Events

January–March

January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...

–

Third voyage of James Cook James Cook's third and final voyage (12 July 1776 – 4 October 1780) took the route from Plymouth via Cape Town and Tenerife to New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands, and along the North American coast to the Bering Strait. Its ostensible ...

Captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...

James Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean an ...

, with ships HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS ''Discovery'', first views

Oahu Oahu () (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering place#Island of Oʻahu as The Gathering Place, Gathering Place", is the third-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to roughly one million people—over t ...

then

Kauai Kauai, () anglicized as Kauai ( ), is geologically the second-oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands (after Niʻihau). With an area of 562.3 square miles (1,456.4 km2), it is the fourth-largest of these islands and the 21st largest island ...

in the

Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands ( haw, Nā Mokupuni o Hawai‘i) are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kur ...

of the Pacific Ocean, which he names the ''Sandwich Islands''. *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. * 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion. * 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...

– **

South Carolina )''Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no) , anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind" , Former = Province of South Carolina , seat = Columbia , LargestCity = Charleston , LargestMetro = ...

becomes the first state to ratify the

Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 Colonies of the United States of America that served as its first frame of government. It was approved after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777) by ...

. ** **General John Cadwalader shoots and seriously wounds Major General

Thomas Conway Thomas Conway (February 27, 1735 – c. 1800) served as a major general in the American Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He became involved with the alleged Conway Cabal with Horatio Gates. He later served with Émigré for ...

in a duel after a dispute between the two officers over Conway's continued criticism of General

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of th ...

's leadership of the

Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...

.''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p166 *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1579 – The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop. 1601–1900 * 1685 – James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of ...

–

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...

– In Paris, the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France, signaling official French recognition of the new republic. *

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...

–

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von Steuben (born Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin Louis von Steuben; September 17, 1730 – November 28, 1794), also referred to as Baron von Steuben (), was a Prussian military officer who p ...

arrives at

Valley Forge Valley Forge functioned as the third of eight winter encampments for the Continental Army's main body, commanded by General George Washington, during the American Revolutionary War. In September 1777, Congress fled Philadelphia to escape the B ...

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...

and begins to train the American troops. *

March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. * 845 & ...

–

October 24 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius. * 1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France. * 1360 – The Treaty ...

–

Captain Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean an ...

explores and maps the

Pacific Northwest The Pacific Northwest (sometimes Cascadia, or simply abbreviated as PNW) is a geographic region in western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Though ...

coast of North America, from

Cape Foulweather Cape Foulweather is a basalt outcropping above the Pacific Ocean on the central coastline of the U.S. state of Oregon - in Lincoln County, south of Depoe Bay. The cape is notable as the first promontory on the northwest coast of New Albion (a ...

(

Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...

) to the Bering Strait. *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a t ...

–

approves the dishonorable discharge of Lieutenant

Frederick Gotthold Enslin Lieutenant Frederick Gotthold Enslin was a Continental Army officer who the focus of one of three possible cases of sodomy documented in the Continental Army under General George Washington. The case began with a charge against an ensign for slan ...

, for "attempting to commit sodomy, with John Monhort a soldier".

April–June

April 7 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town. * 529 – First ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Empe ...

– Former British Prime Minister William Pitt delivers his last speech to Parliament, and speaks to the House of Lords "passionately but incoherently against the granting of independence" to the American colonies, but collapses during the debate, and dies five weeks later. *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted ...

– King George III appoints the five-member

Carlisle Peace Commission The Carlisle Peace Commission was a group of British peace commissioners who were sent to North America in 1778 to negotiate terms with the rebellious Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War. The commission carried an offer of s ...

to present peace terms to negotiate an end to the rebellion of Britain's 13 American colonies. *

April 30 Events Pre-1600 * 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends. * 1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois. *1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus hi ...

– The long

Hudson River Chain The Hudson River Chains were a series of chain booms constructed across the Hudson River at West Point by Continental Army forces from 1776 to 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. These served as defenses preventing British naval vessels ...

, designed to prevent British ships from moving up the river toward

West Point, New York West Point is the oldest continuously occupied military post in the United States. Located on the Hudson River in New York, West Point was identified by General George Washington as the most important strategic position in America during the Ame ...

is stretched across the river and anchored by an engineering team under the direction of Captain Thomas Machin. *

May 12 Events Pre-1600 * 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism. * 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang d ...

–

Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz (german: Heinrich XI Fürst Reuß zu Greiz; 18 March 172228 June 1800) was the first Prince Reuss of Greiz from 1778 to 1800. Early life Heinrich XI was born at Greiz, Reuss, youngest child of Count Heinrich ...

is elevated to

Prince A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. Th ...

of the

Principality of Reuss-Greiz The Principality of Reuss-Greiz (german: Fürstentum Reuß-Greiz), called the Principality of the Reuss Elder Line (german: Fürstentum Reuß älterer Linie) after 1848, was a sovereign state in modern Germany, ruled by members of the House of ...

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: ''Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam''; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 29, 1780 unt ...

– it is during Heinrich XI's rule in 1778, that the first appearance of the national colors of modern Germany are present on a flag that closely resembles the modern

Flag of Germany The national flag of Germany is a tricolour (flag), tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany: Sable (heraldry), black, Gules, red, and Or (heraldry), gold (german: :de:Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Sc ...

