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Vobasine
Vobasine is a naturally occurring monoterpene indole alkaloid found in several species in the genus ''Tabernaemontana'' including ''Tabernaemontana divaricata''. History Vobasine was first reported by Renner in 1959 after its isolation from ''Voacanga africana''. The two structurally related compounds, dregamine and tabernaemontanine, where its alkene (=CHCH3) sidechain was reduced to ethyl groups in two configurations, had their relationship confirmed in the 1970s. Vobasine has been found in many plants of the dogbane (Apocynaceae) family including '' Tabernaemontana dichotoma''. Synthesis Biosynthesis As with other Indole alkaloids, the biosynthesis of vobasine starts from the amino acid tryptophan. This is converted into strictosidine before further elaboration. Chemical synthesis The synthesis of alkaloids with the same carbon skeleton as vobasine began in the 1960s and has continued, with some work providing enantiospecific approaches to closely-related compounds. Natur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voacristine
Voacristine is a indole alkaloid occurring in '' Voacanga'' and ''Tabernaemontana'' genus. It is also an iboga type alkaloid. Chemistry Its structure is almost similar to voacangine, an alkaloid used in semi-synthesis of ibogaine. Compared to voacangine, it has an extra O-atom. When it is degraded, iboxygaine and ibogaine are formed. Sources Voacristine is found in multiple species of ''Tabernaemontana'' some of which are Tabernaemontana divaricata, Tabernaemontana heyneana, Tabernaemontana ventricosa ''Tabernaemontana ventricosa'' (commonly known as forest toad-tree or small-fruited toad-tree) is a plant in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shr ... and in Voacanga africana. See also * Heyneanine * Voacamine * Vobasine References Tryptamine alkaloids {{Alkaloid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ervaticine
Ervaticine is a 2-acylindole alkaloid. It occurs in ''Ervatamia coronaria'' and ''Tabernaemontana divaricata''. See also * Ervatinine *Isovoacangine *Vobasine Vobasine is a naturally occurring monoterpene indole alkaloid found in several species in the genus ''Tabernaemontana'' including ''Tabernaemontana divaricata''. History Vobasine was first reported by Renner in 1959 after its isolation from ''Voac ... References Indole alkaloids {{Alkaloid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent. It is essential in humans, meaning that the body cannot synthesize it and it must be obtained from the diet. Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin, and vitamin B3. It is encoded by the codon UGG. Like other amino acids, tryptophan is a zwitterion at physiological pH where the amino group is protonated (–; pKa = 9.39) and the carboxylic acid is deprotonated ( –COO−; pKa = 2.38). Humans and many animals cannot synthesize tryptophan: they need to obtain it through their diet, making it an essential amino acid. Function Amino acids, including tryptophan, are used as building blocks in protein biosynthesis, and proteins are required to sustain life. Man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypotensive
Hypotension is low blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. Blood pressure is indicated by two numbers, the systolic blood pressure (the top number) and the diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number), which are the maximum and minimum blood pressures, respectively. A systolic blood pressure of less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic of less than 60 mmHg is generally considered to be hypotension. Different numbers apply to children. However, in practice, blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present. Symptoms include dizziness or lightheadedness, confusion, feeling tired, weakness, headache, blurred vision, nausea, neck or back pain, an irregular heartbeat or feeling that the heart is skipping beats or fluttering, or fainting. Hypotension is the opposite of hypertension, which is high blood pressure. It is best understood as a physiologica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnobotanical
Ethnobotany is the study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people. An ethnobotanist thus strives to document the local customs involving the practical uses of local flora for many aspects of life, such as plants as medicines, foods, intoxicants and clothing. Richard Evans Schultes, often referred to as the "father of ethnobotany", explained the discipline in this way: Ethnobotany simply means ... investigating plants used by societies in various parts of the world. Since the time of Schultes, the field of ethnobotany has grown from simply acquiring ethnobotanical knowledge to that of applying it to a modern society, primarily in the form of pharmaceuticals. Intellectual property rights and benefit-sharing arrangements are important issues in ethnobotany. History The idea of ethnobotany was first proposed by the early 20th century botanist John William Harshberger. While Harshberger did perform ethnobotanical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Activity
