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Trypanocidal
A trypanocidal agent is an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon trypanosome parasites. Examples include: * Aminoquinuride * benzonidazole * blasticidin S * DAPI * diminazene * diminazene aceturate * eflornithine * ethidium * isometamidium chloride * lonidamine * melaminylthioarsenate * melarsoprol * nifurtimox * pentamidine * posaconazole * puromycin * quinapyramine * salicylhydroxamic acid * suramin * tetraphenylporphine sulfonate Resistance 17 or 18 African countries had confirmed resistant parasite populations, and that was up to 21. Multiply resistant populations are an increasing problem in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon and south east Mali. The Gibe River Valley in southwest Ethiopia showed universal resistance (in '' T. congolense'' isolated from Boran cattle) between July 1989 and February 1993. This likely indicates a permanent loss of function in this area for the tested trypanocides, Diminazene aceturate, Isometamidium chloride, and Homidium chloride. See a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trypanocide Resistance
A trypanocidal agent is an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon trypanosome parasites. Examples include: * Aminoquinuride * benzonidazole * blasticidin S * DAPI * diminazene * diminazene aceturate * eflornithine * ethidium * isometamidium chloride * lonidamine * melaminylthioarsenate * melarsoprol * nifurtimox * pentamidine * posaconazole * puromycin * quinapyramine * salicylhydroxamic acid * suramin * tetraphenylporphine sulfonate Resistance 17 or 18 African countries had confirmed resistant parasite populations, and that was up to 21. Multiply resistant populations are an increasing problem in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon and south east Mali. The Gibe River Valley in southwest Ethiopia showed universal resistance (in '' T. congolense'' isolated from Boran cattle) between July 1989 and February 1993. This likely indicates a permanent loss of function in this area for the tested trypanocides, Diminazene aceturate, Isometamidium chloride, and Homidium chloride. See also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinapyramine
Quinapyramine is a trypanocidal agent A trypanocidal agent is an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon trypanosome parasites. Examples include: * Aminoquinuride * benzonidazole * blasticidin S * DAPI * diminazene * diminazene aceturate * eflornithine * ethidium * isometamidium chlor ... for veterinary use. References Antiparasitic agents Quaternary ammonium compounds Aminopyrimidines Quinolines {{antiinfective-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetraphenylporphine Sulfonate
Tetraphenylporphine sulfonate is a trypanocidal agent A trypanocidal agent is an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon trypanosome parasites. Examples include: * Aminoquinuride * benzonidazole * blasticidin S * DAPI * diminazene * diminazene aceturate * eflornithine * ethidium * isometamidium chlor .... References Antiparasitic agents Tetrapyrroles Sulfonic acids {{antiinfective-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isometamidium Chloride
Isometamidium chloride is a triazene trypanocidal agent used in veterinary medicine. It consists of a single Ethidium bromide like subunit linked to a fragment of the diminazene molecule. Resistance The Gibe River Valley in southwest Ethiopia showed universal resistance between July 1989 and February 1993. This likely indicates a permanent loss of function in this area against the tested target, '' T. congolense'' isolated from Boran Boran (also spelled Buran, Middle Persian: ; New Persian: پوراندخت, ''Pūrāndokht'') was Sasanian queen (or '' banbishn'') of Iran from 630 to 632, with an interruption of some months. She was the daughter of king (or ''shah'') Kho ... cattle. References Amidines Antiparasitic agents Quaternary ammonium compounds {{antiinfective-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melarsoprol
Melarsoprol is an arsenic-containing medication used for the treatment of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis). It is specifically used for second-stage disease caused by ''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense'' when the central nervous system is involved. For ''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'', eflornithine or fexinidazole is usually preferred. It is effective in about 95% of people. It is given by injection into a vein. Melarsoprol has a high number of side effects. Common side effects include brain dysfunction, numbness, rashes, and kidney and liver problems. About 1-5% of people die during treatment, although this is tolerated due to sleeping sickness itself having a practically 100% mortality rate when untreated. In those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, red blood cell breakdown may occur. It has not been studied in pregnancy. It works by blocking pyruvate kinase, an enzyme required for aerobic metabolism by the parasite. Melarsoprol has been used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antiprotozoal Agent
