Hortus Palatinus und Heidelberger Schloss von Jacques Fouquiere

Events

January–March

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...

(January 12, 1688 O.S.) –

Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution; gd, Rèabhlaid Ghlòrmhor; cy, Chwyldro Gogoneddus , also known as the ''Glorieuze Overtocht'' or ''Glorious Crossing'' in the Netherlands, is the sequence of events leading to the deposition of King James II and ...

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

: The Convention Parliament is convened to determine if King

James II of England James VII and II (14 October 1633 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685. He was deposed in the Gloriou ...

, the last

Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...

British monarch, vacated the throne when he fled to France, at the end of

1688 Events January–March * January 2 – Fleeing from the Spanish Navy, French pirate Raveneau de Lussan and his 70 men arrive on the west coast of Nicaragua, sink their boats, and make a difficult 10 day march to the city of Oco ...

. The settlement of this is agreed on

8 February Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Constantius III becomes co-Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir. *1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al M ...

. *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 *1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. *1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 *1607 – An estimated ...

– The first performance of the opera ''

Henrico Leone ''Henrico Leone'' (also ''Enrico Leone'') is an opera (''dramma per musica'') in three acts composed by Agostino Steffani to an Italian libretto by Ortensio Mauro. Based on the life of the powerful German prince Henry the Lion, the opera was f ...

'' composed by

Agostino Steffani Agostino Steffani (25 July 165412 February 1728) was an Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat and composer. Biography Steffani was born at Castelfranco Veneto on 25 July 1654. As a boy he was admitted as a chorister at San Marco, Venice. In 1667, ...

takes place in

Hannover Hanover (; german: Hannover ; nds, Hannober) is the capital and largest city of the German States of Germany, state of Lower Saxony. Its 535,932 (2021) inhabitants make it the List of cities in Germany by population, 13th-largest city in Germa ...

to inaugurate the new royal theatre in the

Leineschloss The Leineschloss (English: Leine Palace), situated on the Leine in Hanover, Germany, is the former residence of the Hanoverian dukes, electors and kings. Currently it is the seat of the Landtag of Lower Saxony. The first building on the site w ...

. *

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...

(February 13, 1688 O.S.) –

William III William III or William the Third may refer to: Kings * William III of Sicily (c. 1186–c. 1198) * William III of England and Ireland or William III of Orange or William II of Scotland (1650–1702) * William III of the Netherlands and Luxembourg ...

and

Mary II Mary II (30 April 166228 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, William III & II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. Mary was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York, and his first wife ...

are proclaimed co-rulers of

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...

and

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...

. *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...

–

Nine Years' War The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg monarch ...

: As French forces leave, they set fire to

Heidelberg Castle Heidelberg Castle (german: Heidelberger Schloss) is a ruin in Germany and landmark of Heidelberg. The castle ruins are among the most important Renaissance structures north of the Alps. The castle has only been partially rebuilt since its demoli ...

, and the nearby town of

Heidelberg Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...

. *

March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthelr ...

(March 12 O.S.) – Start of the Williamite War in Ireland: The deposed

lands with 6,000

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

soldiers in Ireland, where there is a

Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

majority, hoping to use it as the base for a counter-coup. However, many Irish Catholics see him as an agent of

Louis XIV of France , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Versa ...

, and refuse to support him. * March 27 – Japanese

haiku is a type of short form poetry originally from Japan. Traditional Japanese haiku consist of three phrases that contain a ''kireji'', or "cutting word", 17 '' on'' (phonetic units similar to syllables) in a 5, 7, 5 pattern, and a ''kigo'', or se ...

master Bashō sets out on his last great voyage, which will result in the prose and verse classic ''

Oku no Hosomichi ''Oku no Hosomichi'' (, originally ), translated as ''The Narrow Road to the Deep North'' and ''The Narrow Road to the Interior'', is a major work of ''haibun'' by the Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō, considered one of the major texts of Japanese l ...

'' ("Narrow Road to the Interior").

April–June

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 – ...

– A total

lunar eclipse A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow. Such alignment occurs during an eclipse season, approximately every six months, during the full moon phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the plane of the Earth ...

is visible in central Asia. * April 11 (O.S.) –

and

are crowned in London as King and Queen of

and

. Ireland does not recognise them yet, while the

Estates of Scotland The Parliament of Scotland ( sco, Pairlament o Scotland; gd, Pàrlamaid na h-Alba) was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland from the 13th century until 1707. The parliament evolved during the early 13th century from the king's council of ...

declare King

James VII of Scotland James VII and II (14 October 1633 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685. He was deposed in the Glorious Re ...

deposed. *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. * 1428 – Peace of Ferrara betw ...

Boston revolt The 1689 Boston revolt was a popular uprising on April 18, 1689, against the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, the governor of the Dominion of New England. A well-organized "mob" of provincial militia and citizens formed in the town of Boston, the cap ...

: Unpopular

New England New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces ...

Governor Sir Edmund Andros and other officials are overthrown by a "mob" of

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

ians. Andros, an appointee of

, is disliked for his support of the

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain ...

, and revocation of various colonial charters. ** The

Siege of Derry The siege of Derry in 1689 was the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland. The siege was preceded by a first attempt against the town by Jacobite forces on 7 December 1688 that was foiled when 13 apprentices shut the gates ...

begins in Ireland as former King James II arrives at the gates of

Derry Derry, officially Londonderry (), is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fifth-largest city on the island of Ireland. The name ''Derry'' is an anglicisation of the Old Irish name (modern Irish: ) meaning 'oak grove'. The ...

and asks for its surrender during the Williamite War in Ireland. The

Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

defenders refuse and the siege lasts until August 1 when it is abandoned. . *

May 11 Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...

(May 1 O.S.) – **The

Battle of Bantry Bay The Battle of Bantry Bay was a naval engagement fought on 11 May 1689, a week before the declaration of the Nine Years' War. The English fleet was commanded by Admiral Arthur Herbert, created Earl of Torrington after the Battle; the French fl ...

begins during the Williamite War in Ireland as the French fleet under the Marquis de Châteaurenault is able to protect its transports, unloading supplies for James II, from the English

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...

under the

Earl of Torrington The title of Earl of Torrington was created twice in the Peerage of England. The first creation was in 1660 as a subsidiary title of the Duke of Albemarle. Following the extinction of this title in 1688, the title was created anew in 1689, but b ...

