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Three Characteristics
In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: tilakkhaṇa; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण trilakṣaṇa) of all existence and beings, namely '' aniccā'' (impermanence), '' dukkha'' (commonly translated as "suffering", "unsatisfactory," "unease"), and '' anattā'' (without a lasting essence). That humans are subject to delusion about the three marks, that this delusion results in suffering, and that removal of that delusion results in the end of dukkha, is a central theme in the Buddhist Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path. Description The three marks are: * ''sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā'' — all '' saṅkhāras'' (conditioned things) are impermanent * ''sabbe saṅkhārā dukkhā'' — all ''saṅkhāras'' are unsatisfactory, imperfect, unstable * ''sabbe dhammā anattā'' — all '' dharmas'' (conditioned or unconditioned things) have no unchanging self or soul In the Mahayana '' Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra'' however, four characterist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pali
Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist '' Pāli Canon'' or '' Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of '' Theravāda'' Buddhism.Stargardt, Janice. ''Tracing Thoughts Through Things: The Oldest Pali Texts and the Early Buddhist Archaeology of India and Burma.'', Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000, page 25. Early in the language's history, it was written in the Brahmi script. Origin and development Etymology The word 'Pali' is used as a name for the language of the Theravada canon. The word seems to have its origins in commentarial traditions, wherein the (in the sense of the line of original text quoted) was distinguished from the commentary or vernacular translation that followed it in the manuscript. K. R. Norman suggests that its emergence was based on a misunderstanding of the compound , with being interpreted as the name of a particu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naraka
Naraka ( sa, नरक) is the realm of hell in Indian religions. According to some schools of Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism, ''Naraka'' is a place of torment. The word ''Neraka'' (modification of ''Naraka'') in Indonesian and Malaysian has also been used to describe the Islamic concept of Hell. Alternatively, the "hellish beings" that are said to reside in this underworld are often referred to as ''Narakas''. These beings are also termed in Sanskrit as ''Narakiyas'' ( sa, नारकीय, ), ''Narakarnavas'' ( sa, नरकार्णव, ) and ''Narakavasis'' ( sa, नरकवासी, ). Hinduism Naraka is a realm in the Vedas, a place where souls are sent for the expiation of their sins. It is mentioned primarily in the Dharmashastras, Itihasas, and the Puranas, but also described in the Vedic samhitas, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads. Some Upanishads speak of 'darkness' instead of hell. A summary of the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita mentions hel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saṃsāra
''Saṃsāra'' (Devanagari: संसार) is a Pali/Sanskrit word that means "world". It is also the concept of rebirth and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence", a fundamental belief of most Indian religions. Popularly, it is the cycle of death and Reincarnation, rebirth. ''Saṃsāra'' is sometimes referred to with terms or phrases such as Transmigration of the soul, transmigration/reincarnation, Karma, karmic cycle, or Punarjanman, and "cycle of aimless drifting, wandering or mundane existence". The concept of ''saṃsāra'' has roots in the post-Vedas, Vedic literature; the theory is not discussed in the Vedas themselves. It appears in developed form, but without mechanistic details, in the early Upanishads. The full exposition of the ''saṃsāra'' doctrine is found in Sramana, Śramaṇic movements such as Pre-sectarian Buddhism, early Buddhism and Jainism, as well as various schools of Hindu philosophy after about the mid-1st millennium BCE. The ''saṃsāra'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moha (Buddhism)
Moha (Sanskrit, Pali: मोह; Tibetan phonetic: ''timuk'') is a concept in both Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism, it is one of the six arishadvargas (also known as shadripus). In Buddhist thought, Moha, along with Raga (greed, sensual attachment) and Dvesha (aversion, hate) are unskillful roots that lead to Tanha (craving) which is part of the Twelve Nidanas that propel the wheel of life. It is symbolically present as the pig in the center of Tibetan bhavachakra drawings. Moha refers to desire and attachment to the world or worldly matters. It is sometimes synonymous with "ignorance" ('' Avijjā''). Moha is identified in the following contexts within the teachings of Buddhism and Hinduism: * One of the ''three unwholesome roots'' within the Theravada Buddhist tradition * One of the fourteen unwholesome mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings * One of the three poisons within the Mahayana Buddhist tradition. Etymology and meaning ''Moha'' appears in the V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avidyā (Buddhism)
Avidyā (Sanskrit: अविद्या; Pāli: अविज्जा, ''Avijjā''; Tibetan phonetic: ''ma rigpa'') in Buddhist literature is commonly translated as "ignorance". The concept refers to ignorance or misconceptions about the nature of metaphysical reality, in particular about the impermanence and '' anatta'' doctrines about reality. It is the root cause of '' Dukkha'' (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness), and asserted as the first link, in Buddhist phenomenology, of a process that leads to repeated birth. Avidyā is mentioned within the Buddhist teachings as ignorance or misunderstanding in various contexts: * Four Noble Truths * The first link in the twelve links of dependent origination * One of the three poisons within the Mahayana Buddhist tradition * One of the Mental factors (Buddhism)#Six root unwholesome factors">six root kleshas within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings * One of the ten fetters in the Theravada tradition * Equivalent to moha within the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Five Aggregates