, to occur anywhere within what today comprises Germany. *

May 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...

–

Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold ( Brandt (1994), p. 4June 14, 1801) was an American military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defect ...

signs the U.S.

Oath of Allegiance An oath of allegiance is an oath whereby a subject or citizen acknowledges a duty of allegiance and swears loyalty to a monarch or a country. In modern republics, oaths are sworn to the country in general, or to the country's constitution. For ...

. *

June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. * ...

– A total

solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of the Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs during an eclipse season, approximately every six month ...

takes place across parts of North America, from

Texas Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...

. *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 * 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch. * 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II. * 1461 – ...

–

Battle of Monmouth The Battle of Monmouth, also known as the Battle of Monmouth Court House, was fought near Monmouth Court House in modern-day Freehold Borough, New Jersey on June 28, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It pitted the Continental Army, co ...

battles British general Sir Henry Clinton's army to a draw, near

Monmouth County, New Jersey Monmouth County () is a county located on the coast of central New Jersey. The county is part of the New York metropolitan area and is situated along the northern half of the Jersey Shore. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the county's population w ...

. *

June June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in ...

– The

Anglo-French War (1778–83) The Anglo-French Wars were a series of conflicts between England (and after 1707, Britain) and France, including: Middle Ages High Middle Ages * Anglo-French War (1109–1113) – first conflict between the Capetian Dynasty and the House of Norma ...

begins.

July–September

July 3 Events Pre-1600 * 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. * 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revol ...

–

– The

Battle of Wyoming The Battle of Wyoming, also known as the Wyoming Massacre, was a military engagement during the American Revolutionary War between Patriot militiamen and a mixed force of Loyalist soldiers and Iroquois raiders. The clash took place in the Wyom ...

takes place near

Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Wilkes-Barre ( or ) is a city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, Luzerne County. Located at the center of the Wyoming Valley in Northeastern Pennsylvania, it had a population of 44,328 in th ...

, ending in a terrible defeat for the local colonists. *

July 4 Events Pre-1600 * 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaim ...

–

George Rogers Clark George Rogers Clark (November 19, 1752 – February 13, 1818) was an American surveyor, soldier, and militia officer from Virginia who became the highest-ranking American patriot military officer on the northwestern frontier during the Ame ...

takes Kaskaskia. *

July 10 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina. * 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...

–

Louis XVI of France Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was e ...

declares war on the

Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...

. *

July 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. * 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Ste ...

–

First Battle of Ushant The Battle of Ushant (also called the First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778, and was fought during the American Revolutionary War between French and British fleets west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off ...

–

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

and French fleets fight to a standoff. *

August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...

– The

La Scala La Scala (, , ; abbreviation in Italian of the official name ) is a famous opera house in Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as the ' (New Royal-Ducal Theatre alla Scala). The premiere performan ...

Opera House opens in

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...

, with the première of

Antonio Salieri Antonio Salieri (18 August 17507 May 1825) was an Italian classical composer, conductor, and teacher. He was born in Legnago, south of Verona, in the Republic of Venice, and spent his adult life and career as a subject of the Habsburg monarchy ...

's ''

Europa riconosciuta ''Europa riconosciuta'' (; meaning "Europa revealed" or "Europa recognized") is an opera in two acts by Antonio Salieri, designated as a ''dramma per musica'', set to an Italian libretto by Mattia Verazi. The opera takes place in Tyre in Phoeni ...

''. *

August 26 Events Pre-1600 * 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah. *1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most of ...

–

Triglav Triglav (; german: Terglau; it, Tricorno), with an elevation of , is the highest mountain in Slovenia and the highest peak of the Julian Alps. The mountain is the pre-eminent symbol of the Slovene nation. It is the centrepiece of Triglav Natio ...

, at above sea level the highest peak of

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...

, is ascended for the first time by four men: Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič, and Lovrenc Willomitzer, on

Sigmund Zois Sigmund Zois Freiherr von Edelstein, usually referred as Sigmund Zois ( sl, Žiga Zois, formerly Slovenized as ''Cojs'' or ''Cojz''; ) (23 November 1747 – 10 November 1819) was a Carniolan nobleman, natural scientist and patron of the arts. He ...

' initiative. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...

–

– The tactically inconclusive

Battle of Rhode Island The Battle of Rhode Island (also known as the Battle of Quaker Hill) took place on August 29, 1778. Continental Army and Militia forces under the command of Major General John Sullivan had been besieging the British forces in Newport, Rhode Isl ...

takes place, after which the

abandons its position on

Aquidneck Island Aquidneck Island, also known as Rhode Island, is an island in Narragansett Bay in the state of Rhode Island. The total land area is , which makes it the largest island in the bay. The 2020 United States Census reported its population as 60,109. T ...

. *

September September is the ninth month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the third of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the fourth of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. September in the Northern H ...

– The ''

Massachusetts Banishment Act The Massachusetts Banishment Act, officially named the "Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts", was passed in September 1778 "to prevent the return to this state of certain persons therein named and others who have left this state or either o ...

'', providing punishment for

Loyalists Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cr ...

, is passed. *

September 7 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem. * 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII. *1159 – Pope Alexander III is chosen. *1191 – Third Cru ...

–

– Invasion of Dominica: The French capture the British fort there, before the latter is aware that France has entered the war in the

Franco-American alliance The Franco-American alliance was the 1778 alliance between the Kingdom of France and the United States during the American Revolutionary War. Formalized in the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, it was a military pact in which the French provided many su ...

