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Variegatorubin
Variegatorubin is a pulvinic acid derivative. It is a red pigment that is present in many members of the Boletales, an order of the division Basidiomycota. It is generated from the oxidation of variegatic acid. Bolete species that contain variegatorubin include '' Neoboletus luridiformis'', ''Chalciporus piperatus'', '' Rhizopogon roseolus'', '' Exsudoporus frostii'', '' Suillellus luridus'', ''Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus'', and '' R. satanas''. Variegatorubin was discovered by Wolfgang Steglich Wolfgang Steglich (born 12 August 1933) is a German chemist . Life Wolfgang Steglich was born in Kamenz and studied chemistry at the Technical University of Berlin and later at the Technical University of Munich where he received his PhD in 19 ... and colleagues, and described as a new compound in 1970. References {{Reflist, refs= {{cite book , author1=Gill, M. , author2=Steglich, W. , title=Pigments of Fungi (Macromycetes) , series=Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulvinic Acid
Pulvinic acids are natural chemical pigments found in some lichens, derived biosynthetically from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, via dimerization and oxidative ring-cleavage of aryl pyruvic acids, a process that also produces the related pulvinones. Hydroxypulvinic acid pigments (pulvinic acid type family of pigments) have been found in ''Boletus'' (e.g. '' Boletus erythropus''), '' Boletinus'', ''Chalciporus'', ''Gyrodon'', ''Leccinum'', '' Pulveroboletus'', ''Suillus'' (e.g. ''Suillus luteus'', ''Suillus bovinus'', and ''Suillus grevillei''), ''Paxillus'' (e.g. ''Paxillus involutus''), ''Serpula'' (e.g. '' Serpula lacrymans''), '' Xerocomus'' (e.g. '' Xerocomus chrysenteron''), ''Hygrophoropsis'' (e.g. ''Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca''), '' Retiboletus'' (e.g. '' Retiboletus nigerrimus''), '' Pulveroboletus'' (e.g. '' Pulveroboletus auriflammeus''), and are generally characteristic of Boletales. In addition to pulvinone, derivatives and related pigments ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variegatic Acid
Variegatic acid (3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxypulvinic acid) is an orange pigment found in some mushrooms. It is responsible for the bluing reaction seen in many bolete mushrooms when they are injured. When mushroom tissue containing variegatic acid is exposed to air, the chemical is enzymatically oxidized to blue quinone methide anions, specifically chinonmethid anions. It is derived from xerocomic acid, which is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin, and its genetic basis is unknown. In its oxidized form (due to the production of a second lactone ring) is variegatorubin, similar to xerocomorubin. It was first isolated from '' Suillus variegatus''. It has strong antioxidant properties, and a nonspecific inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes. A total synthesis was reported in 2001 that uses a Suzuki cross coupling reaction. It was found antibiotically inactive against an array of bacteria and fungi using the disk diffusion assay at 50 μg. However, at similar concen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalciporus Piperatus
''Chalciporus piperatus'', commonly known as the peppery bolete, is a small pored mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America. It has been recorded under introduced trees in Brazil, and has become naturalised in Tasmania and spread under native ''Nothofagus cunninghamii'' trees. A small bolete, the fruit body has a orange-fawn cap with cinnamon to brown pores underneath, and a high by thick stipe. The flesh has a very peppery taste. The rare variety ''hypochryseus'', found only in Europe, has yellow pores and tubes. Described by Pierre Bulliard in 1790 as ''Boletus piperatus'', it is only distantly related to other members of the genus ''Boletus'' and was reclassified as ''Chalciporus piperatus'' by Frédéric Bataille in 1908. The genus ''Chalciporus'' was an early branching lineage in the Boletaceae and appears to be related to boletes with parasitic properties. Previously thought to be ectomycorrhizal (a symbiotic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order (biology)
Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes. An immediately higher rank, superorder, is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families. What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist, as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may fol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and ''Cryptococcus'', the human pathogenic yeast. Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota are obligate asexual reproducers. Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually (discussed below) can typically be recognized as members of this division by gross similarity to others, by the forma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxidation
Redox (reduction–oxidation, , ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. There are two classes of redox reactions: * ''Electron-transfer'' – Only one (usually) electron flows from the reducing agent to the oxidant. This type of redox reaction is often discussed in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials. * ''Atom transfer'' – An atom transfers from one substrate to another. For example, in the rusting of iron, the oxidation state of iron atoms increases as the iron converts to an oxide, and simultaneously the oxidation state of oxygen decreases as it accepts electrons released by the iron. Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides, other chemical species can serve the same function. In hydrogenation, C=C (and other) bonds a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boletales