, and withdraws unpursued. **William and Mary accept the Scottish throne a month after the Scottish Parliament votes to depose King James VII * May 12 –

: With England and the Netherlands now both ruled by

, they join the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), thus escalating the conflict, which continues until

1697 Events January–March * January 8 – Thomas Aikenhead is hanged outside Edinburgh, becoming the last person in Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy. * January 11 – French writer Charles Perrault releases the book ''Histoires ou ...

. This is also the effective beginning of

King William's War King William's War (also known as the Second Indian War, Father Baudoin's War, Castin's War, or the First Intercolonial War in French) was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), also known as the War of the Grand All ...

, the first of four North American Wars (until

1763 Events January–March * January 27 – The seat of colonial administration in the Viceroyalty of Brazil is moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. * February 1 – The Royal Colony of North Carolina officially creates Meck ...

) between English and French colonists, both sides allied to Native American tribes. The nature of the fighting is a series of raids on each other's settlements, across the Canadian and

borders. *

May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus La ...

– The Bill of Rights establishes

constitutional monarchy A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies dif ...

in England, but with Roman Catholics barred from the throne. Parliament also passes the Act of Toleration, protecting

Protestants Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to b ...

but with

Roman Catholics The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

intentionally excluded. This effectively concludes the

. * May 25 – The last

hearth tax A hearth tax was a property tax in certain countries during the medieval and early modern period, levied on each hearth, thus by proxy on wealth. It was calculated based on the number of hearths, or fireplaces, within a municipal area and is cons ...

is collected in

England and Wales England and Wales () is one of the three legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom. It covers the constituent countries England and Wales and was formed by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. The substantive law of the jurisdiction is Eng ...

. * May 31 –

Leisler's Rebellion Leisler's Rebellion was an uprising in late-17th century colonial New York The Province of New York (1664–1776) was a British proprietary colony and later royal colony on the northeast coast of North America. As one of the Middle Coloni ...

Calvinist Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...

Jacob Leisler Jacob Leisler ( – May 16, 1691) was a German-born colonist who served as a politician in the Province of New York. He gained wealth in New Amsterdam (later New York City) in the fur trade and tobacco business. In what became known as Leisler's ...

deposes lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson and assumes control of the

Province of New York The Province of New York (1664–1776) was a British proprietary colony and later royal colony on the northeast coast of North America. As one of the Middle Colonies, New York achieved independence and worked with the others to found the Uni ...

. *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 *1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights. *1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...

– The

Convention of Estates The Convention of Estates of Scotland was a sister institution to the Scottish Parliament which sat from the early sixteenth century. Initially it was only attended by the clergy and nobles, but the burgh commissioners were later added. The Conven ...

adjourns in Scotland after 11 weeks and its members form a new Scottish parliament. * June 14 – The

Duke of Gordon The title Duke of Gordon has been created once in the Peerage of Scotland and again in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Dukedom, named after the Clan Gordon, was first created for the 4th Marquess of Huntly, who on 3 November 1684 was c ...

, a Scottish peer and Jacobite supporter, surrenders

Edinburgh Castle Edinburgh Castle is a historic castle in Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. It stands on Castle Rock (Edinburgh), Castle Rock, which has been occupied by humans since at least the Iron Age, although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. ...

to Protestant attackers after holding out for 20 days following the

July–September

July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...

– The

Council of Wales and the Marches The Court of the Council in the Dominion and Principality of Wales, and the Marches of the same, commonly called the Council of Wales and the Marches () or the Council of the Marches, was a regional administrative body based in Ludlow Castle wi ...

is abolished. * July 27 –

First Jacobite rising The Glorious Revolution; gd, Rèabhlaid Ghlòrmhor; cy, Chwyldro Gogoneddus , also known as the ''Glorieuze Overtocht'' or ''Glorious Crossing'' in the Netherlands, is the sequence of events leading to the deposition of King James II and ...

: Battle of Killiecrankie near Pitlochry in

Perthshire Perthshire (locally: ; gd, Siorrachd Pheairt), officially the County of Perth, is a historic county and registration county in central Scotland. Geographically it extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, ...

– Scottish

Covenanter Covenanters ( gd, Cùmhnantaich) were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. The name is derived from ''Covenan ...

supporters of

and

(under Hugh Mackay) are defeated by Jacobite supporters of James II, but the latter's leader,

John Graham, Viscount Dundee John Graham, 7th of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee (21 July 1648 – 27 July 1689) was a Scottish soldier and nobleman, a Tory and an Episcopalian. He was responsible for policing southwest Scotland during and after the religious unrest and r ...

, is killed.

Hand grenade A grenade is an explosive weapon typically thrown by hand (also called hand grenade), but can also refer to a shell (explosive projectile) shot from the muzzle of a rifle (as a rifle grenade) or a grenade launcher. A modern hand grenade genera ...

s are used in action. * July 28 – English sailors break through a floating boom across the

River Foyle The River Foyle () is a river in west Ulster in the northwest of the island of Ireland, which flows from the confluence of the rivers Finn and Mourne at the towns of Lifford in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland, and Strabane in County Ty ...

, to end the

siege of Derry The siege of Derry in 1689 was the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland. The siege was preceded by a first attempt against the town by Jacobite forces on 7 December 1688 that was foiled when 13 apprentices shut the gates ...

after 105 days. *

August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. *216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...

–

Boston Revolt The 1689 Boston revolt was a popular uprising on April 18, 1689, against the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, the governor of the Dominion of New England. A well-organized "mob" of provincial militia and citizens formed in the town of Boston, the cap ...

: Edmund Andros, former governor of the

Dominion of New England The Dominion of New England in America (1686–1689) was an administrative union of English colonies covering New England and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies (except for Delaware Colony and the Province of Pennsylvania). Its political structure represe ...

, escapes from Boston to

Connecticut Connecticut () is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its cap ...

, but is recaptured. *

August 5 Events Pre-1600 *AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty. * 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...

–

Beaver Wars The Beaver Wars ( moh, Tsianì kayonkwere), also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars (french: Guerres franco-iroquoises) were a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th century in North America throughout t ...

: Lachine massacre – A force of 1,500

Iroquois The Iroquois ( or ), officially the Haudenosaunee ( meaning "people of the longhouse"), are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America/ Turtle Island. They were known during the colonial years to ...

largely destroys the village of Lachine,

New France New France (french: Nouvelle-France) was the area colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spai ...

. * August 12 – Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi, b. 1611), Pope since

1676 Events January–March * January 29 – Feodor III of Russia, Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia. * January 31 – Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, the oldest institution of higher education in Central America, is fo ...