. *

September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". * 1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Empi ...

– The

Treaty of Fort Pitt The Treaty of Fort Pitt, also known as the Treaty With the Delawares, the Delaware Treaty, or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh, was signed on September 17, 1778, and was the first formal treaty between the new United States of America and any A ...

is signed, the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe (the

Lenape The Lenape (, , or Lenape , del, Lënapeyok) also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada. Their historical territory includ ...

or Delaware). *

September 19 Events Pre-1600 * 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed. * 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...

– The

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. ...

passes the first

budget A budget is a calculation play, usually but not always financial, for a defined period, often one year or a month. A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities including time, costs and expenses, environmenta ...

of the United States.

October–December

October 12 Events Pre-1600 * 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...

– The Continental Congress advises the 13 member states to suppress "theatrical entertainments, horse-racing, gaming, and such other diversions as are productive of idleness, dissipation, and general depravity of principles and manners." KahakuloaHead sml

November 11 Events Pre-1600 * 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, ''Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the T ...

–

Cherry Valley massacre The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Iroquois forces on a fort and the town of Cherry Valley in central New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It has been described as one of the most horrific ...

– British forces and their Iroquois allies attack a fort and the village of Cherry Valley, New York, killing 14 soldiers and 30 civilians. *

November 26 Events Pre-1600 * 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus. *1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynasty ...

**In the

, Captain

becomes the first European to land on

Maui The island of Maui (; Hawaiian: ) is the second-largest of the islands of the state of Hawaii at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km2) and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is the largest of Maui County's four islands, which ...

. **

New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...

becomes the second state to agree to the

. *

December 10 Events Pre-1600 *1317 – The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköpin ...

–

John Jay John Jay (December 12, 1745 – May 17, 1829) was an American statesman, patriot, diplomat, abolitionist, signatory of the Treaty of Paris, and a Founding Father of the United States. He served as the second governor of New York and the first ...

of New York is chosen as the sixth

President of the Continental Congress The president of the United States in Congress Assembled, known unofficially as the president of the Continental Congress and later as the president of the Congress of the Confederation, was the presiding officer of the Continental Congress, the ...

Undated

* The first

settlement Settlement may refer to: *Human settlement, a community where people live *Settlement (structural), the distortion or disruption of parts of a building * Closing (real estate), the final step in executing a real estate transaction *Settlement (fin ...

is made in the area of what is now

Louisville, Kentucky Louisville ( , , ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 28th most-populous city in the United States. Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County, on the Indiana border ...

, by 13 families under

Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of ...

. *

Phillips Academy ("Not for Self") la, Finis Origine Pendet ("The End Depends Upon the Beginning") Youth From Every Quarter Knowledge and Goodness , address = 180 Main Street , city = Andover , state = Ma ...

is founded by Samuel Phillips Jr. * The term ''

thoroughbred The Thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. Although the word ''thoroughbred'' is sometimes used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, it technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed. Thoroughbreds are c ...

'' is first used in the United States, in an advertisement in a

Kentucky Kentucky ( , ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia to ...

gazette A gazette is an official journal, a newspaper of record, or simply a newspaper. In English and French speaking countries, newspaper publishers have applied the name ''Gazette'' since the 17th century; today, numerous weekly and daily newspapers ...

, to describe a

stallion called Pilgarlick. *

Thomas Kitchin Thomas Kitchin (also Kitchen; 1718–1784) was an English engraver and cartographer, who became hydrographer to the king. He was also a writer, who wrote about the history of the West Indies. Life He was born in Southwark, and was apprentice ...

's ''The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe'' is published in London. * The city of

Ulaanbaatar Ulaanbaatar (; mn, Улаанбаатар, , "Red Hero"), previously anglicized as Ulan Bator, is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia. It is the coldest capital city in the world, on average. The municipality is located in north ce ...

was settled at its present location, having functioned as a mobile monastic settlement since 1639.

Births

January–April

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

Tredwell Scudder Tredwell Scudder (January 1, 1778 – October 31, 1834) was a U.S. Representative from New York. Career Town supervisor of Islip in 1795, 1796, and 1804–1815. He served as member of the State assembly in 1802, 1810, 1811, 1814, and 1815. Scu ...

, American politician (d.

1834 Events January–March * January – The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina. * January 1 – Zollverein (Germany): Customs charges are abolished at borders within its member states. * January 3 � ...

) **

Charles Alexandre Lesueur Charles Alexandre Lesueur (1 January 1778 in Le Havre – 12 December 1846 in Le Havre) was a French Natural history, naturalist, artist, and explorer. He was a prolific natural-history collector, gathering many type specimens in Australia, ...

, French naturalist (d.

1846 Events January–March * January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom. * January 13 – The Milan–Venice railway' ...

) *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

–

Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski ( Pszczew, near Poznań, 3 January 1778 – 5 October 1861, Warsaw) was the Archbishop Metropolitan of Warsaw and spiritual leader of the nation during the Partitions of Poland. References See also *List of Pole ...

, Polish Catholic bishop (d.

1861 Statistically, this year is considered the end of the whale oil industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the petroleum oil industry. Events January–March * January 1 ** Benito Juárez captures Mexico City. ** The first steam-p ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1601–1900 *1649 – Engli ...