In pharmacology, biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter. When a drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance's active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by the other constituents. Among the various properties of chemical compounds, pharmacological/biological activity plays a crucial role since it suggests uses of the compounds in the medical applications. However, chemical compounds may show some adverse and toxic effects which may prevent their use in medical practice. Activity is generally dosage-dependent. Further, it is common to have effects ranging from beneficial to adverse for one substance when going from low to high doses. Activity depends critically on fulfillment of the ADME criteria. To be an effective drug, a compound not only must be active against a target, but also possess the appropriate ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism. The term is usually used for small molecules. Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms (e.g. pigments, odorants, and pheromones). A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal "growth", development, and reproduction. Ethylene exemplifies a primary metabolite produced large-scale by industrial microbiology. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has an important ecological function. Examples include antibiotics and pigments such as resins and terpenes etc. Some antibiotics use primary metabolites as precursors, such as actinomycin, which is created from the primary metabolite tryptophan. Some sugars are metabolites, such as fructose or glucose, which a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabernaemontana Elegans
''Tabernaemontana elegans'', the toad tree, is a shrub or small tree in the family Apocynaceae. It is native to eastern Africa. Description ''Tabernaemontana elegans'' grows up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . Its fragrant flowers feature white, creamy or pale yellow corolla lobes. Fruit consists of 2 separate ovoid or ellipsoid pods, up to each. Distribution and habitat ''Tabernaemontana elegans'' grows in forests or bushland from sea level to altitude. The species is native to Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Eswatini and South Africa. Uses ''Tabernaemontana elegans'' has some local medicinal uses including the treatment of heart disease, cancer, tuberculosis and venereal diseases. The species is also used as an aphrodisiac. The Zulu name for this genus, ''iNomfi'', refers to the use of their sticky, milky latex as bird-lime. Chemistry Fourteen indole alkaloids have been isolated in the callus culture of ''Tabernaemontana elegans'' (isovoacangine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabernaemontana Corymbosa
''Tabernaemontana corymbosa'' is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Brunei, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Glossy green leaves and faintly sweet scented flower. Flowers continuously all year. Frost tolerant. Grows to about 2metres. Likes full sun to part shade. A number of cultivars are available. Chemical composition Multiple compounds of different classes such as Iboga alkaloids and Bisindole alkaloids have been isolated from this plant. Alkaloids such as conodusine A-E, conolodinines A-D, conophylline Conophylline is a autophagy inducing vinca alkaloid found in several species of ''Tabernaemontana'' including '' Ervatamia microphylla'' and ''Tabernaemontana divaricata''. Among its many functional groups is an epoxide: the compound where that rin ..., conophyllinine and taberyunines A-I are present in which many shows antiproliferative and cytotoxic actions. References corymbosa Least concern pla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voacanga
''Voacanga'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae found in Africa, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognises 13 species:Search for "Voacanga", ;Species # '' Voacanga africana'' Stapf ex Scott-Elliot - tropical W + C + E + S Africa # '' Voacanga bracteata'' Stapf - tropical W + C Africa # '' Voacanga caudiflora'' Stapf - tropical W Africa # '' Voacanga chalotiana'' Pierre ex Stapf - tropical C Africa # '' Voacanga foetida'' ( Blume) Rolfe -Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines # '' Voacanga globosa'' (Blanco) Merr. - Philippines # '' Voacanga gracilipes'' (Miq.) Markgr. - Maluku # '' Voacanga grandifolia'' (Miq.) Rolfe - Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Queensland # ''Voacanga havilandii'' Ridl. - Sarawak # '' Voacanga megacarpa'' Merr. - Philippines # '' Voacanga pachyceras'' Leeuwenb. - Zaïre # '' Voacanga psilocalyx'' Pierre ex Stapf - Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo # '' Voacanga thouarsi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should clearly demons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voacanga Africana 06
''Voacanga'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae found in Africa, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognises 13 species:Search for "Voacanga", ;Species # ''Voacanga africana'' Stapf ex Scott-Elliot - tropical W + C + E + S Africa # ''Voacanga bracteata'' Stapf - tropical W + C Africa # ''Voacanga caudiflora'' Stapf - tropical W Africa # ''Voacanga chalotiana'' Pierre ex Stapf - tropical C Africa # ''Voacanga foetida'' ( Blume) Rolfe -Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines # ''Voacanga globosa'' (Blanco) Merr. - Philippines # ''Voacanga gracilipes'' (Miq.) Markgr. - Maluku # ''Voacanga grandifolia'' (Miq.) Rolfe - Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Queensland # ''Voacanga havilandii'' Ridl. - Sarawak # ''Voacanga megacarpa'' Merr. - Philippines # ''Voacanga pachyceras'' Leeuwenb. - Zaïre # ''Voacanga psilocalyx'' Pierre ex Stapf - Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo # ''Voacanga thouarsii'' Roem. & ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
