Šulak
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In the Babylonian magico-medical tradition, Šulak is the lurker of the bathroom or the demon of the privy. Šulak appears in the Babylonian ''
Diagnostic Diagnosis (: diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in a lot of different academic discipline, disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine " ...
Handbook'' (Tablet XXVII), in which various
disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function (biology), function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical condi ...
s are described and attributed to the hand of a
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,
goddess A goddess is a female deity. In some faiths, a sacred female figure holds a central place in religious prayer and worship. For example, Shaktism (one of the three major Hinduism, Hindu sects), holds that the ultimate deity, the source of all re ...
, or spirit. A ''lurker'' is a type of
demon A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity. Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in folklore, mythology, religion, occultism, and literature; these beliefs are reflected in Media (communication), media including f ...
who lies in wait in places where a potential victim is likely to be alone. When a man attends to excretory functions or elimination, he is exposed and hence vulnerable: "Šulak will hit him!" The "hit" may be a type of
stroke Stroke is a medical condition in which poor cerebral circulation, blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: brain ischemia, ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and intracranial hemorrhage, hemor ...
(''mišittu''). Ancient folk etymology held that the name Šulak derived from a phrase meaning "dirty hands", due to his dwelling in the ''bīt musâti'' - literally "house of rinse-water", i.e. lavatory. Šulak is described in Akkadian sources as a
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or bipedal but otherwise normal looking lion. The demon referred to as "The Hitter" or "Striker" elsewhere in the handbook may be Šulak identified by an
epithet An epithet (, ), also a byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) commonly accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a real or fictitious person, place, or thing. It is usually literally descriptive, as in Alfred the Great, Suleima ...
. A much earlier reference to this demon is found in a Hittite diagnostic text. Ancient Mesopotamian medical texts attribute cases of paralysis and stroke to the action of Šulak, a connection possibly due to fears that excessive strain on the toilet could cause such maladies. Protective amulets in the form of the Lion Centaur Urmahlullu, or cuneiform tablets inscribed with spells to ward off Šulak, were often buried in the doorways of lavatories, or in the foundations of the house, or deposited in drainage pipes.


In the Talmud

A similar lavatory demon takes the form of a
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in the
Talmud The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of Haskalah#Effects, modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...
(''
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'' 67a, '' Berachot'' 62a). This "demon of the privy" ''(Sheid beit ha-Kisset)'' appears also in the
Babylonian Talmud The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the centerpiece of Jewi ...
: Stroke and epilepsy were closely related in ancient medicine. This law is not included in the
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. The "demon of the privy" is the type of
unclean spirit In English translations of the Bible, unclean spirit is a common rendering of Greek ''pneuma akatharton'' (πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον; plural ''pneumata akatharta'' (πνεύματα ἀκάθαρτα)), which in its single occurrence i ...
that in the early
Christian era The terms (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. The term is Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord" but is often presented using "our Lord" instead of "the Lord", tak ...
was regarded as causing both physical and spiritual affliction.


See also

* '' Triptych, May–June 1973'' by
Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I. Bacon argued for the importance of nat ...
*
Unclean spirit In English translations of the Bible, unclean spirit is a common rendering of Greek ''pneuma akatharton'' (πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον; plural ''pneumata akatharta'' (πνεύματα ἀκάθαρτα)), which in its single occurrence i ...


Notes


Sources

*Geller, M.J. "West Meets East: Early Greek and Babylonian Diagnosis." In ''Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine'', Studies in Ancient Medicine 27 (Brill, 2004), p. 1
online.
*George, A.R. (2015). On Babylonian Lavatories and Sewars. ''Iraq'', 77: pp 75–106. *Rosner, Fred. ''Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Bible and the Talmud''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, p. 9
online.
*Stol, Marten. ''Epilepsy in Babylonia''. Brill, 1993, pp. 17, 71, and 7
online.
*Stol, Marten. ''Birth in Babylonia and the Bible: Its Mediterranean Setting''. Brill, 2000, p. 16
online.


Further reading

* *Manekin Bamberger, Avigail. "An Akkadian Demon in the Talmud: Between Šulak and Bar-Širiqa", ''JSJ'' 44.2 (2013), 282-287. {{DEFAULTSORT:Sulak (demon) History of ancient medicine Excretion Mesopotamian deities Demons in Judaism Toilet deities