Billy J. Clark Billy James Clark (January 4, 1778 in Northampton, Hampshire County, Massachusetts – September 20, 1866) was an American physician and politician from New York. Life He was the son of Ithamar Clark and Sarah (Simonds) Clark. He grew up in ...

, American politician (d.

1866 Events January–March * January 1 ** Fisk University, a historically black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee. ** The last issue of the abolitionist magazine '' The Liberator'' is published. * January 6 – Ottoman tr ...

) **

Paolo Polidori Paolo Polidori (4 January 1778 – 23 April 1847) was an Italian Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal of the Catholic Church. Biography Paolo Polidori was born in Iesi, Marche; where he studied at the seminary of Perugia. He was ordained as ...

, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.

1847 Events January–March * January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U.S. government. * January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends fighting in the Mexican–American War in California. * January 16 – John C. Frémont ...

) **

Jean-Antoine Alavoine Jean-Antoine Alavoine (4 January 1778 – 15 November 1834) was a French architect best known for his column in the Place de la Bastille, Paris (1831–1840), the July Column to memorialize those fallen in the Revolution of 1830. The column, cons ...

, French architect (d.

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...

–

Charles-Guillaume Étienne Charles-Guillaume Étienne (5 January 177813 March 1845) was a 19th-century French playwright. Biography He was born in Chamouilley, Haute-Marne. He held various municipal offices under the Revolution and came in 1793 to Paris, where he prod ...

, French writer (d.

1845 Events January–March * January 10 – Elizabeth Barrett receives a love letter from the younger poet Robert Browning; on May 20, they meet for the first time in London. She begins writing her ''Sonnets from the Portuguese''. * January 23 ...

)

January 6 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...

–

Thomas Lincoln Thomas Lincoln (January 6, 1778 – January 17, 1851) was an American farmer, carpenter, and father of the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. Unlike some of his ancestors, Thomas could not write. He struggled to make a succes ...

, Farmer, Carpenter (d.

1851 Events January–March * January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion. * January 15 – Christian Female College, modern-day Columbia College, receives its charter from the Missouri General Assembly. ...

) *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army. This prompts the tribunes who support him to flee to Ravenna, where Caesar is waiting. * 1325 – Alfonso IV ...

– Anthony Todd Thomson, British dermatologist (d. 1849) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...

– Thomas Brown, Scottish metaphysician (d.

1820 Events January–March *January 1 – Nominal beginning of the Trienio Liberal in Spain: A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7). *January 8 – General Maritime T ...

) *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...

– Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Argentine politician (d.

) *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...

– Agathon Jean François Fain, French historian (d.

1837 Events January–March * January 1 – The destructive Galilee earthquake causes 6,000–7,000 casualties in Ottoman Syria. * January 26 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States. * February – Charles Dickens's ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...

– William Herbert, British politician (d.

) *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...

–

Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet (13 January 1778 – 27 April 1859) was a financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom, who became the first British Jew to receive a hereditary title. Biography ...

, British financier and one of the leading figures in the Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom (d.

1859 Events January–March * January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico. * January 24 ( O. S.) – Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Romania since 1866, final u ...

) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...

–

Joseph Adamy Joseph Adamy (born 15 January 1778 in Oberwesel; died 24 February 1849 in Hadamar) was a Nassauian mine owner and politician. From 1828 to 1832, Adamy was a member of the Second Chamber of the Estates of the Duchy of Nassau. Political career Afte ...

, Nassauian politician (d. 1849) *

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. * 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...

Teodoro Lechi Teodoro Lechi (Brescia, 16 January 1778 – Milan, 2 May 1866) was an Italian general, a Jacobin and a military advisor to King Carlo Alberto of Sardinia. He was the brother of Giuseppe Lechi, a brilliant and famous Napoleonic general, and Angel ...

, Italian general (d.

) **

John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott DL FRSE (16 January 1778 – 10 January 1860) was a Scottish peer and soldier. Known as "the rich Lord" he built the bridge in front of Arbuthnott House, Kincardineshire. He was the first member of t ...

, Scottish peer and soldier (d.

1860 Events January–March * January 2 – The discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan is announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 – The Pemberton Mill in Lawrence, Massachusett ...

) *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

** Donald Macdonell, Canadian politician (d.

) ** George Black, Canadian politician, businessman and important shipbuilder in Quebec, during the earlier part of the 19th century (d.

1854 Events January–March * January 4 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the ''Samarang''. * January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is perhaps born. * January 9 – The Teut ...

) *

–

George Bellas Greenough George Bellas Greenough FRS FGS (18 January 1778 – 2 April 1855) was a pioneering English geologist. He is best known as a synthesizer of geology rather than as an original researcher. Trained as a lawyer, he was a talented speaker and his ...

, British geologist (d.

1855 Events January–March * January 1 – Ottawa, Ontario, is incorporated as a city. * January 5 – Ramón Castilla begins his third term as President of Peru. * January 23 ** The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens ...

) *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 &ndas ...

– Louis Antoine François Baillon, French naturalist, collector (d.

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Co ...

– Jeremiah O'Brien (Maine politician), Jeremiah O'Brien, American politician (d. 1858) * January 23 – Alire Raffeneau Delile, French botanist (d. 1850) * January 24 – Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, England (d.