, dies. He played a major part in founding both the League of Augsburg, against Louis XIV, and the Holy League, against the Ottoman Empire. * August 20 – A large

Williamite A Williamite was a follower of King William III of England (r. 1689–1702) who deposed King James II and VII in the Glorious Revolution. William, the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, replaced James with the support of English Whigs. One ...

force under

Marshal Schomberg Friedrich Hermann von Schönberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg, 1st Count of Mertola, (french: Frédéric-Armand; pt, Armando Frederico; 6 December 1615 – 1 July 1690) was a Marshal of France and a General in the English and Portuguese Army. He was ...

begins the

siege of Carrickfergus The siege of Carrickfergus took place in August 1689 when a force of Williamite troops under Marshal Schomberg landed and laid siege to the Jacobite garrison of Carrickfergus in Ireland. After a week the Jacobites surrendered, and were allowe ...

in the north of Ireland, which surrenders on August 27. *

August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. * 1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars. *1169 – Battle o ...

– First Jacobite rising:

Battle of Dunkeld The Battle of Dunkeld ( gd, Blàr Dhùn Chaillinn) was fought between Jacobite clans supporting the deposed king James VII of Scotland and a regiment of covenanters supporting William of Orange, King of Scotland, in the streets around Dunke ...

– Covenanters defeat the Jacobites in Scotland. * August 23 – **Roman Catholic cardinals convene in Rome for a

papal conclave A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop of Rome, also known as the pope. Catholics consider the pope to be the Apostolic succession, apostolic successor of Saint ...

to elect a successor to Pope Innocent XI. The conclave lasts until October 6. **Gravely ill, the Empress Xiaoyiren is proclaimed empress by her husband, China's

Emperor Kangxi The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...

, after having been Imperial Noble Consort since 1682. She dies the next day. * August 27 –

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

and

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

sign the

Treaty of Nerchinsk The Treaty of Nerchinsk () of 1689 was the first treaty between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing dynasty of China. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Range and kept the area between the Argun River ...

. * September 8 – The Siege of

Mainz Mainz () is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Mainz is on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite to the place that the Main (river), Main joins the Rhine. Downstream of the confluence, the Rhine flows to the north-we ...

(in the modern-day Rheinland-Pfalz state of Germany), which had started on June 1, ends after almost three months, as French General

Nicolas Chalon du Blé Nicolas Chalon du Blé, marquis d'Uxelles and Cormatin (24 January 1652 – 10 April 1730) was a French general and Foreign Minister. He was also created a knight and Marshal of France by Louis XIV, and was a diplomat for Louis XIV and Philippe II ...

surrenders the walled city to the armies of Austria and the Dutch Republic. * September 9 – King William brings England into a military alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a fight against France in the

Nine Years War The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg monarch ...

. *

September 24 Events Pre-1600 *787 – Second Council of Nicaea: The council assembles at the church of Hagia Sophia. *1568 – Spanish naval forces defeat an English fleet, under the command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near ...

– The Holy Roman Empire wins the Battle of Niš, fought against the Ottoman Empire during the

Great Turkish War The Great Turkish War (german: Großer Türkenkrieg), also called the Wars of the Holy League ( tr, Kutsal İttifak Savaşları), was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Pola ...

in modern-day

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...

. *

September 28 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII. * 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus ...

and 29 – A total

is visible in eastern America, western Europe and west Africa.

October–December

* October 6 – The papal conclave in Rome unanimously elects Pietro Vito Ottoboni as the new Pope. Ottoboni takes the name

Alexander VIII Pope Alexander VIII ( it, Alessandro VIII; 22 April 1610 – 1 February 1691), born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 1689 to his death in February 1691. He is to date the las ...

and succeeds

Pope Innocent XI Pope Innocent XI ( la, Innocentius XI; it, Innocenzo XI; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 to his death on August 12, 1689. Poli ...

, to become the 241st pope, the first Venetian to hold the office in over 200 years. * October 26 –

Skopje fire of 1689 The fire of Skopje started on 26 October 1689 and lasted for two days, burning much of the city; only some stone-built structures, such as the fortress and some churches and mosques, were relatively undamaged. The fire had a disastrous effect on ...

occurs, lasting for two days and burning much of the city. *

November 11 Events Pre-1600 * 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, ''Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the T ...

– The Siege of Larache in Morocco ends when the Spanish troops surrender to Mawlay Ismail and the Moroccan forces. *

November 22 Events Pre-1600 * 498 – After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore. * 845 – The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Fra ...

–

Peter the Great Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...

decrees the construction of the

Great Siberian Road The Siberian Route (russian: Сибирский тракт; ''Sibirsky trakt''), also known as the Moscow Highway (, Московский тракт) and Great Highway (, Большой тракт), was a historic route that connected European Rus ...

to China. * December 10 – A great

comet A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process that is called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena ar ...

is visible from Pekin and sightings continue until December 24th, including many sightings from Dutch ships near the equator. *

December 16 Events Pre-1600 * 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom. * 755 ...

– Convention Parliament – The English Bill of Rights is officially declared in force. * December 22 – A serious earthquake strikes

Innsbruck Innsbruck (; bar, Innschbruck, label=Bavarian language, Austro-Bavarian ) is the capital of Tyrol (state), Tyrol and the List of cities and towns in Austria, fifth-largest city in Austria. On the Inn (river), River Inn, at its junction with the ...

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Date unknown

plots to overthrow his half-sister

Sophia Sophia means "wisdom" in Greek. It may refer to: *Sophia (wisdom) *Sophia (Gnosticism) *Sophia (given name) Places *Niulakita or Sophia, an island of Tuvalu *Sophia, Georgetown, a ward of Georgetown, Guyana *Sophia, North Carolina, an unincorpor ...

regent A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...

of Russia. * Supporters of William of Orange seize Liverpool Castle in the north west of England. * The English

East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southea ...

expands its influence, and a Committee of the House of Commons is formed to deal with the concerns of the Company. *

Valvasor Johann Weikhard Freiherr von Valvasor or Johann Weichard Freiherr von Valvasor ( sl, Janez Vajkard Valvasor, ) or simply Valvasor (baptised on 28 May 1641 – September or October 1693) was a natural historian and polymath from Carniola, p ...

's '' The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola'' is printed in

Nuremberg Nuremberg ( ; german: link=no, Nürnberg ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest ...

