Árpád Mihály

Árpád (; 845 – 907) was the head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. He might have been either the sacred ruler or ''kende'' of the Hungarians, or their military leader or '' gyula'', although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many Hungarians refer to him as the "founder of our country", and Árpád's preeminent role in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The dynasty descending from Árpád ruled the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301.

Biography

Early life

Árpád was the son of Álmos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes by all Hungarian chronicles. His mother's name and family are unknown. According to historian Gyula Kristó, Árpád was born around 845. His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley, ''árpa''.

The Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959) states that the Hungarians "had never at any time had any other prince" before Árpád, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Árpád's father.''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 38), p. 173. In Porphyrogenitus's narration, the Khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them. The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named Levedi to lead the Hungarians. However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Álmos or Árpád should be promoted instead of him. The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal. They preferred Árpád to his father, because he was "greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule". Thereafter, Árpád was made "prince according to the custom ... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield." Constantine Porphyrogenitus erroneously refers to the Magyars as Turks. This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, and their historical social structure was of Turkic origin, they are not a Turkic people.

The reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Árpád's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, Victor Spinei states that it is "rather vague and scarcely credible", but András Róna-Tas writes that its core is reliable. The latter historian adds that Árpád's election was promoted by Álmos, who forced Levedi to renounce his position as ''kende''. Accordingly, in Róna-Tas's view, Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler, or ''kende'', which enabled his father to preserve his own position as the actual leader of the Hungarians, or ''gyula''.

Towards the Hungarian Conquest

The earliest reliable source of Árpád's life is an early 10th-century document, the '' Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk''. It narrates that the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) sent his envoy Nicetas Sclerus to the Hungarians in 894 or 895 "to give presents" and incite them against the Bulgarian Empire. Sclerus met with their two leaders, Árpád and Kurszán, at the Lower Danube. Sclerus's mission succeeded: a Hungarian army soon crossed the Danube on Byzantine ships against Bulgaria. An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's text suggests that the invading Hungarians were under the command of Árpád's son, Liüntika.

The positions held by Árpád and Kurszán at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Árpád was the ''gyula'', and Kurszán was the ''kende''. In contrast, Kristó said that Kurszán was the ''gyula'' and Árpád represented his father, Álmos ''kende''.

The Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians, but the latter hired the Pechenegs against them. The Bulgarians and Pechenegs simultaneously invaded the Hungarians' territories in the western regions of the Pontic steppes in 895 or 896. The destruction of their dwelling places by the Pechenegs forced the Hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the Carpathian Mountains towards the Pannonian Plain.

The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' says that Árpád's father Álmos "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdelw" or Transylvania. Engel, Kristó and Molnár, who accept the reliability of this report, wrote that Álmos's death was a ritual murder, similar to the sacrifice of the Khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people. In contrast with them, Róna-Tas states that even if the report on Álmos's murder "reflects true event, the only possible explanation would be that Árpád or someone in his entourage" killed the aged prince. Spinei rejects the ''Illuminated Chronicles report on Álmos's murder in Transylvania, because the last mention of Álmos in the contrasting narration of the ''Gesta Hungarorum'' is connected to a siege of Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine) by the Hungarians. The latter chronicle says that Álmos appointed Árpád "as leader and master" of the Hungarians on this occasion.

Reign

Árpád's name "is completely unknown" to all sources written in East Francia, which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. These sources, including the ''Annales Alamannici'' and the ''Annales Eisnidlenses'', only mention another Hungarian leader, Kurszán. According to Kristó and other historians, these sources suggest that Kurszán must have been the ''gyula'' commanding the Hungarian forces, while Árpád succeeded his murdered father as the sacred ''kende''. Proposing a contrasting theory, the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszán was the ''kende'' and Árpád ''gyula'' only succeeded him when Kurszán was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904.

In contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the eventsfor instance, the ''Gesta Hungarorum'' and the ''Illuminated Chronicle''emphasize Árpád's pre-eminent role in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin. The ''Gesta Hungarorum'' also highlights Árpád's military skills and his generosity. This chronicle also emphasizes that Tétény, one of the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes, acquired "the land of Transylvania for himself and his posterity" only after Árpád had authorized him to conquer it.

The ''Gesta Hungarorum'' says that Árpád took "an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary," and "had his son, Prince Zoltán elevated" to prince in his life.''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 52), p. 115. However, the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the ''Gesta Hungarorum'' is dubious. For instance, it ignores Fajsz, who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his ''De Administrando Imperio'' around 950.

Death

The date of Árpád's death is debated. The ''Gesta Hungarorum'' states that he died in 907. However, Kristó wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the ''Gesta'' says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian "land-taking" instead of its actual date around 895. If the ''Gestas report on his funeral is reliable, Árpád was buried "at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila" where a village, Fehéregyháza, developed near Buda a century later.

Legacy

The Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Árpád. Árpád is the principal actor in the ''Gesta Hungarorum'', which attributes "almost all memorable events" of the "Hungarian land-taking" to him. Furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, Hungary was ruled by "a single line of princes", all descending from Árpád. Árpád is known among Hungarians as ''honalapító'' or the "founder of our homeland".

Family

Porphyrogenitus says Árpád "had four sons: first, ''Tarkatzous''; second, ''Ielech''; third, ''Ioutotzas''; fourth, ''Zaltas''". However, he also refers to one "''Liuntikas'', son of" Árpád; Kristó wrote that Liuntikas (Liüntika) was an alternative name of Tarkatzous (Tarhos).''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 40), p. 177. The name and family of the mother of Árpád's sons are unknown. The following is a family tree presenting Árpád's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century:

''*Liüntika and Tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical.''
''**The father of Tas was one of Árpád's four or five sons, but his name is unknown.''
''***All later grand princes and kings of Hungary descended from Taksony.''

See also

* Árpáds
* Hungarian prehistory
* History of Hungary

Notes

Footnotes

References

Primary sources

*''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); ''Anonymus and Master Roger''; CEU Press; .
*''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. .
*''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle:'' Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. .
*''The Taktika of Leo VI'' (Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. .

Secondary sources

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

External links

*

Árpád, painting from the 19th century

, -

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arpad
Magyar tribal chieftains
House of Árpád
Hungarian monarchs
Medieval Hungarian nobility
840s births
900s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
9th-century Hungarian people
10th-century Hungarian people
10th-century rulers in Europe
9th-century rulers in Europe
Hungarian prehistory
Founding monarchs