) * January 25 – Matsudaira Norihiro, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Nishio Domain (d. 1839) * January 26 ** Jakob von Washington, Bavarian general (d. 1848) ** Johann Georg Stauffer, Austrian luthier (d. 1853) * January 27 ** Christian Mathias Schröder, German politician (d.

) ** Andrew Sterett, United States Navy officer (d. 1807) * January 28 – James Tallmadge, Jr., American politician (d. 1853) * January 29 – John Williams (Tennessee politician), John Williams, Tennessee politician (d.

) * January 31 – Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, Austrian statesman (d.

) * February 1 – Joseph Richardson (U.S. politician), Joseph Richardson, American politician (d. 1871) * February 2 – Mary Anne Talbot, British wartime cross-dresser (d. 1808) * February 3 ** Cornelis Vollenhoven, Dutch politician (d. 1849) ** John Ritchie (newspaper owner), John Ritchie, British newspaper founder (d. 1870) * February 4 – Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Swiss botanist (d. 1841) *

– Jan Nepomucen Umiński, Polish general (d.

) *

– Ugo Foscolo, Italian writer, revolutionary and poet (d. 1827) * February 13 – William P. Van Ness, United States federal judge (d. 1826) * February 14 – Fernando Sor, Spanish musician (d. 1839) * February 16 ** John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton of Great Britain (d. 1863) ** Rosalie Stier Calvert, 19th century Maryland plantation owner, correspondent (d. 1821) * February 19 ** Friedrich Karl von Tettenborn, Russian military commander (d.

) ** Henry Ashley, American politician (d. 1829) ** Daniel Williams Harmon, American-born Canadian fur trader, diarist (d. 1843) * February 22 ** Sir Roger Martin, 5th Baronet of Great Britain (d.

) ** Rembrandt Peale, American painter (d.

)

Retrato más canónico de José de San Martín

* February 25 – José de San Martín, Argentine general (d. 1850) * March 1 ** Chrétien Géofroy Nestler, French botanist (d. 1832) ** Amos Lane, American politician (d. 1849) * March 2 ** William Austin (author), William Austin, American politician (d. 1841) ** Vincent Moulac, French naval officer (d. 1836) * March 3 ** Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1841) ** Peter Laurie, British politician (d.

) * March 4 ** Sir Henry Bunbury, 7th Baronet, British Army general (d.

) ** Robert Emmet, Irish rebel (d. 1803) ** Florestano Pepe, Italian general (d.

) *

** Francis Ogilvy-Grant, 6th Earl of Seafield, British politician (d. 1853) ** Carl Bernhard von Trinius, German botanist (d. 1844) * March 8 – Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova, French soldier, diplomat (d. 1853) *

** Hugh Hornby Birley, leading Manchester Tory, reputed to have led the fatal charge of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry, at the Peterloo Massacre (d.

) ** Anthony Van Egmond, Canadian rebel (d. 1838) * March 19 – Edward Pakenham, Irish-born British general (d. 1815) * March 22 ** Thomas de Trafford, British Baronet (d. 1852) ** Aleksey Merzlyakov, Russian poet, critic, and professor (d. 1830) * March 23 – Paul Traugott Meissner, Austrian chemist (d. 1864) * March 24 ** Robert Fleming Gourlay, British statistician and activist (d. 1863) ** Anton Edler von Gapp, Austrian lawyer (d. 1862) * March 25 – Sophie Blanchard, French aeronaut (d. 1819) * March 26 – Edward Blakeney, British Army officer (d. 1868) * March 28 – Ludvig Stoud Platou, Norwegian politician (d. 1833) * March 30 – Robert Moore (Pennsylvania politician), Robert Moore, American politician (d. 1831) * March 31 – Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist (d. 1858) * April 1 – Benjamin Jacob, British musician (d. 1829) * April 3 – Pierre Bretonneau, French physician (d. 1862) *

– John J. Ely, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly (d. 1852) * April 9 ** John Sparks (cricketer, born 1778), John Sparks, English cricketer (d.

) ** Louis de Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire, French diplomat (d.

)

* April 10 ** Heinrich Luden, German historian (d.

) ** William Hazlitt, English writer (d. 1830) ** Johann Arzberger, Austrian technologist (d. 1835) *

– John Strachan, Bishop of Toronto (d. 1867) * April 14 – George Philipp Ludolf von Beckedorff, prominent Prussian Catholic convert, parliamentarian (d. 1858) * April 15 ** William Congreve Russell, British politician (d. 1850) ** James Crooks, Canadian politician (d.

) * April 18 ** Mary Bruce, Countess of Elgin, Scottish countess (d.

) ** Christian Friedrich Nasse, German physician, psychiatrist (d.

) ** Sir Matthew White Ridley, 3rd Baronet, British politician (d. 1836) * April 19 – Elizabeth Wynne Fremantle, main author of the extensive ''Wynne Diaries'', wife of Royal Navy officer Thomas Fremantle (1765–1819) (d. 1857) * April 23 – John Harvey (British Army officer), John Harvey, British Army general (d. 1852) * April 24 – John Graham (British Army officer), John Graham, soldier notable for founding Grahamstown (d. 1821) * April 27 – Henry Drury (educator), Henry Drury, English educator (d. 1841) * April 28 – Adriaan van der Hoop, Dutch banker, politician (d.

