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Zymolyase
Zymolyase (also known as lyticase) is an enzyme mixture used to degrade the cell wall of yeast and form spheroplasts. Essential activities of zymolyase include β-1,3-glucan laminaripentao-hydrolase activity and β-1,3-glucanase activity. A common source of zymolyase is the Actinobacteria ''Arthrobacter luteus''. Commercial sources of zymolyase may have some residual protease activity. Fungi susceptible to zymolyase can be found in the order Saccharomycetales. Saccharomycetales genera that zymolyase is known to have activity against include: '' Eremothecium'', '' Candida'', ''Debaryomyces'', '' Eremothecium'', ''Endomyces'', ''Hansenula'', ''Hanseniaspora'', ''Kloekera'', ''Kluyveromyces'', '' Lipomyces'', ''Metschikowia'', ''Pichia'', ''Pullularia'', ''Saccharomyces'', ''Saccharomycopsis'', ''Schizosaccahromyces'', ''Torulopsis ''Candida'' is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Many species are harmless Commensalism, commensals or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spheroplasts
A spheroplast (or sphaeroplast in British usage) is a microbial cell from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed, as by the action of penicillin or lysozyme. According to some definitions, the term is used to describe Gram-negative bacteria. According to other definitions, the term also encompasses yeasts. The name spheroplast stems from the fact that after the microbe's cell wall is digested, membrane tension causes the cell to acquire a characteristic spherical shape. Spheroplasts are osmotically fragile, and will lyse if transferred to a hypotonic solution. When used to describe Gram-negative bacteria, the term spheroplast refers to cells from which the peptidoglycan component but not the outer membrane component of the cell wall has been removed. Spheroplast formation Antibiotic-induced spheroplasts Various antibiotics convert Gram-negative bacteria into spheroplasts. These include peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors such as fosfomycin, vancomycin, moenomycin, l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthrobacter Luteus
''Arthrobacter luteus'' (ALU) is a species of gram-positive bacteria in the genus '' Arthrobacter''. ''A. luteus'' is facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, branching, non-motile, non-sporulating, non-acid-fast, catalase-positive, and rod-shaped (0.6–1.0 μm × 0.8–10.0 μm). A restriction endonuclease enzyme is extracted from the bacterium and acts at the centre of a palindromic tetranucleotide sequence to give even-ended duplex DNA fragments phosphorylated at the 5'-end. The restriction site ''Alu-I'' itself is a 4-base cutter: AG/CT. The Alu retrotransposon is named after the bacterium's abbreviation. The bacterium is also used to produce zymolyase, which can degrade yeast cell wall. Background ''Arthrobacter luteus'' was isolated from brewery sewage in research done in Takasaki, Japan in 1969. The team studied the bacteria isolated taxonomically and found them to be gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, branching, non-motile, non-sporulating, non-a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species. Yeasts are unicellular organisms that evolved from multicellular ancestors, with some species having the ability to develop multicellular characteristics by forming strings of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae or false hyphae. Yeast sizes vary greatly, depending on species and environment, typically measuring 3–4 µm in diameter, although some yeasts can grow to 40 µm in size. Most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by the asymmetric division process known as budding. With their single-celled growth habit, yeasts can be contrasted with molds, which grow hyphae. Fungal species that can take both forms (depending on temperature or other conditions) are ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kluyveromyces
''Kluyveromyces'' is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. Some of the species, such as '' K. marxianus'', are the teleomorphs of '' Candida species''. The genus name of ''Kluyveromyces'' is in honour of Albert Jan Kluyver ForMemRS (1888-1956), who was a Dutch microbiologist and biochemist. The genus was circumscribed by Johannes P. Van der Walt in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek vol.22 on pages 268-271 in 1956. Species ''Kluyveromyces'' is widely cultured for microbiological en genetic research. Some important species include: * ''Kluyveromyces lactis'' * ''Kluyveromyces marxianus'' * '' Kluyveromyces thermotolerans'' See also *Yeast in winemaking The role of yeast in winemaking is the most important element that distinguishes wine from fruit juice. In the :wikt:anaerobic, absence of oxygen, yeast converts the sugar in wine, sugars of the fruit into ethanol, alcohol and carbon dioxide throu ... References Saccharomycetaceae Yeasts Yeasts us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torulopsis
''Candida'' is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Many species are harmless Commensalism, commensals or endosymbionts of hosts including humans; however, when Mucous membrane, mucosal barriers are disrupted or the immune system is compromised they can invade and cause disease, known as an opportunistic infection. Candida is located on most mucosal surfaces and mainly the gastrointestinal tract, along with the skin. ''Candida albicans'' is the most commonly isolated species and can cause infections (candidiasis or thrush) in humans and other animals. In yeast in winemaking, winemaking, some species of ''Candida'' can potentially wine fault, spoil wines. Many species are found in gut flora, including ''C. albicans'' in mammalian hosts, whereas others live as endosymbionts in insect hosts. Systemic disease, Systemic infections of the bloodstream and major organs (candidemia or invasive candidiasis), particularly in patients with an impaire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saccharomycopsis
