þorn

Thorn or þorn (Þ, þ) is a letter in the Old English, Old Norse, Old Swedish and modern Icelandic alphabets, as well as modern transliterations of the Gothic alphabet, Middle Scots, and some dialects of Middle English. It was also used in medieval Scandinavia but was later replaced with the digraph '' th,'' except in Iceland, where it survives. The letter originated from the rune in the Elder Futhark and was called ''thorn'' in the Anglo-Saxon and ''thorn'' or '' thurs'' in the Scandinavian rune poems. It is similar in appearance to the archaic Greek letter sho (ϸ), although the two are historically unrelated. The only language in which þ is currently in use is Icelandic.

It represented a voiceless dental fricative or its voiced counterpart . However, in modern Icelandic it represents a laminal voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative ,, cited in similar to ''th'' as in the English word ''thick'', or a (usually apical) voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative , similar to ''th'' as in the English word ''the''. Modern Icelandic usage generally excludes the latter, which is instead represented with the letter eth ; however, may occur as an allophone of , and written , when it appears in an unstressed pronoun or adverb after a voiced sound.

In typography, the lowercase thorn character is unusual in that it has both an ascender and a descender.

Uses

English

Old English

The letter thorn was used in Old English very early on, as was ð, which was called eth. Unlike eth, thorn remained in common use through most of the Middle English period. Both letters were used for the phoneme , sometimes by the same scribe. This sound was regularly realised in Old English as the voiced fricative between voiced sounds, but either letter could be used to write it; the modern use of in phonetic alphabets is not the same as the Old English orthographic use. A thorn with the ascender crossed ( Ꝥ) was a popular abbreviation for the word ''that''.

Middle and Early Modern English

The modern digraph '' th'' began to grow in popularity during the 14th century; at the same time, the shape of grew less distinctive, with the letter losing its ascender (becoming similar in appearance to the old wynn (, ), which had fallen out of use by 1300, and to ancient through modern , ). By this stage, ''th'' was predominant and the use of was largely restricted to certain common words and abbreviations. This was the longest-lived use, though with the arrival of movable type printing, the substitution of for became ubiquitous, leading to the common "''ye''", as in ' Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that existed in the printer's types that were imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while did not. The word was never pronounced as /j/, as in ⟨''yes''⟩, though, even when so written. The first printing of the King James Version of the Bible in 1611 used ''y^e'' for "''the''" in places such as Job 1:9, John 15:1, and Romans 15:29. It also used ''y^t'' as an abbreviation for "''that''", in places such as 2 Corinthians 13:7. All were replaced in later printings by ''the'' or ''that'', respectively.

= Abbreviations

=

The following were scribal abbreviations during Middle and Early Modern English using the letter thorn:
* The thorn with stroke (or barred thorn) is the earliest abbreviation, it is used in manuscripts in the Old English language. It is the letter , with a bold horizontal stroke through the ascender, and it represents the word ''þæt'', meaning "the" or "that" (neuter nom. / acc.)
* a Middle English abbreviation for the word ''the''
* a Middle English abbreviation for the word ''that''
* a rare Middle English abbreviation for the word ''thou'' (which was written early on as or )
In later printed texts, given the lack of a sort for the glyph, printers substituted the (visually similar) letter y for the thorn:
* an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word ''this''
* an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word ''the''
* an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word ''that''

Modern English

Thorn in the form of a "Y" survives in pseudo-archaic uses, particularly the stock prefix " ye olde". The definite article spelt with "Y" for thorn is often jocularly or mistakenly pronounced ("yee") or mistaken for the archaic nominative case of the second person plural pronoun, " ye", as in "hear ye!".

Icelandic

Icelandic is the only living language to keep the letter thorn. In Icelandic, ''þ'' is pronounced ''þoddn'', or ''þorn'' . The letter is the 30th in the Icelandic alphabet, modelled after Old Norse alphabet in the 19th century; it is transliterated to ''th'' when it cannot be reproduced and never appears at the end of a word. For example, the name of Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson is anglicised as Hafthor.

Its pronunciation has not varied much, but before the introduction of the eth character, ''þ'' was used to represent the sound , as in the word "''verþa''", which is now spelt ''verða'' (meaning "to become") in modern Icelandic or normalized orthography. Þ was originally taken from the runic alphabet and is described in the First Grammatical Treatise from the 12th-century:

Computing codes

Uppercase and lowercase forms of thorn have Unicode encodings:
*
*

These Unicode codepoints were inherited from ISO/IEC 8859-1 ("ISO Latin-1") encoding.

Variants

Various forms of thorn were used for medieval scribal abbreviations:
*
*
*
*
*
* was used in the Middle English Ormulum

See also

* Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩
* Sho (letter), , a similar letter in the Greek alphabet used to write the Bactrian language
* Yogh, , a letter used in Middle English and Older Scots
* Wynn, , another runic letter used in Old English
* Eth, , another Old English and Icelandic letter

Notes

References

Bibliography

* Freeborn, Dennis (1992) ''From Old English to Standard English''. London: Macmillan
*
*

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorn
Icelandic language
Old English
TH
Middle English
Latin-script letters
Palaeographic letters
English th