) * April 29 – Thomas Bateman (physician), Thomas Bateman, British physician, pioneer in the field of dermatology (d. 1821) *

– Arvid David Hummel, Swedish entomologist (d. 1836)

May–August

* May 2 – Nathan Bangs, American Methodist theologian (d. 1862) * May 3 – Samuel Freeze, Canadian politician (d. 1844) * May 6 – Henry Phillpotts, English bishop (d. 1869) * May 8 – Marie-Louise Coidavid, Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti (1811–20) as the spouse of Henri I of Haiti (d.

) * May 9 – Eli Ayers, Liberian politician (d. 1822) * May 10 – William Ladd, American activist (d. 1841) *

** August Zeune, German educator (d. 1853) ** – José de la Mar, military leader, President of Peru (d. 1830) * May 13 – Honoré V, Prince of Monaco (d. 1841) * May 17 – Benjamin Bowring, English watchmaker (d.

) * May 18 ** Andrew Ure, Scottish doctor and chemist (d. 1857) ** Samuel Hoar, American politician (d. 1856) ** Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, British politician (d.

) * May 19 ** Ruggero Settimo, Italian politician (d. 1863) ** Ludwik Michał Pac, Polish general (d. 1835) * May 25 – Claus Harms, German clergyman, theologian (d.

) * May 29 – Charles Kemeys Kemeys Tynte, British politician (d.

) *

– Richard Skinner (American politician), Richard Skinner, American politician (d. 1833) * May 31 – Horatio Seymour (Vermont politician), Horatio Seymour, American politician (d. 1857) * June 2 – Jean Julien Angot des Rotours, French colonial governor (d. 1844) * June 4 – Martin Parmer, American politician (d. 1850) * June 6 – Edmund Varney, American politician (d.

) * June 7 – David Willson (1778–1866), David Willson, Canadian Quaker minister (d.

) * June 11 – John Robison (inventor), John Robison, British inventor (d. 1843) * June 13 – Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1819) * June 14 – John Cushing Aylwin, United States naval officer (War of 1812) (d. 1813) Rev

* June 16 ** Charles F. Mercer, American politician (d. 1858) ** Harry Croswell, crusading American political journalist (d. 1858) * June 17 ** Philip Willem van Heusde, Dutch philosopher (d. 1839) ** Gregory Blaxland, English pioneer farmer, explorer in Australia (d. 1852) * June 19 – Robert Allen (Tennessee politician), Robert Allen, Tennessee politician (d. 1844) * June 20 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, moderate royalist French statesman, during the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30) under King Charles X (d. 1832) * June 22 – George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland, British politician (d. 1867) * June 23 – Richard Worsam Meade I, Richard W. Meade, American merchant and art collector (d. 1828) * June 26 – Mariya Svistunova, lady-in-waiting at the Russian Court (d.

) * June 27 – Sir John Astley, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1842) *

** John Macbride (professor), John Macbride, British historian (d. 1868) ** William Dietz (politician), William Dietz, American politician (d. 1848) * July 2 – Daniel Wilson (bishop), Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta (d. 1858) *

– Carl Ludvig Engel, German architect (d. 1840) * July 6 – Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, French scientist (d.

) * July 7 – Beau Brummell, English man of fashion (d. 1840) *

** William Brockenbrough (judge), William Brockenbrough, American politician (d. 1838) ** Laurent Cunin-Gridaine, French businessman, politician (d.

) * July 11 – Timothy Fuller, American politician (d. 1835) * July 12 – Maria Dalle Donne, Bologna, Bolognese physician (d. 1842) * July 13 – Samuel Stevens, Jr., American politician (d.

) * July 15 ** Thomas James Maling, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1849) ** Jasper Nicolls, British general (d. 1849) * July 17 – Benjamin Isaacs, Connecticut politician (d.

) * July 19 ** Thomas Foley (1778–1822), Thomas Foley, British politician (d. 1822) ** Samuel Bent, American Mormon leader (d.

) * July 20 – Joshua Tetley, British brewer (d.

) * July 28 – Charles Stewart (1778–1869), Charles Stewart, American naval commander (d. 1869) * July 30 ** David Pattee, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Henry, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (d.

) * August 2 – Georg Anton Rollett, Austrian naturalist (d. 1842) * August 5 – Otto Christian Blandow, German bryologist (d. 1810) * August 8 – John Bonfoy Rooper, British landowner, MP (d.

)

* August 11 ** Marcus Pløen, Norwegian businessperson (d. 1836) ** Charles Pierrepont, 2nd Earl Manvers, British naval officer and politician (d.

) ** Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, German-Prussian gymnastics educator, nationalist (d. 1852) * August 12 ** Francis Horner, British politician (d. 1817) ** Joshua Vanneck, 2nd Baron Huntingfield, British politician (d. 1844) * August 19 ** Princess Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, German princess (d. 1835) ** James Harris, 2nd Earl of Malmesbury, British politician (d. 1841) Ohiggins

* August 20 – Bernardo O'Higgins, Supreme Director of Chile (d. 1842) * August 21 – Lewis Weston Dillwyn, British politician (d.

) * August 25 – Joseph Batten, British college principal (d.

) * August 31 – William Wilkins (architect), William Wilkins, English architect (d. 1839)

September–December

* September 2 – Louis Bonaparte, sibling of Napoleon Bonaparte I, French army general, King of Holland (d.