''Saccharomycopsis'' is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Saccharomycopsidaceae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species Species: *''Saccharomycopsis amapae'' *''Saccharomycopsis babjevae'' *''Saccharomycopsis capsularis ''Saccharomycopsis'' is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Saccharomycopsidaceae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species Species: *''Saccharomycopsis amapae'' *''Saccharomycopsis babjevae ''Saccharomycopsis'' is a genus ...'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q10659854 Saccharomycetes Ascomycota genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saccharomyces
''Saccharomyces'' is a genus of fungi that includes many species of yeasts. ''Saccharomyces'' is from Greek σάκχαρον (sugar) and μύκης (fungus) and means ''sugar fungus''. Many members of this genus are considered very important in food production. It is known as the brewer's yeast or baker's yeast. They are unicellular and saprotrophic fungi. One example is ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', which is used in making bread, wine, and beer, and for human and animal health. Other members of this genus include the wild yeast ''Saccharomyces paradoxus'' that is the closest relative to ''S. cerevisiae'', ''Saccharomyces bayanus'', used in making wine, and ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' var. ''boulardii'', used in medicine. Morphology Colonies of ''Saccharomyces'' grow rapidly and mature in three days. They are flat, smooth, moist, glistening or dull, and cream in color. The inability to use nitrate and ability to ferment various carbohydrates are typical characteristics of ''Sacc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pichia
''Pichia'' (''Hansenula'' and ''Hyphopichia'' are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. ''Pichia'' is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or round ascospores during sexual reproduction. The anamorphs of some ''Pichia'' species are ''Candida (genus), Candida'' species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding. The genus name of ''Pichia'' is in honour of Pico Pichi (1862-1933), who was an Italian botanist and Professor of natural history and plant pathology at a viticulture school in the town of Conegliano in the Province of Treviso. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Emil Christian Hansen in Centralbl. Bakteriol., 2. Abt., 12 on pages 533-538 in 1904. Lactose is neither fermented nor assimilated by these species. The behaviour with regard to other carbohydrates is dependent on the different species. Nitrate is always assimilated. More than 100 spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipomyces
''Lipomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae The Dipodascaceae are a family (biology), family of yeasts in the order Saccharomycetales. According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the family contains four Genus, genera; however, the placement of ''Sporopachydermia'' and ''Yarrowia'' is unc .... References Saccharomycetes {{ascomycota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hansenula
''Pichia'' (''Hansenula'' and ''Hyphopichia'' are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae The Pichiaceae are a family of yeasts in the order Saccharomycetales. According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the family contains four genera, but GBIF lists 15 genera. The family was named by Zender in 1925. Genera As listed by GBIF; * '' ... with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. ''Pichia'' is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or round ascospores during sexual reproduction. The anamorphs of some ''Pichia'' species are ''Candida (genus), Candida'' species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding. The genus name of ''Pichia'' is in honour of Pico Pichi (1862-1933), who was an Italian botanist and Professor of natural history and plant pathology at a viticulture school in the town of Conegliano in the Province of Treviso. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Emil Christian Hansen in Centralbl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hanseniaspora
''Hanseniaspora'' is a genus of yeasts. The name ''Kloeckera'' is applied to its anamorph form. They are typically apiculate (lemon-shaped) in shape and often found in grape musts pre-fermentation. The genus name ''Hanseniaspora'' honours Emil Christian Hansen (1842–1909), who was a Danish mycologist and fermentation physiologist. It was initially circumscribed by H. Zikes in 1911, but not validly published. Albert Klöcker published the name validly the following year. The genus is notable for its loss of many highly conserved genes responsible for cell cycle regulation and genome integrity, resulting in increased evolution rates and genome size reduction. It can be divided into two lineages: a faster-evolving lineage (FEL) diversifying about 87 mya, and a slower one diversifying about 52 mya. The FEL has more of such gene losses, resulting in more dramatic changes in the genome and inactivation of multiple metabolic pathways. However, it has managed to diversity and thriv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endomyces
''Endomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae The Dipodascaceae are a family (biology), family of yeasts in the order Saccharomycetales. According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the family contains four Genus, genera; however, the placement of ''Sporopachydermia'' and ''Yarrowia'' is unc .... References Saccharomycetes {{ascomycota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
