 1881) ** Michael Loam, British (Cornish) engineer, introduced the first man engine to carry men up and down a mine shaft into the UK (d. 1871) ** Sir Hedworth Williamson, 7th Baronet of England (d.

) * November 2 – Baltazar Mathias Keilhau, Norwegian geologist, mountain pioneer (d. 1858) * November 3 – Thomas Icely, early colonial New South Wales landholder, stockbreeder (d. 1874) * November 4 – Carlo Blasis, Italian dancer (d. 1878) * November 5 – Elisha H. Groves, mid-level American LDS Church leader (d.

) * November 6 – Gabriel Andral, French pathologist, professor at the University of Paris (d.

) * November 13 – Niklas Westring, Swedish entomologist, arachnologist (d. 1882) * November 14 ** Moses M. Haarbleicher, German-Jewish poet, critic (d.

) ** Tilghman Howard, U.S. Representative from Indiana (d.

) ** Charles Lyell, Scottish geologist (d.

) ** Justus Radius, German pathologist, ophthalmologist (d. 1884) * November 15 ** Leopold von Sonnleithner, Austrian lawyer (d.

) ** Thurlow Weed, New York newspaper publisher, Whig and Republican politician (d. 1882) * November 17 – Isaac Funk, American rancher and politician (d. 1865) * November 18 – Carl Reinhold Roth, Swedish businessman, ironmaster (d. 1858) * November 19 ** Charles Anthon, American classical scholar (d.

) ** John Crenshaw, American landowner (d. 1871) ** Jesse Crowell, pioneer settler in Michigan (d. 1872) * November 20 ** Mary Buckland, English palaeontologist, marine biologist and scientific illustrator (d. 1857) ** María de los Remedios de Escalada, wife of the leader of the Argentine War of Independence (d. 1823) * November 21 – Anders Josef Europaeus, Finnish priest, vicar (d.

) * November 22 – David Salomons, leading figure in the struggle for Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom (d.

) * November 23 ** Bertram Ashburnham, 4th Earl of Ashburnham, British peer (d. 1878) ** Benjamin Hale (educator), Benjamin Hale, American educator, clergyman (d.

) * November 27 – José Xavier de Cerveira e Sousa, Portuguese prelate (d.

) * November 29 ** Albert Day (politician), Albert Day, American politician, 27th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (d.

) ** Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (d.

) * November 30 ** Pierre-Martial Bardy, Lower Canada teacher, doctor and political figure (d.

) ** Otto Vincent Lange, Norwegian politician (d.

) * December 2 – Benjamin F. Hallett, Massachusetts lawyer, Democratic Party activist (d.

) * December 3 ** Margaretta Morris, American entomologist (d.

) ** Andrew Smith (zoologist), Andrew Smith, Scottish surgeon, explorer, ethnologist and zoologist (d. 1872) * December 4 ** Thomas Patterson Brockman, member of South Carolina Senate and House of Representatives (d.

) ** George Tupou I, King of Tonga (d. 1893) * December 5 ** Steen Andersen Bille (1797–1883), Steen Andersen Bille, Danish vice-admiral and minister for the navy (d. 1883) ** Eugène Soubeiran, French scientist (d.

) * December 6 ** Károly Nagy, Hungarian astronomer (d. 1868) ** Antoinette Henriette Clémence Robert, French writer of historical fiction (d. 1872) * December 7 – Charles J. McCurdy, American lawyer (d. 1891) * December 8 – Martin Martens, Belgian botanist, chemist (d.

) * December 9 ** Michael Aikman (politician), Michael Aikman, Lower Canada businessman, political figure (d. 1881) ** Thomas Davee, United States Representative from Maine (d. 1841) * December 10 – Raffaele Fidanza, Italian painter (d. 1846) * December 11 ** Alfred Dockery, American Representative from North Carolina (d.

) ** Hiram Paulding, Rear Admiral in the United States Navy (d. 1878) * December 12 ** Lucy Anderson, English pianist (d. 1878) ** Pierre Léonard Vander Linden, Belgian entomologist (d. 1831) * December 13 – Heinrich Heine, German poet (d. 1856) * December 14 ** Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo, Catholic Cardinal, holder of significant legal positions in the church (d.

) ** Emil Huschke, German anatomist, embryologist (d. 1858) * December 15 ** Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause, German anatomist (d. 1868) ** Joseph Lecompte, United States Representative from Kentucky (d. 1851) ** Erik Røring Møinichen, Norwegian politician (d.