) *

– José Bernardo Sánchez, Spanish missionary (d. 1833) * September 8 – George Heneage Lawrence Dundas, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

)

* September 9 – Clemens Brentano, German poet, novelist (d. 1842) * September 10 – Joshua Lawrence, American Baptist minister (d. 1843) * September 12 – William Davidson (congressman), William Davidson, American politician (d. 1857) * September 14 ** John Varnum, American politician (d. 1836) ** John Barss, Canadian politician (d.

) * September 15 – Augustin Caron, Canadian politician (d. 1862) *

** Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, British politician (d. 1868) ** William Gaston, American politician (d. 1844) * September 20 ** James Mann, 5th Earl Cornwallis of Great Britain (d. 1852) ** Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian admiral (d. 1852) * September 21 – Carl Ludwig Koch, German entomologist (d. 1857) * September 24 – Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1850) * September 25 ** Sir Charles Oakeley, 2nd Baronet, 2nd Baronet in the Oakeley Baronets (d. 1829) ** Prince Louis of Anhalt-Köthen, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (d. 1802) * September 26 – Jonathan Fisk, American politician (d. 1832) * September 27 ** Carl Friedrich Rungenhagen, German composer, music teacher (d.

) ** Damião Barbosa de Araújo, Brazilian composer (d. 1856) * September 28 ** Luther Lawrence, American politician (d. 1839) ** Suzanne Douvillier, French-born American ballerina, mime & choreographer (d. 1826) ** Catherine McAuley, Irish nun, saint (d. 1841) * September 29 ** Benjamin Hall (ironmaster), Benjamin Hall, British politician (d. 1817) ** Thomas Warsop, English cricketer (d.

) * October 5 ** Ernst Ludwig von Aster, Prussian and Russian Army general (d.

) ** Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac, French archaeologist (d. 1867) * October 7 ** Charles Paget (Royal Navy officer), Charles Paget, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1839) ** Joseph Knight (horticulturist), Joseph Knight, English horticulturist (d.

) ** Thomas Cranley Onslow, British politician (d.

) * October 8 – Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen, French Catholic bishop (d. 1839) * October 9 ** Pierre-Denis, Comte de Peyronnet, President of the Bordeaux Court in France (1815) (d.

) ** John FitzMaurice, Viscount Kirkwall, British politician (d.

) ** Sir Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet, British Army general (d. 1842) * October 13 – William Marks (Pennsylvania politician), William Marks, American politician (d. 1858) * October 14 – Francis Fane (Royal Navy officer), Francis Fane, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1844) * October 19 – Valentine Blacker, Irish-born Surveyor General of India (d. 1826) * October 22 – Javier de Burgos, Spanish writer, politician and jurist (d. 1849) * October 23 – Kittur Chennamma, Indian queen regnant (d. 1829) * October 26 – Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg, British politician (d.

) * October 28 – Ezekiel Blomfield, British minister (d. 1818) * October 29 – William Creighton, Jr., United States federal judge (d.

) * October 30 – Benjamin Ames, American politician (d. 1835) * October 31 ** Jacob Shibley, Canadian politician (d. 1862) ** Charles Abraham Elton, English author (d. 1853) ** John Black (privateer), John Black, Australian sailor (d. 1802) * November 1 ** James R. Caldwell, United States Navy officer (d. 1804) ** Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, King of Sweden (d.

) * November 3 – Karlo Lanza, Dalmatian politician (d.

)

* November 5 ** Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian explorer (d. 1823) ** Thomas Ritchie (journalist), Thomas Ritchie, American journalist (d.

) * November 8 – Joseph Signay, Canadian Catholic bishop (d. 1850) *

– Nils Astrup, Norwegian politician (d. 1835) * November 14 ** Heinrich Gottlieb Tzschirner, German theologian (d. 1828) ** Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Austrian composer, virtuoso pianist (d.

) * November 15 ** George Canning, 1st Baron Garvagh, British politician (d. 1840) ** Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian antiquarian (d. 1823) * November 16 – Johann Joseph von Prechtl, Austrian technologist (d.

) * November 18 – Lord William Stuart, British politician (d. 1814) * November 19 – Charles de Salaberry, Canadian politician (d. 1829) * November 21 ** Richard Phillips (chemist), Richard Phillips, British chemist (d.

) ** Thomas B. Cooke, American politician (d. 1853) ** Joseph Warren Scott, American army officer (d. 1871) ** Kunitomo Ikkansai, Japanese gunsmith (d. 1840) * November 22 – Aurora Wilhelmina Koskull, Swedish lady-in-waiting, politically active salonist (d. 1852) * November 23 ** Mariano Moreno, Argentine politician (d. 1811) ** Samuel Humphreys, noted American naval architect and shipbuilder in the early 19th century (d.

) * November 24 – Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, British Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 (d.

) * November 25 ** Joseph Lancaster, English Quaker, public education innovator (d. 1838) ** Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck, British abolitionist (d. 1856) *

** Jean-Thomas Taschereau (1778–1832), Jean-Thomas Taschereau, Canadian politician (d. 1832) ** Henry Fane (British Army officer), Henry Fane, British Army general (d. 1840) * November 28 ** Filippo di Colloredo-Mels, leader of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (d. 1864) ** Abd al-Rahman of Morocco, Alaouite dynasty member (d.