The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types. Taxonomy The order Boletales originally was created to describe boletes, but based on micromorphological and molecular phylogenetic characteristics, a large number of nonbolete species have recently been reclassified to belong to this group, as well. The order also includes some gilled mushrooms, in the families Gomphidiaceae, Serpulaceae, Tapinellaceae, Hygrophoropsidaceae, and Paxillaceae, which often have the same flesh texture as the boletes, spore-bearing tissue which is also easily separable from the cap, and similar microscopic characteristics of spores and cystidia. Taxonomic studies using secondary metabolites and la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolete
{{refimprove, date=July 2020 A bolete is a type of mushroom, or fungal fruiting body. It can be identified thanks to a unique mushroom cap. The cap is clearly different from the stem. On the underside of the cap there is usually a spongy surface with pores, instead of the gills typical of mushrooms. However, there are some boletes that are gilled, such as species of ''Chroogomphus'', ''Gomphidius'', ''Paxillus'', '' Phylloporus'' and ''Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca''. "Bolete" is the English common name for fungus species whose mushroom caps have this appearance. The boletes are classified in the order Boletales. Not all members of the order Boletales are boletes. The micromorphology and molecular phylogeny of the order Boletales have established that it also contains many gilled, puffball, and other fruit body shapes. A similar pore surface is found in polypores, but these species generally have a different physical structure from boletes, and have different microscopic char ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neoboletus Luridiformis
''Neoboletus praestigator'', also previously known as ''Neoboletus luridiformis'', ''Boletus luridiformis'' and (invalidly) as ''Boletus erythropus'', is a fungus of the bolete family, all of which produce mushrooms with tubes and pores beneath their caps. It is found in Northern Europe and North America, and is commonly known as the scarletina bolete, for its red pores (yellow when young). Other common names is: red foot bolete, dotted stemmed bolete, dotted stem bolete. Whilst edible when cooked properly, it can cause gastric upset if raw. Where the two species coincide it can be confused with the poisonous ''Rubroboletus satanas'', which has a paler cap. Taxonomy In 1796 Christian Hendrik Persoon described ''Boletus erythropus'', deriving its specific name from the Greek ''ερυθρος'' ("red") and ''πους'' ("foot"), referring to its red-coloured stalk. During the next 200 years or so, this name was used extensively for the species which is the subject of this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Pigment
Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, feathers, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores. In some species, pigments accrue over very long periods during an individual's lifespan. Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. Biological pigments See conjugated systems for electron bond chemistry that causes these molecules to have pigment. * Heme/porphyrin-based: chlorophyll, bilirubin, hem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizopogon Roseolus
''Rhizopogon roseolus'', shōro (Japanese: 松露/ショウロ), is an ectomycorrhizal fungus, considered a delicacy in east Asia and Japan and used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. Morphology The fruiting bodies are approximately spherical to elongated, often pear-shaped. Their diameter is up to three centimeters in dry specimens. Their color is initially white, but soon turns pink to reddish-brownish, sometimes also delicately violet-pink. At their base are root-like strands of mycelium. They give off a faint odor. There are numerous fine elastic fibrils or veins, which are not prominent, and are colored the same as the peridium or darker. This is 240 - 400 µm thick and single-layer. The gleba is initially white and becomes yellowish as it dries. The cavities within are labyrinthine, empty or filled with spores where small. They are formed by hyaline (transparent), branched hyphae. The basidia are club-shaped and hyaline, measuring 12-13 by 9-10 µm. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exsudoporus Frostii
''Exsudoporus frostii'' (formerly ''Boletus frostii''), commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. ''Exsudoporus frostii'' is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak. ''Exsudoporus frostii'' mushrooms can be recognized by their dark red sticky caps, the red pores, the network-like pattern of the stipe, and the bluing reaction to tissue injury. Another characteristic of young, moist fruit bodies is the amber-colored drops exuded on the pore surface. Although the mushrooms are considered edible, they are generally not recommended for consumption because of the risk o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