. * The first documented performance of the opera '' Dido and Aeneas'' by

Henry Purcell Henry Purcell (, rare: September 1659 – 21 November 1695) was an English composer. Purcell's style of Baroque music was uniquely English, although it incorporated Italian and French elements. Generally considered among the greatest E ...

takes place at

Josias Priest Josias Priest (''c.'' 1645 – 3 January 1735 in Chelsea, London) was an English dancer, dancing-master and choreographer. Biography In 1669, Priest was arrested along with four others for dancing and making music without a license. In 1668, he wa ...

's girls' school in

Chelsea, London Chelsea is an affluent area in west London, England, due south-west of Charing Cross by approximately 2.5 miles. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames and for postal purposes is part of the south-western postal area. Chelsea histori ...

, with a libretto based on the ''

Aeneid The ''Aeneid'' ( ; la, Aenē̆is or ) is a Latin Epic poetry, epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Troy, Trojan who fled the Trojan_War#Sack_of_Troy, fall of Troy and travelled to ...

Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 7021 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: t ...

. *

suffers a

smallpox Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus) which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) c ...

epidemic.

Births

Pierre-Joseph_Alary_-_Versailles_MV_2971

Gobert, attributed - Marie Anne de Bourbon, Princess of Condé - Versailles, MV3758

Benzelius, Henric ur 427 porträtter af namnkunniga svenske män och fruntimmer (1847)

Frans_van_Mieris_(II),_by_Jacob_Houbraken

January

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army. This prompts the tribunes who support him to flee to Ravenna, where Caesar is waiting. * 1325 – Alfonso IV ...

– Robert Murray, Brigadier-General, Scottish soldier, Member of Parliament (d.

1738 Events January–March * January 1 – At least 664 African slaves drown, when the Dutch West Indies Company slave ship ''Leusden'' capsizes and sinks in the Maroni River, during its arrival in Surinam. The Dutch crew escape ...

) *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...

–

Charles Parkin Charles Parkin (1689–1765) was an English clergyman and antiquarian. He was rector of Oxburgh in Norfolk, and assisted Francis Blomefield on his history of the county, completing it after Blomefield's death. Life The son of William Parkin of L ...

, English clergyman and antiquarian (d.

1765 Events January–March * January 23 – Prince Joseph of Austria marries Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria in Vienna. * January 29 – One week before his death, Mir Jafar, who had been enthroned as the Nawab of Bengal and ru ...

) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...

– Giovanni Gaetano Bottari, Italian scholar and critic (d.

1775 Events Summary The American Revolutionary War began this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress t ...

) *

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. * 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...

–

Edmond Jean François Barbier Edmond Jean François Barbier (16 January 1689 – 29 January 1771) was a French jurisconsult of the parliament and author of a historical journal of the time of Louis XV. He was born in Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous ...

, French historian (d.

1771 Events January– March * January 5 – The Great Kalmyk (Torghut) Migration is led by Ubashi Khan, from the east bank of the Lower Volga River back to the homeland of Dzungaria, at this time under Qing Dynasty rule. * January 9 ...

) *

January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...

Montesquieu Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (; ; 18 January 168910 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher. He is the principa ...

, French social commentator and political thinker (d.

1755 Events January–March * January 23 (O. S. January 12, Tatiana Day, nowadays celebrated on January 25) – Moscow University is established. * February 13 – The kingdom of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the ...

) **

Jan Abel Wassenbergh Jan Abel Wassenbergh (18 January 1689, Groningen – ca. 20 July 1750, Groningen), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands. Biography According to Jan van Gool and the RKD he first studied law and then took drawing lessons ...

, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d.

1750 Various sources, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the pre-industrial era. Events January–March * January 13 – The Treaty of Madrid between Spain ...

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Co ...

– Daniel Henchman, bookseller (d.

1761 Events January–March * January 14 – Third Battle of Panipat: Ahmad Shah Durrani and his coalition decisively defeat the Maratha Confederacy, and restore the Mughal Empire to Shah Alam II. * January 16 – Siege of Pondi ...

) *

–

Philibert Orry Philibert Orry, count of Vignory and lord of La Chapelle-Godefroy (born in Troyes on 22 January 1689 – died at La Chapelle-Godefroy on 9 November 1747), was a French statesman. Life The fifth child of Jean Orry, a leading economist, Philibert ...

, French politician (d.

1747 Events January–March * January 31 – The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital. * February 11 – King George's War: A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Captain Nicolas Antoine II Coul ...

) *

January 23 Events Pre-1600 * 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor. * 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao. *1264 & ...

– Joseph Ames, English bibliographer and antiquary (d.

1759 In Great Britain, this year was known as the ''Annus Mirabilis'', because of British victories in the Seven Years' War. Events January–March * January 6 – George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Custis. * January 11 &ndas ...

) *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. *1438 – The Cou ...

– Gaspare Diziani, Italian painter (d.

1767 Events January–March * January 1 – The first annual volume of ''The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris'', produced by British Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, gives navigators the ...

) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler o ...

–

James Rait James Rait, MA (1689–1777) was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Scottish Episcopal Church as the Bishop of Brechin from 1742 to 1777. Biography He was consecrated the Bishop of the Diocese of Brechin on 4 October 1742 at Edinbur ...

, Bishop of Brechin (d.

1777 Events January–March * January 2 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general George Washington's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, in a second ...

)

February

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...

–

Thomas Jenner Sir Thomas Jenner (1637–1707) was an English barrister, Baron of the Exchequer and Justice of the Common Pleas, closely associated with the Stuart kings Charles II and James II of England. Life He was born at Mayfield, Sussex, eldest son of ...

, English academic (d.

1768 Events January–March * January 9 – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus, with acrobats on galloping horses, in London. * February 11 – Samuel Adams's circular letter is issued by the Massachusetts House of Rep ...

) *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states. *1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire. *1488 – ...

– Blas de Lezo, admiral of the Spanish Empire (d.

1741 Events January–March * January 13 – Lanesborough, Massachusetts is created as a township. * February 13 – Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, popularizes the term "the balance of power" in a spe ...

) *

–

Leonardo Antonio Olivieri Leonardo Antonio Olivieri or Oliviero (February 23, 1689 – June 7, 1752) was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque. Biography He initially trained in his native town of Martina Franca in Puglia, under his uncle. He then moved to Naples ...

, Italian painter (d.

1752 In the British Empire, it was the only leap year with 355 days, as September 3–13 were skipped when the Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March * January 1 – The British Empire (except Scotland, which h ...

) * c.

–

Samuel Bellamy Captain Samuel Bellamy ( c. 23 February, 1689 – 26 April 1717), later known as "Black Sam" Bellamy, was an English sailor, turned pirate, who operated in the early 18th century. He is best known as the wealthiest pirate in recorded history, an ...