) ** Andrew Tracy, American politician (d. 1868) * December 17 ** Richard Cheslyn, English amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket (1825-1846) (d. 1858) ** Joseph Henry, American scientist (d. 1878) * December 18 ** August Friedrich Wilhelm Forchhammer, jurist, historian from the Duchy of Schleswig (d.

) ** Dirk van Hogendorp (1797–1845), Dirk van Hogendorp, Dutch jurist (d. 1845) * December 19 – Antoine Louis Dugès, French obstetrician, naturalist (d. 1838) * December 22 ** Charles Fox (scientist), Charles Fox, English Quaker scientist (d. 1878) ** Thomas Manders, English actor-manager and low comedian (d.

) ** William Benjamin Robinson, Upper Canada fur trader and political figure (d.

) * December 23 – Adrien-Henri de Jussieu, French botanist (d.

) * December 24 ** Robert Irwin Jr., American pioneer, territorial legislator (d.

) ** Lewis Jones (Royal Navy officer), Lewis Jones, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1895) * December 25 ** Bernard Donald Macdonald, second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (d.

) ** Joseph-Marie Quérard, French bibliographer (d. 1865) * December 26 ** Enoch Cobb, Massachusetts farmer, businessman, philanthropist (d.

) ** Johann Gustav Heckscher, German politician (d. 1865) ** Thomas M. Pettit, United States lawyer (d.

) ** Hans Skramstad, Norwegian pianist and composer (d. 1839) * December 27 ** Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos (d.

) ** Charles Hodge, Presbyterian theologian, principal of Princeton Theological Seminary (1851-1878) (d. 1878) ** Manuela Sáenz, Colombian national heroine (d. 1856) * December 28 ** Rodolphus Dickinson, United States Representative from Ohio (d. 1849) ** John Marshall (MP for Leeds, died 1836), John Marshall, English politician (d.

) * December 29 – François Leuret, French anatomist, psychiatrist (d. 1851) * ''approximate date'' – Sojourner Truth, African-American abolitionist, women's rights activist (d. 1883)

Deaths

January–March

– Francis Lightfoot Lee, member of the House of Burgesses in the Colony of Virginia (b. 1734) *

– Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern, queen consort of Prussia (b. 1715) *

– David Graeme (1716–1797), David Graeme, British Army general (b. 1716) *

– Antão de Almada, 12th Count of Avranches (b. 1718) *

– John Glover (general), John Glover, American military general, fisherman and merchant (b. 1732) *

– James Duane, American lawyer (b. 1733) * February 8 – Princess Joséphine of Lorraine (b. 1753) * February 11 – Antoine Dauvergne, French composer (b. 1713) * February 13 – Sir Robert Burdett, 4th Baronet, British politician and member of the English gentry (b. 1716) * February 17 – Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony, daughter of King Augustus III of Poland (b. 1728) * February 21 – John Parkhurst (lexicographer), John Parkhurst, English academic (b. 1728) *

– Karl Friedrich Hieronymus Freiherr von Münchhausen, German officer and adventurer (b. 1720) * March 2 – Horace Walpole, English politician and writer (b. 1717) *

– Empress Xiaoshurui, first Empress Consort of the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (b. 1760) * March 7 ** John Gabriel Stedman, British–Dutch colonial soldier and author (b. 1744) ** Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey, German writer (b. 1711) *

– Cristina Roccati, Italian scholar in physics (b. 1732) * March 17 – Daniel Dulany the Younger, Maryland Loyalist politician (b. 1722) * March 26 – James Hutton, Scottish geologist (b. 1726) * March 30 – Pierre Jean Van Stabel, French rear-admiral (b. 1744) * March 31 ** Olaudah Equiano, Nigerian ex-slave, abolitionist (b. c. 1746) ** Betty Washington Lewis, younger sister of George Washington, the only sister to live to adulthood (b. 1733)

April–June

* April 4 – Pierre-François Berruer, French sculptor (b. 1733) *

– Susanna Boylston, prominent early-American socialite (b. 1708) * April 27 – Henry Louis, Prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken, titular prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken (b. 1768) * April 29 – Elizabeth Ryves, Irish writer, translator (b. 1750) * May 7 – Jedediah Strutt, English hosier and cotton spinner from Belper (b. 1726) * May 14 – Giovanni Fagnano, Italian churchman and mathematician (b. 1715) * May 17 – Michel-Jean Sedaine, French dramatist (b. 1719) * May 25 ** Andrew Elliot, acting colonial governor of the Province of New York (b. 1728) ** John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden, British field marshal (b. 1719) * May 27 ** François-Noël Babeuf, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1760) ** Augustin Alexandre Darthé, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1769) * June 15 – Christen Friis Rottbøll, Danish physician, botanist and pupil of Carolus Linnaeus (b. 1727) * June 17 ** Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran (b. 1742) ** Mohammad Khan Qajar, Iranian king (b. 1742) * June 21 – Andreas Peter Bernstorff, Danish statesman, politician (b. 1735) * June 24 – Bahadur Shah of Nepal, younger son of King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723–1775) of modern Nepal (b. 1757) * June 30 ** Welbore Ellis Doyle, third Military Governor of British Ceylon (b. 1758) ** Richard Parker (mutineer), Richard Parker, English sailor executed for his role as president of the so-called "Floating Republic" (b. 1767)