(Sanskrit) or (Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings". In Buddhism, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (), the five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging. They are also explained as the five factors that constitute and explain a sentient being’s person and personality, but this is a later interpretation in response to sarvastivadin essentialism. The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are: # form (or material image, impression) () # sensations (or feelings, received from form) () # perceptions () # mental activity or formations () # consciousness (). In the Theravada tradition, suffering arises when one identifies with or clings to the aggregates. This suffering is extinguished by relinquishing attachments to aggregates. The Mahayana tradition asserts that the nature of all aggregates is intrinsically empty of independent existence. Etymology () is a Sanskrit word that means "multitude, quantit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skandha
(Sanskrit) or ( Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings". In Buddhism, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (), the five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging. They are also explained as the five factors that constitute and explain a sentient being’s person and personality, but this is a later interpretation in response to sarvastivadin essentialism. The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are: # form (or material image, impression) () # sensations (or feelings, received from form) () # perceptions () # mental activity or formations () # consciousness (). In the Theravada tradition, suffering arises when one identifies with or clings to the aggregates. This suffering is extinguished by relinquishing attachments to aggregates. The Mahayana tradition asserts that the nature of all aggregates is intrinsically empty of independent existence. Etymology () is a Sanskrit word that means "multitude, qua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pali Canon
The Pāli Canon is the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, as preserved in the Pāli language. It is the most complete extant early Buddhist canon. It derives mainly from the Tamrashatiya school. During the First Buddhist Council, three months after the parinibbana of Gautama Buddha in Rajgir, Ananda recited the Sutta Pitaka, and Upali recited the Vinaya Pitaka. The Arhats present accepted the recitations and henceforth the teachings were preserved orally by the Sangha. The Tipitaka that was transmitted to Sri Lanka during the reign of King Asoka were initially preserved orally and were later written down on palm leaves during the Fourth Buddhist Council in 29 BCE, approximately 454 years after the death of Gautama Buddha. The claim that the texts were "spoken by the Buddha", is meant in this non-literal sense. The existence of the bhanaka tradition existing until later periods, along with other sources, shows that oral tradit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skandha (Buddhism)
(Sanskrit) or (Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings". In Buddhism, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (), the five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging. They are also explained as the five factors that constitute and explain a sentient being’s person and personality, but this is a later interpretation in response to sarvastivadin essentialism. The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are: # form (or material image, impression) () # sensations (or feelings, received from form) () # perceptions () # mental activity or formations () # consciousness (). In the Theravada tradition, suffering arises when one identifies with or clings to the aggregates. This suffering is extinguished by relinquishing attachments to aggregates. The Mahayana tradition asserts that the nature of all aggregates is intrinsically empty of independent existence. Etymology () is a Sanskrit word that means "multitude, quantit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byādhi (Buddhism)
Byādhi (Pali; Sanskrit: ''vyādhi'') is a Buddhist Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ... term that is commonly translated as sickness, illness, disease, etc., and is identified as an aspect of '' dukkha'' (suffering) within the teachings on the Four Noble Truths. Within the Four Noble Truths Within the teachings on the Four Noble Truths, ''byādhi'' is identified as an aspect of '' dukkha'' (suffering). For example, ''The Discourse That Sets Turning the Wheel of Truth'' states: # Now this, bhikkhus, is the noble truth of suffering ukkha birth is suffering, aging is suffering, illness (''byādhi'') is suffering, death is suffering; union with what is displeasing is suffering; separation from what is pleasing is suffering; not to get what one wants is suffering; in br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jarāmaraṇa
is Sanskrit and Pāli for "old age" () and "death" ().; Quote: "death, as ending this (visible) existence, physical death". In Buddhism, jaramarana is associated with the inevitable decay and death-related suffering of all beings prior to their rebirth within ''saṃsāra'' (cyclic existence). ''Jarā'' and ''maraṇa'' are identified as the twelfth link within the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination. Etymology The word ''jarā'' is related to the older Vedic Sanskrit word ''jarā, jaras, jarati, gerā'', which means "to become brittle, to decay, to be consumed". The Vedic root is related to the Latin ''granum'', Goth. ''kaurn'', Greek ''geras, geros'' (later geriatric) all of which in one context mean "hardening, old age".; Quote: "old age, decay (in a disparaging sense), decrepitude, wretched, miserable" The word ''maraṇa'' is based on the Vedic Sanskrit root ''mṛ'', ''mriyate'' which means death. The Vedic root is related to later Sanskrit ''marta'', as well as to Ger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