, English pirate captain (d.

1717 Events January–March * January 1 – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador to the Kingdom of Great Britain, is arrested in London over a plot to assist the Pretender to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart. * Ja ...

) *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantinople ...

Pietro Gnocchi Pietro Gnocchi (27 February 1689 – 9 December 1775)Bongiovanni, ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' was an Italian composer, choir director, historian, and geographer of the late Baroque era, active mainly in Brescia, where he was choir d ...

, Italian composer (d.

) ** John Roosevelt, American businessman and alderman (d.

) ** Maximilian Emanuel of Württemberg-Winnental, German noble (d.

1709 In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March * January 1 – Battle of St. John's: The French capture St. John' ...

)

March

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 &nd ...

– Thomas Ingoldsby, British politician (d.

) *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...

–

Charles-Michel Mesaiger Charles-Michel Mesaiger (7 March 1689 – 7 August 1766) was a French Jesuit priest who spent some time in missionary work in present-day Canada. Mesaiger arrived in Canada in 1722 and spent a number of years in the mission to the Ottawas at ...

, Jesuit priest (d.

1766 Events January–March * January 1 – Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") becomes the new Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain, as King Charles III, and figurehead for Jacobitism. * January 14 – Chr ...

) * March 11 **

Roger Handasyd Lieutenant General Roger Handasyd, also spelt Handaside, (11 March 1689 – 4 January 1763) was an English military officer and Member of Parliament for different seats between 1722 and 1754. Often cited as one of the longest serving officers in ...

, British Army officer (d.

) **

Nanbu Toshimoto was a mid-Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 6th ''daimyō'' of Morioka Domain in northern Japan. He was the 32nd hereditary chieftain of the Nanbu clan. His courtesy title was ''Bingo-no-kami'', (later ''Daizen-no-suke'') and his Court rank w ...

, mid-Edo period Japanese samurai, the 6th daimyō of Morioka Domain (d.

1725 Events January–March * January 15 – James Macrae, a former captain of a freighter for the British East India Company, is hired by the Company to administer the Madras Presidency (at the time, the "Presidency of Fort St. Ge ...

) * March 19 –

Pierre-Joseph Alary Pierre-Joseph Alary (19 March 1689, Paris – 15 December 1770) was a French ecclesiastic and writer. Biography Prior of Gournay-sur-Marne and sous-précepteur to Louis XV, he attended the salon of Madame de Lambert, was elected to the Acad� ...

, French ecclesiastic and writer (d.

1770 Events January– March * January 1 – The foundation of Fort George, Bombay is laid by Colonel Keating, principal engineer, on the site of the former Dongri Fort. * February 1 – Thomas Jefferson's home at Shadwell, Virgi ...

) * March 20 –

Thomas Robie Thomas Robie (March 20, 1689 – August 28, 1729) was a scientist and physician of the British colonies in America. His scientific interests were primarily in meteorology, astronomy, and medicine. Biography He was born in Boston, Massachusett ...

, Colonial American scientist and physician (d.

1729 Events January–March * January 8 – Frederick, the eldest son of King George II of Great Britain is made Prince of Wales at the age of 21, a few months after he comes to Britain for the first time after growing up in Hanover ...

) *

March 25 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. * 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...

–

Peder Hersleb Peder Hersleb (25 March 1689 – 4 April 1757) was a Norwegian-Danish clergyman and Bishop. Biography Hersleb was born in Steinkjer in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway, the son of Christopher Hersleb and Sophie Borch. He became a student at Trondhei ...

, Norwegian bishop (d.

1757 Events January–March * January 2 – Seven Years' War: The British Army, under the command of Robert Clive, captures Calcutta, India. * January 5 – Robert-François Damiens makes an unsuccessful assassination attempt ...

) * March 26 – Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria, Austrian Royal (d.

1743 Events January–March * January 1 – The Verendrye brothers, probably Louis-Joseph and François de La Vérendrye, become the first white people to see the Rocky Mountains from the eastern side (the Spanish conquistadors ...

)

April

April 2 Events Pre-1600 *1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Jo ...

– Arthur Dobbs, Irish politician, governor of the Province of North Carolina (d.

) *

April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...

– William Holmes, English academic and Dean of Exeter (d.

1748 Events January–March * January 12 – Ahmad Shah Durrani captures Lahore. * January 27 – A fire at the prison and barracks at Kinsale, in Ireland, kills 54 of the prisoners of war housed there. An estimated 500 prison ...

) *

April 14 Events Pre-1600 * 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum. * 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor Otho ...

–

William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine (14 April 1689 – 9 July 1746) was a Scottish nobleman and Jacobite who took part in the rebellions of 1715, 1719, and 1745. Attainted for his role in 1715, his younger brother James succeeded as ...

, Scottish army officer and Jacobite leader (d.

1746 Events January–March * January 8 – The Young Pretender Charles Edward Stuart occupies Stirling, Scotland. * January 17 – Battle of Falkirk Muir: British Government forces are defeated by Jacobite forces. * February 1 ...

) * April 15 – Richard Ward, American colonial governor (d.

) *

–

Marie Anne de Bourbon Marie Anne de Bourbon, ''Légitimée de France','' born Marie Anne de La Blaume Le Blanc, by her marriage Princess of Conti then Princess Dowager of Conti, ''suo jure'' Duchess of La Vallière and of Vaujours (2 October 1666 – 3 May 1739) ...

, French noble (d.

1720 Events January–March * February 10 – Edmond Halley is appointed as Astronomer Royal for England. * January 21 – Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War). * February 17 – The Treaty of ...

) *

April 21 Events Pre-1600 *753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date). * 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered ...

–

Johann Jakob Fried Johann Jakob Fried (21 April 1689, Strasbourg – 3 September 1769, Strasbourg) was a German obstetrician. He is sometimes referred to as the "Father of German midwifery".1769 Events January–March * February 2 – Pope Clement XIII dies, the night before preparing an order to dissolve the Jesuits.Denis De Lucca, ''Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture in ...

) * April 24 –

Giovanni Antonio Faldoni Giovanni Antonio Faldoni (24 April 1689 – ) was an Italian painter and engraver, citizen of the Republic of Venice. He was born in Asolo, province of Treviso, and was active in Venice. He trained under a landscape painter named Antonio Lucian ...

, Italian painter and engraver (d.

) * April 30 – Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou, French politician (d.

1749 Events January–March * January 3 ** Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont. ** The first issue of ''Berlingske'', Denmark's oldest continually operating newspaper, ...

