écu

The term ''écu'' () or crown may refer to one of several French coins. The first ''écu'' was a gold coin (the ''écu d'or'') minted during the reign of Louis IX of France, in 1266. ''Écu'' (from Latin ''scutum'') means shield, and the coin was so called because its design included the coat of arms of France. The word is related to Catalan '' escut'', Portuguese '' scudo'' or Castilian ''escudo''. The value of the ''écu'' varied considerably over time, and silver coins (known as ''écu d'argent'') were also introduced.

History

Origin

When Louis IX took the throne, France still used small silver deniers, which had circulated since the time of Charlemagne to the exclusion of larger silver or gold coins. Over the years, French kings had granted numerous nobles and bishops the right to strike coins and their “feudal” coinages competed with the royal coinage. Venice and Florence had already shown that there was demand for larger silver and gold coins and in 1266 Louis IX sought an advantage for the royal coinage by expanding it in these areas. His gold écu d'or showed a shield strewn with fleur-de-lis, which was the coat of arms of the kings of France at the time. These coins were valued as if gold was worth only 10 times as much as silver, an unrealistic ratio which Edward III of England had unsuccessfully tried to use. It failed again, Louis IX’s silver coins were a great success but his gold was not accepted at this rate and his successor discontinued gold coinage.

Écu d'or

Philip IV reintroduced gold coinage to France in 1296 and began a sequence of extravagantly designed but rapidly changing types. These coins were generally named for their obverse design, and the écu a la chaise which Philip VI introduced in 1337 showed a shield with the coat of arms of the kings of France beside the seated king. Philip VI spent vast quantities of these coins subsidizing his allies in the Netherlands at the outset of the Hundred Years' War, and this coin was widely copied in the Netherlands.

Charles VI ended the practice of frequently changing gold coin designs (but not that of tampering with their weight and value) with his écu à la couronne in 1385. This is again named after the shield on the obverse, which now has a crown above it and the modern coat of arms of the kings of France with three fleur-de-lis. Charles VI’s father had scored major gains against the English but had passed the cost on to his children. The government of the child Charles VI abandoned his father's sound money policy by replacing his gold franc ''à cheval''. The new ''écu à la couronne'' weighed less than the franc but its value was increased from one livre, i.e. 20 sous, for the franc to 22 sous 6 deniers (i.e. 22.5 sous) for the ''écu''. Not only was this a devaluation, but while the franc had been identified with its valuation of one livre the valuation of the ''écu à la couronne'' was subject to manipulation.

In 1475, Louis XI created a variant of the ''écu à la couronne'' called an écu au soleil because the Sun now appeared above the shield. The process of devaluation continued. In 1515 the ''écu au soleil'' was valued at 36¾ sous, but this was increased to 45 sous by 1547 even though its weight and fineness had been decreased in 1519. The ''écu'' design continued, essentially unchanged, on French gold coins until 1640 when the louis d’or replaced it.

In the second half of the 1500s gold and silver imported from Spanish America impacted the French economy, but the king of France was not getting much of the new wealth. He responded by revaluing the ''écu d’or'' in stages from 45 sous in 1547 to 60 sous, i.e. 3 livres tournois, in 1577. This exacerbated the inflation caused by the increase in the supply of gold and silver, and the Estates General, which met at Blois in 1576, added to the public pressure to stop currency manipulation.

In 1577, Henri III agreed to stabilize the ''écu d’or'' at 3 livres tournois and to adopt a new monetary system with prices quoted in ''écus''. As part of this system, he introduced quarter and eighth ''écu'' coins struck in silver. The types of quarter and eighth ''écus d'argent'' paralleled those of the ''écu d’or'', with the royal arms on the obverse and a cross on the reverse. For the first time in French history, these coins had a mark of value, with IIII or VIII placed on either side of the shield. Royal coins struck at mints in Navarre and Béarn added local heraldry to the fleur-de-lis of France. Feudal coinages at Bouillon and Sedan, Château-Renaud, and Rethel also struck quarter ''écus'', with their own arms replacing the royal arms. By the 17th century this ''écu d’or'' would rise in value from 3 to more than 5 livres, while the hammered silver quarter ''écu'' struck until 1646 would rise in value from 15 sols to 1 livre.

Silver Louis or écu of 1641

This still did not give France a coin which could compete with the thalers which were popular in Germany. Moreover, French coins were still made by hand, so precious metal could be illegally shaved from the edges of the coins before passing them on. Finally, the ''écu d’or'' was made of 23 carat gold, which was not the international standard. Louis XIII fixed all this. He installed coinage making machinery in the Paris mint and replaced the ''écu d’or'' with the Louis d'or in 1640. In 1641 he introduced a thaler-sized silver coin originally called a ''Louis d’argent'', issued at 9 to a French Mark of silver, 11/12 fine (24.93 g fine silver), and valued at three ''livres tournois'' - the same value in which the écu ''d’or'' was stabilized in 1577. This new 3-livres coin also came to be called an ''écu''.

Silver écu of 1726

From 1690 to 1725 rates were unstable, resulting in the discontinuation of the ''Louis d'argent'' in favor of the new silver ''écu''. In 1726 it was first issued at issued 8.3 to a French Mark of silver, 11/12 fine (or 27.03 g fine silver), and valued at six ''livres tournois''. The silver ''écu'' was further broken down into a value coin (''huitième d'écu''), a value coin (the ''quart d'écu'') and a value coin (the ''demi-écu''). All had the king's bust on the obverse and the royal coat of arms on the reverse.

This silver écu was known as the ''laubthaler'' in Germany. It circulated in Southern Germany at 2.8 South German gulden. In Switzerland it was worth four Berne livres or four francs of the Helvetic Republic.Berne: ecu de 6 livres francais = 4 francs. https://books.google.fr/books?id=MV0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR26#v=onepage&q&f=false For more on the 17th-18th centuries currency system, see Louis d'or, livre tournois and Italian scudo.

French Revolution

The silver ''écu'' disappeared during the French Revolution and was swapped for French francs at the rate of 6 livres = 6/1.0125 or 5.93 francs. At 4.5 g fine silver per franc this implied each écu contained only 26.66 g fine silver.

But the 5-franc silver coins minted throughout the 19th century were just a continuation of the old ''écus'', and were often still called ''écu'' by French people. The ''écu'', as it existed immediately before the French Revolution, was approximately equivalent (in terms of purchasing power) to 24 euro or 30 U.S. dollars in 2017.

References in novels

The Count of Monte Cristo (Penguin Classics - by Alexandre Dumas -translated by Robin Buss)
“The speculators were the richer by eight hundred thousand écus.” (Page 179)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ecu
Coins of France
Modern obsolete currencies
Economic history of the Ancien Régime
Medieval currencies
1266 establishments in Europe
1260s establishments in France