Antiprotozoal agents ( ATC code: ATC P01) is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. A paraphyletic group, protozoans have little in common with each other. For example, ''Entamoeba histolytica'', a unikont eukaryotic organism, is more closely related to ''Homo sapiens'' (humans), which also belongs to the unikont phylogenetic group, than it is to ''Naegleria fowleri'', a "protozoan" bikont. As a result, agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another. Antiprotozoal agents can be grouped by mechanism or by organism. Recent papers have also proposed the use of viruses to treat infections caused by protozoa. Medical uses Antiprotozoals are used to treat protozoal infections, which include amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. Currently, many of the treatments for these infections are limited by their toxicity. Outda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puromycin
Puromycin is an antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor which causes premature chain termination during translation. Inhibition of translation Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the '' Streptomyces alboniger'' bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. Part of the molecule resembles the 3' end of the aminoacylated tRNA. It enters the A site and transfers to the growing chain, causing the formation of a puromycylated nascent chain and premature chain release. The exact mechanism of action is unknown at this time but the 3' position contains an amide linkage instead of the normal ester linkage of tRNA. That makes the molecule much more resistant to hydrolysis and stops the ribosome. Puromycin is selective for either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Also of note, puromycin is critical in mRNA display. In this reaction, a puromycin molecule is chemically attached to the end of an mRNA template, which is then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of . As of 2022, it is home to around 113.5 million inhabitants, making it the 13th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa after Nigeria. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates. Anatomically modern humans emerged from modern-day Ethiopia and set out to the Near East and elsewhere in the Middle Paleolithic period. Southwestern Ethiopia has been proposed as a possible homeland of the Afroasiatic langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gibe River
The Gibe River (also Great Gibe River) is by far the largest tributary of the Omo River in Ethiopia and typically flowing south-southeast. The confluence of the large Gibe River at with the smaller Wabe River forms the even larger Omo River. Consequently, the whole drainage basin is sometimes called the ''Omo-Gibe River Basin'' with the Gibe and the Omo draining the upper and lower reaches, respectively. Located in southwest Ethiopia, the Gibe River is not navigable, like almost all rivers in the country. Overview The Gibe rises at an elevation of more than 2,000 m north of Bila town and west of the Chomen swamp (specifically, from Gudeya Bila woreda, which is located in the East Welega Zone, Oromia Region). The river is then flowing generally to the southeast to its confluence with the Wabe River. Its tributaries include the Amara, Alanga and Gilgel Gibe rivers. The southern drainage area of the Gibe includes the historic Gibe region, where a number of the former kingdoms o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mali
Mali (; ), officially the Republic of Mali,, , ff, 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, Renndaandi Maali, italics=no, ar, جمهورية مالي, Jumhūriyyāt Mālī is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over . The population of Mali is million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt. Present-day Mali was once part of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cameroon
Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West Africa and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both camps. Its nearly 27 million people speak 250 native languages. Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad, and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area ''Rio dos Camarões'' (''Shrimp River''), which became ''Cameroon'' in English. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adamawa Region
The Adamawa Region (french: Région de l'Adamaoua) is a constituent region of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Centre and East regions to the south, the Northwest and West regions to the southwest, Nigeria to the west, the Central African Republic (CAR) to the east, and the North Region to the north. This mountainous area forms the barrier between Cameroon's forested south and savanna north. At almost 64,000 km2 in land area, the Adamawa is the third largest of Cameroon's ten regions. The land is rugged and sparsely populated, however, as most is devoted to the rearing of cattle. The Muslim Fulbe (Fulani) form the major ethnic group, though Tikar, Gbaya, and other peoples are present in lesser numbers. History Early population movements The Adamawa's oldest populations were various Paleo-Sudanese peoples. These were mostly displaced or absorbed by invading Sudanese groups in the 8th or 9th century. These included the Mbum (Mboum), Ndoro (Dourou), Kutin, (Ko ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