)

May

* May 1 –

Martha Fowke Martha Fowke, later Martha Sansom, (1 May 1689 – 1736) was an English poet associated chiefly with the circle about Aaron Hill. She was the daughter of Major Thomas Fowke, an army officer murdered in 1708,Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements and ...

, English poet (d.

1736 Events January–March * January 12 – George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, becomes the first Field Marshal of Great Britain. * January 23 – The Civil Code of 1734 is passed in Sweden. * January 26 – Stanislaus I of Pol ...

) * May 2 –

Franz de Paula Ferg Franz de Paula Ferg (2 May 1689 – 1740), also known as Francis Paul Ferg, was an Austrian painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. He painted primarily scenes of daily life, such as people interacting in markets and villages. Life Ferg was born ...

, Austrian painter (d.

1740 Events January–March * January 8 – All 237 crewmen on the Dutch East India Company ship ''Rooswijk'' are drowned, when the vessel strikes the shoals of Goodwin Sands, off of the coast of England, as it is beginning its secon ...

) * May 5 – John Tufts, American minister and music educator (d.

) *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. *1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...

–

José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda José Antonio Manso de Velasco y Sánchez de Samaniego, KOS ( es, José Antonio Manso de Velasco y Sánchez de Samaniego, primer Conde de Superunda) (May 10, 1689 – Jan 5, 1767) was a Spanish soldier and politician who served as governor of Chi ...

, Royal Governor of Chile (d.

) *

– Heinrich Karl Ludwig de Herault, Prussian Army general (d.

) *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...

–

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (née Pierrepont; 15 May 168921 August 1762) was an English aristocrat, writer, and poet. Born in 1689, Lady Mary spent her early life in England. In 1712, Lady Mary married Edward Wortley Montagu, who later served a ...

, writer and poet from England (d.

1762 Events January–March * January 4 – Britain enters the Seven Years' War against Spain and Naples. * January 5 – Empress Elisabeth of Russia dies, and is succeeded by her nephew Peter III. Peter, an admirer of Frederick t ...

) *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...

– Samuel Adams Sr., American brewer (d.

) * May 21 –

André-François Deslandes André-François Boureau-Deslandes (21 May 1689 – 11 April 1757) was a French philosopher. Deslandes has been viewed as an important precursor of the ''Encyclopédistes''. He was appointed Commissioner of the Port of Brest in 1716, was a corresp ...

, French philosopher (d.

) *

– Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea, British politician (d.

1769 Events January–March * February 2 – Pope Clement XIII dies, the night before preparing an order to dissolve the Jesuits.Denis De Lucca, ''Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture in ...

) *

May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &ndash ...

–

Andreas Jakob von Dietrichstein Andreas Jakob von Dietrichstein (27 May 1689, Moravia – 5 January 1753, Salzburg) was successor to Prince-Archbishop Liechtenstein and ruled in Salzburg from 1747 to 1753, shortly before the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Biography Early li ...

, Archbishop of Salzburg (d.

1753 Events January–March * January 3 – King Binnya Dala of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom orders the burning of Ava, the former capital of the Kingdom of Burma. * January 29 – After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns ...

) * May 28 – Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel, German prince (d.

) * May 29 –

Louis de Gramont, 6th Duke of Gramont Louis of Gramont (29 May 1689 – Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745) was Duke of Gramont and a French general in the War of Austrian Succession. Early life He was the son of Marshal of France Antoine V de Gramont and Marie-Christine de Noailles ...

, French general (d. 1745)

June

* June 1 – Henri François, comte de Ségur, French general (d. 1751) * June 2 – Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, British politician, bibliophile, collector and patron of the arts (d.

) * June 6 – Algernon Coote, 6th Earl of Mountrath, Irish politician (d. 1744) * June 7 – Antoine Louis Rouillé, French noble (d.

) * June 12 – Sir Richard Grosvenor, 4th Baronet, British politician; (d. 1732) * June 19 – Montague Blundell, 1st Viscount Blundell, Irish Viscount (d. 1756) * June 23 – George Hay, 8th Earl of Kinnoull, British diplomat (d. 1758) * June 24 – Giovanni Casini, Portrait painter and sculptor (d.

) * June 26 ** Edward Holyoke, American academic administrator, 9th president of Harvard (d.

) ** James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater, English noble (d. 1716)

July

* July 6 – Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein, Roman Catholic archbishop (d.

) * July 9 – Alexis Piron, French writer (d. 1773) * July 14 – Antoine Gaubil, French missionary (d.

) * July 15 – Mary Montagu, Duchess of Montagu (1689–1751), Mary Montagu, Duchess of Montagu (d. 1751) * July 16 – Samuel Molyneux, Irish politician (d. 1728) * July 17 – Christian, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried-Rheinfels (d.

) * July 21 – John Quincy, American soldier and politician (d.

) * July 22 – Szymon Czechowicz, Polish artist (d.

) * July 24 – Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, son of Queen Anne (d. 1700) * July 26 – Maria Anna Josepha Althann, Spanish noble (d.

)

August

* August 1 – Pedro de Calatayud, writer (d. 1773) * August 3 – Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny, Marshal of France (d. 1778) * August 4 – James Cotter the Younger, Leader of the Catholics of Cork (d.

) * August 7 – Henric Benzelius, Swedish archbishop (d. 1758) * August 8 – Wenzel Lorenz Reiner, Czech painter (d.

) * August 19 – Samuel Richardson, English writer and printer (d.

) *

– Josep Prades i Gallent, Organist and composer (d.

)

September

* September 1 ** Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, Czech architect (d. 1751) ** Philipp Segesser, Swiss missionary (d.

) * September 4 ** Hugh Bethell (died 1747), Hugh Bethell, British Member of Parliament (d.

) ** Thomas Lawrence (mayor), Thomas Lawrence, American mayor (d. 1754) ** Anna Sophie Schack, Danish noblewoman (d. 1760) * September 13 – Johan Fredrik Peringskiöld, Swedish translator (d.

) * September 17 – Ferdinand Charles, comte d'Aspremont-Lynden, army general (d. 1772) * September 18 – Gabriel Malagrida, Italian missionary (d.

) * September 21 – Jan Klemens Branicki, Polish noble (d.

) * September 22 – Catharina Backer, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d.

) * September 23 – Antonio Denzio, Italian opera singer (d.

) *

– Johann Adam Steinmetz, German pastor (d.

) * September 26 – Nijō Yoshitada, Japanese noble (d. 1737) * September 27 – Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby, English noble and politician (d. 1776) * September 29 – Henry Perrot, British Member of Parliament (d.