July–September

Joseph Wright of Derby - self-portrait c

– Edmund Burke, Irish philosopher (b. 1723) * July 11 – Ienăchiță Văcărescu, Wallachian writer (b. 1740) * July 12 – Peter Bonnevaux, fourth Military Governor of British Ceylon, third General Officer Commanding (b. 1752) * July 14 – Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc, member of the wealthy and influential Rohan family of France (b. 1725) * July 25 ** Richard Bowen (Royal Navy), Richard Bowen, officer of the Royal Navy during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars (b. 1761) ** George Thorp (Royal Navy officer), George Thorp, officer of the British Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary Wars (b. 1777) * July 29 – John Weatherhead, officer of the British Royal Navy (b. 1775) * August 3 ** August 3 – Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, British soldier and conqueror of Quebec (b. 1717) ** James Davenport (Connecticut congressman), James Davenport, American lawyer (b. 1758) * August 6 – James Pettit Andrews, English historian, antiquary (b. 1737) * August 10 – Alexei Senyavin, Russian admiral (b. 1716) * August 22 – Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, Alsatian-born Austrian general (b. 1724) * August 25 – Thomas Chittenden, first governor of the state of Vermont (b. 1730) *

– Joseph Wright of Derby, English landscape and portrait painter (b. 1734) *

– Sir William Ashburnham, 4th Baronet, Church of England clergyman, baronet (b. 1710) * September 10 – Mary Wollstonecraft, English feminist author (b. 1759) * September 12 – David Forman (general), David Forman, brigadier general of New Jersey militia (b. 1745) * September 19 ** Samuel Enderby, English whale oil merchant known for sponsoring Arctic exploration (b. 1719) ** Lazare Hoche, French soldier who rose to be general of the Revolutionary army (b. 1768) * September 21 ** Asaf-ud-Daula, nawab wazir of Oudh (b. 1748) ** Hugh Pigot (Royal Navy officer, born 1769), Hugh Pigot, British Royal Navy officer (b. 1769) * September 25 – John Baughan, English carpenter, thief and transportee to Australia (b. 1754) *

– Gunning Bedford Sr., American lawyer and politician from New Castle (b. 1742)

October–December

* October 9 – Vilna Gaon, Lithuanian rabbi (b. 1720) * October 10 ** Agui, Manchu noble general for the Qing dynasty (b. 1717) ** Carter Braxton, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, merchant, planter, Virginia politician (b. 1736) * October 14 – William Orr (United Irishman), William Orr, member of the United Irishmen (executed) (b. 1766) *

– Jean-François Hubert, bishop of Quebec (b. 1739) * October 20 – William Cooke (Provost of King's College), William Cooke, English cleric, academic (b. 1711) * November 14 – Ivan Shuvalov, founder of Moscow University (b. 1727) *

– King Frederick William II of Prussia (b. 1744) * November 18 – Jacques-Alexandre Laffon de Ladebat, French shipbuilder, merchant (b. 1719) * November 26 – Andrew Adams (congressman), Andrew Adams, American lawyer (b. 1736) * November 27 – Johann Baptist Wendling, Alsatian-born flute player, composer of the Mannheim School (b. 1723) * November 29 – Samuel Langdon, American Congregational clergyman, President of Harvard University (b. 1723) * December 1 – Oliver Wolcott, American politician (b. 1726) * December 11 – Richard Brocklesby, English physician (b. 1722) * December 13 – Louis Legendre, French politician of the Revolution period (b. 1752) * December 23 ** Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1732) ** Solomon Southwick (American Revolution), Solomon Southwick, Newport, Rhode Island printer, newspaper publisher (b. 1731) * December 26 – John Wilkes, English radical (b. 1725) * December 30 – David Martin (artist), David Martin, British painter, engraver (b. 1737) * ''date unknown'' – Wang Zhenyi (astronomer), Wang Zhenyi, Chinese astronomer

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1797 1797,