) * November 29 – Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Ukrainian writer, journalist, and playwright (d. 1843) * November 30 – Andrés Guazurary, Argentine general (d. 1825) Gaylussac

* December 6 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist (d. 1850) * December 7 – Franz Naegele, German obstetrician (d.

) * December 9 – Vicente González Moreno, Spanish general (d. 1839) *

– Antonio Francesco Orioli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1852) * December 13 ** George Townshend, 3rd Marquess Townshend of Great Britain (d.

) ** Thomas Kendall, New Zealand missionary (d. 1832) * December 15 ** Godert van der Capellen, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1848) ** Christiane Luise Amalie Becker, German actor (d. 1797) * December 16 ** John Ordronaux (privateer), John Ordronaux, French privateer (d. 1841) ** Ludwig Robert, German dramatist (d. 1832) ** José Colombres, Argentine Catholic bishop (d.

)

* December 17 ** Humphry Davy, English physicist, chemist (d. 1829) ** William Munroe (pencil maker), William Munroe, American cabinet maker (d.

) ** Juan Martín de Veramendi, Governor of Mexican Texas (d. 1833) Grimaldi by John Cawse

* December 18 – Joseph Grimaldi, English actor and comedian (d.

) * December 19 – Marie Thérèse of France, eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette (d.

) * December 20 – Thomas P. Grosvenor, American politician (d. 1817) * December 21 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted, Danish politician (d.

) * December 22 – James Haldane Stewart, British priest (d.

) * December 23 – François de Robiano, Belgian politician (d. 1836) * December 24 ** Inoue Masamoto, Japanese daimyō (d. 1858) ** James Guyon, Jr., American politician (d.

) ** Thomas Coventry (cricketer), Thomas Coventry, English cricketer (d. 1816) * December 25 – Caleb Atwater, American politician (d. 1867) * December 27 – Antoine François Eugène Merlin, French general (d.

) * December 28 ** Franz Xaver Heller, German botanist (d. 1840) ** William Cowper (Archdeacon of Cumberland), William Cowper, English-born Anglican cleric in Australia, who was the Archdeacon of Cumberland (d. 1858) ** Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 1st Baron Sudeley, British politician (d. 1858) ** Matthew Arbuckle, United States soldier (d.

) * December 29 ** Georg Anton Friedrich Ast, German philosopher (d. 1841) ** Johann Simon Hermstedt, German musician (d.

)

Undated

* Sardar Fath 'Ali Khan, Wazir-i-azam of Kabul (d. 1818) * Anna Maria Walker, Scottish botanist (d. 1852) * Sara Oust, Norwegian lay minister (d. 1822) * Marie-Madeleine Lachenais, Haitian de facto politician (d. 1843)

Deaths

– Paul Jacques Malouin, French chemist (b. 1701) Carl von Linné

– Carl Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (b. 1707) * February 18 – Joseph Marie Terray, French statesman (b. 1715) * February 20 – Laura Bassi, Italian physicist and academic (b. 1711) * February 27 – Alexander Murray of Elibank, fourth son of Alexander Murray (b. 1712) * March 5 – Thomas Arne, English composer of ''Rule, Britannia!'' (b. 1710) * March 7 – Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (b. 1720) * March 13 – Charles le Beau, French historian (b. 1701) * April 8 – Pieter Teyler van der Hulst, Dutch businessman (b. 1702) * April 22 – James Hargreaves, English weaver, carpenter, and inventor (b. 1720) * May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German music historian, polymath (b. 1711) * May 11 – William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1708) *

– Paul-Joseph Le Moyne de Longueuil, seigneur and colonial army officer in New France, governor of Trois-Rivières (b. 1701) * May 16 – Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, English diplomat and politician (b. 1718) *

**José de la Borda, Spanish/Mexican mining magnate (b. c. 1699) **Voltaire, French philosopher (b. 1694) * June 12 – Philip Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1716) * June 16 – Konrad Ekhof, German actor (b. 1720) * June 19 – Francesca Cuzzoni, Italian operatic soprano (b. 1696) *

– Pieter Burman the Younger, Dutch philologist (b. 1714) *

** Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (b. 1712) ** Bathsheba Spooner, American murderer (b. c. 1746) *

– Anna Maria Mozart, Austrian mother to the Mozarts (b. 1720) *

– Ebenezer Kinnersley, American scientist (b. 1711) * August 5 – Charles Clémencet, French historian (b. 1703) * August 7 – Sir Thomas Cave, 5th Baronet of England (b. 1712) * August 12 – Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, British general, politician (b. 1714) * October 1 – Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1722) * October 6 – George Hay (politician), George Hay, British politician (b. 1715) * October 11 – Saliha Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III), Saliha Sultan, daughter of Ottoman Sultan (b. 1715) *

– Henry Ernest of Stolberg-Wernigerode, German politician, provost and author (b. 1716) * November 9 ** Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian artist (b. 1720) ** Lydia Taft, American suffragist (b. 1712) *

– Anne Steele, English hymnwriter and essayist (b. 1717) * November 20 – Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (b. 1726) * December 26 – Pedro Antonio de Cevallos, Spanish military Governor of Buenos Aires (1757–1766) (b. 1715) * December 30 – Constantine, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg (b. 1716) * ''date unknown'' – Thomas Johnson (designer), Thomas Johnson, English furniture maker (b. 1714)

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Undated

Births

January–April

May–August

September–December

Undated

Deaths

References

Further reading