) * September 30 – Jacques Aubert, French composer and violinist (d.

)

October

* October 10 – Francesco Maria Pratilli, Italian priest, antiquarian, famed for skilled forgeries (d.

) * October 15 – Nicolas-Ignace de Beaubois, French missionary (d.

) * October 22 ** King John V of Portugal, Portuguese king (d.

) ** Matthew Skinner, English serjeant-at-law, judge and politician (d.

) * October 29 – Tokugawa Yoshimichi, daimyo (d. 1713) * October 31 – Mildmay Fane, British politician (d. 1715)

November

* November 2 ** Michael Cox (archbishop of Cashel), Michael Cox, Anglican archbishop in Ireland (d. 1779) ** Charles-François Panard, French chansonnier and poet (d.

) ** Joan Paul Schaghen, Dutch governor (d.

) * November 3 ** Jan Josef Ignác Brentner, Czech composer (d. 1742) ** John Crowley (1659–1728), John Crowley, British Member of Parliament (d. 1728) * November 4 – Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal, Portuguese nobleman and statesman (d. 1742) * November 6 ** Reynolds Calthorpe (1689–1714), Reynolds Calthorpe, politician (d. 1714) ** Christoph Schütz, German theologian (d.

) * November 8 – Henry XXXV, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (d. 1758) * November 17 – Jean François Foppens, Flemish historian (d.

) * November 21 – Jacques I, Prince of Monaco, Prince consort of Monaco (d. 1751) * November 29 – Johann Theodor Eller, German chemist and physician (d. 1760) * November 30 ** Lars Gathenhielm, Swedish privateer (d. 1718) ** Joseph Wamps, French painter (d. 1744)

December

* December 1 – Hieronymus Albrecht Hass, harpsichord maker (d.

) * December 4 – Gottfried Lengnich, historian and politician (d. 1774) * December 8 – Albert Wolfgang of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Titular margrave of Brandenburg, imperial general (d. 1734) * December 11 – Ignatius van der Beken, Flemish painter (d. 1774) * December 14 – Agostino Veracini, Italian painter (d.

) * December 21 – Arthur Ingram, 6th Viscount of Irvine, British peer and politician (d.

) * December 23 – Joseph Bodin de Boismortier, French composer (d.

) * December 24 – Frans van Mieris the Younger, Dutch painter (d.

) * December 27 – Jacob August Franckenstein, Encyclopedia editor, professor (d. 1733)

Deaths

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Johannes_Priwitzer_Conyers_Darcy_1st_Earl_of_Holderness

January

* January 6 ** Cristoforo Ivanovich, Venetian historian and librettist of Serb origin (b. 1628) ** Bishop Seth Ward (bishop of Salisbury), Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury, mathematician and astronomer (b. 1617) * January 9 – Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 4th Baronet, English politician (b. 1632) *

– Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare, English politician (b. 1633) *

** Ernest Günther I, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (b. 1609) ** Humphrey Lloyd (bishop), Humphrey Lloyd, British bishop (b. 1610) *

– Henry Waldegrave, 1st Baron Waldegrave, English peer and Jacobite supporter (b. 1661) * January 27 ** Robert Aske (merchant), Robert Aske, merchant & haberdasher in the City of London (b. 1619) ** Sir Henry Beaumont, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1638) ** Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper, English noble and colonial governor of Virginia (b. 1635) * January 28 – Bernardino Corniani, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula (b. 1626) *

– Maria van Cortlandt van Rensselaer, Dutch director of Rensselaerswyck (Albany, New York) (b. 1645) * January 31 – Manuel de Herrera, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Durango (b. 1635)

February

– Sir John Borlase, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1642) * February 4 – Moshe ben Yonatan Galante, Ottoman rabbi (b. 1621) * February 5 – William Coddington Jr., Rhode Island colonial governor (b. 1651) * February 6 – Metcalfe Robinson, English politician (b. 1629) * February 8 – Sir John Gell, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1613) * February 12 – Marie Louise d'Orléans, Queen of Spain as the wife of King Charles II (b. 1662) * February 13 – Carlo Pio di Savoia, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1622) * February 18 – Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, Spanish politician and military personnel (b. 1635) * February 19 – Khushal Khattak, Afghan poet (b. 1613) * February 21 – Isaac Vossius, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1618) * February 22 – Willem Ogier, Flemish playwright (b. 1618) * February 24 – Elsa Elisabeth Brahe, Swedish countess and duchess (b. 1632) * February 28 – Thomas Benedict, American settler (b. 1617)

March

– Franz Johann von Vogt von Altensumerau und Prasberg, Bishop of Constance (b. 1611) * March 8 – Alexander Parker (Quaker), Alexander Parker, British minister (b. 1628) * March 9 – François Adhémar de Monteil, French priest, Bishop of Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux (b. 1603) * March 10 – Philip Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (b. 1620) * March 11 ** Kim Ik-hun, Korean General and philosopher, solder, politician (b. 1619) ** Sambhaji, High Protector of the Maratha Empire (b. 1657) * March 14 – Anthony Coucheron, Norwegian engineer (b. 1650) * March 15 – Yolo (prince), Yolo, Qing dynasty prince (b. 1625) * March 18 – John Dixwell, regicide (b. 1607) * March 24 ** Thomas Ballard, American politician (b. 1630) ** Michiel ten Hove, Grand Pensionary of Holland (b. 1640) * March 26 – Gabriel Milan, Governor of the Danish West Indies (b. 1631) * March 29 – Sir John Hotham, 2nd Baronet, Member of the House of Commons of England (b. 1632) * March 30 – Kazimierz Łyszczyński, Polish philosopher (b. 1634) * March 31 – Tommaso Caracciolo (bishop of Gerace), Tommaso Caracciolo, Bishop of Gerace (b. 1640)

April

– Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria, youngest surviving daughter of Ferdinand III (b. 1654) * April 12 – John Hunting (settler), John Hunting, first ruling elder of the church of Dedham, Massachusetts (b. 1602) *

– Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna, Italian noble (b. 1637) * April 16 – Aphra Behn, British playwright, poet and spy (b. 1640) *

– George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, Welsh judge, aka the Hanging Judge (b. 1645) * April 19 – Christina, Queen of Sweden, ruled from 1632 until abdication in 1654 (b. 1626) * April 22 – Thomas Proby, English politician (b. 1632)

May

– Charles Goodall (poet), Charles Goodall, English poet (b. 1671) * May 12 – Sir John Reresby, 2nd Baronet, English politician and diarist (b. 1634) *

– Jean Paul Médaille, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1618) * May 20 – Estevão Brioso de Figueiredo, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Funchal of Olinda (b. 1630) * May 23 – Charles Erskine, Earl of Mar, Scottish noble (b. 1650) * May 25 – Charles Errard, French painter (b. 1606)

June

* June 4 – René Gaultier de Varennes, New France governor (b. 1635) * June 7 – Alphonse de Berghes, Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1624) * June 8 – Decio Azzolino, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1623) * June 9 – François Bonnemer, French painter and engraver (b. 1638) * June 10 – Christophe Veyrier, sculptor (b. 1637) * June 13 – William Annand (minister), William Annand, Minister of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England (b. 1633) * June 14 – Conyers Darcy, 1st Earl of Holderness, English noble (b. 1598) * June 17 ** Jan Baptist de Crépu, Flemish painter and army officer (b. 1631) ** Marcin Zamoyski, Polish noble (b. 1637) * June 20 ** Willem Coucheron, Dutch general in the Dano-Norwegian army (b. 1600) ** Richard Sherlock (priest), Richard Sherlock, English Anglican priest (b. 1612) * June 21 – Thomas Blanchet, French painter (b. 1614) * June 25 – William Thomas (bishop of Worcester), William Thomas, Welsh Anglican bishop (b. 1613) * June 27 – Richard Waldron, colonial settler, acting President of the Province of New Hampshire (b. 1615) * June 28 – Thomas Mainwaring, English politician (b. 1623)

July

* July 1 – Anne Crawford-Lindsay, Scottish nobility (b. 1631) * July 2 – Edward Villiers (1620–1689), Edward Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (b. 1620) * July 7 – Princess Louise of Savoy, Hereditary Princess of Baden-Baden (b. 1627) * July 8 ** Menahem Mendel Auerbach, Austrian banker and rabbi (b. 1620) ** Edward Wooster, English Connecticut pioneer (b. 1622) * July 19 – Song Si-yeol, Korean philosopher (b. 1607) * July 23 – Frederick Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg, German noble (b. 1665) * July 27 – John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (b. 1648)

August

* August 6 – Princess Dorothea Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Electress of Brandenburg (b. 1636) * August 9 – Dionisio Lazzari, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1617) * August 12 –

, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1611) * August 13 – Count Maximilian I, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b. 1636) * August 15 – John Gregory (settler), John Gregory, Connecticut settler (b. 1612) * August 17 ** William Boynton, English politician (b. 1641) ** Thomas Street (astronomer), Thomas Street, astronomer (b. 1621) * August 20 – Antonio Marinari, Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Ostia-Velletri, Titular Bishop of Thagaste (b. 1605) *

– William Cleland (poet), William Cleland, Scottish poet and soldier (b. c. 1661) * August 28 ** Claude-Jean Allouez, French Jesuit missionary and explorer of North America (b. 1622) ** Alexander Coosemans, Flemish still life painter (b. 1627) * August 29 – Curwen Rawlinson (MP), Curwen Rawlinson, English politician (b. 1641) * August 30 – John Lake (bishop), John Lake, English bishop (b. 1624)

September

* September 6 – Torii Tadanori, Daimyo who ruled the Takatō Domain in Shinano Province (b. 1646) * September 9 – Jane Lane, Lady Fisher, English Royalist (b. 1626) * September 10 – John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse, English politician and noble (b. 1614) * September 13 – Ciro Ferri, Italian painter, engraver, sculptor and architect (b. 1634) * September 15 ** Balthasar Cellarius, German theologian (b. 1614) ** Timoléon Cheminais de Montaigu, French theologian (b. 1652) * September 18 – Sir Richard Head, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1600) * September 26 – August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (b. 1652) * September 30 – Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Bohemian noble (b. 1641)

October

* October 1 – Alexander Voet the Elder, Flemish engraver (b. 1608) * October 4 – Quirinus Kuhlmann, German Baroque poet and mystic (b. 1651) * October 11 – Fyodor Shaklovity, Russian diplomat (b. 1640) * October 13 – George Ent, English scientist and physician; (b. 1604) * October 14 – Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Swedish prince (b. 1629) * October 15 – Sir Edward Dering, 3rd Baronet, English politician (b. 1650) * October 24 – Stephan Farffler, German inventor (b. 1633) * October 25 – Joseph Maynard, English politician (b. 1639) * October 30 – Pier Antonio Capobianco, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Lacedonia (b. 1619)

November

* November 9 – Enea Silvio Piccolomini (general), Enea Silvio Piccolomini, imperial general (b. 1651) * November 12 – Justus de Verwer, Dutch painter and illustrator (b. 1625) * November 13 ** Matteo Borboni, Italian painter (b. 1610) ** Philipp von Zesen, German poet (b. 1619) * November 16 – Cornelis Mahu, Flemish painter (b. 1613) * November 18 – Jacob van der Ulft, painter from the Northern Netherlands (b. 1621) * November 19 – Elizabeth Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire, English noblewoman; (b. 1619) * November 20 – Samuel Peterson, American city founder (b. 1639) * November 24 – Carey Dillon, 5th Earl of Roscommon, Irish nobleman and professional soldier (b. 1627) * November 26 – Marquard Gude, German archaeologist (b. 1635)

December

* December 2 – George Speke, English politician (b. 1623) * December 6 – Pjetër Bogdani, Albanian priest and writer (b. c. 1630) * December 12 – Louis Ferdinand Elle the Elder, French painter (b. 1612) * December 15 – Anne Neville (abbess), Anne Neville, abbess of Pontoise (b. 1605) *

** Cornelis Geelvinck, Dutch mayor (b. 1621) ** Thomas Wyndham (of Witham Friary), Thomas Wyndham, English Member of Parliament (b. 1640) * December 25 – Oliver Montagu, English Member of Parliament (b. 1655) * December 27 – Gervase Bryan, English clergyman (b. 1622) * December 28 – Pietro Montanini, Italian painter (b. 1626) * December 29 ** Olfert Dapper, Dutch physician and writer (b. 1636) ** George Kinnaird, 1st Lord Kinnaird, Scottish aristocrat (b. 1622) ** Françoise Bertaut de Motteville, French writer (b. 1621) ** Thomas Sydenham, English physician (b. 1624) * December 31 ** Felipe Fernandez de Pardo, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Manila (b. 1611) ** Gilbert de Choiseul Duplessis Praslin, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1613) ** Anders Sinclair, Scottish soldier who joined Swedish service during the Thirty Years' War (b. 1614)

References

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