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Second-order Cybernetics
Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western science". Glanville, R. (2002). "Second order cybernetics." In F. Parra-Luna (ed.), Systems science and cybernetics. In ''Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems'' (EOLSS). OxfordEoLSS Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s by Heinz von Foerster and others, with key inspiration coming from Margaret Mead. Foerster referred to it as "the control of control and the communication of communication" and differentiated first order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observed systems" and second-order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observing systems". Foerster, Heinz von, ed. ''Cybernetics of Cybernetics: Or, the Contro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cybernetics
Cybernetics is a wide-ranging field concerned with circular causality, such as feedback, in regulatory and purposive systems. Cybernetics is named after an example of circular causal feedback, that of steering a ship, where the helmsperson maintains a steady course in a changing environment by adjusting their steering in continual response to the effect it is observed as having. Cybernetics is concerned with circular causal processes such as steering however they are embodied,Ashby, W. R. (1956). An introduction to cybernetics. London: Chapman & Hall, p. 1. including in ecological, technological, biological, cognitive, and social systems, and in the context of practical activities such as designing, learning, managing, conversation, and the practice of cybernetics itself. Cybernetics' transdisciplinary and "antidisciplinary" character has meant that it intersects with a number of other fields, leading to it having both wide influence and diverse interpretations. Cybernetics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenneth E
Kenneth is an English given name and surname. The name is an Anglicised form of two entirely different Gaelic personal names: ''Cainnech'' and '' Cináed''. The modern Gaelic form of ''Cainnech'' is ''Coinneach''; the name was derived from a byname meaning "handsome", "comely". A short form of ''Kenneth'' is '' Ken''. Etymology The second part of the name ''Cinaed'' is derived either from the Celtic ''*aidhu'', meaning "fire", or else Brittonic ''jʉ:ð'' meaning "lord". People :''(see also Ken (name) and Kenny)'' Places In the United States: * Kenneth, Indiana * Kenneth, Minnesota * Kenneth City, Florida In Scotland: * Inch Kenneth, an island off the west coast of the Isle of Mull Other * "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?", a song by R.E.M. * Hurricane Kenneth * Cyclone Kenneth Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenneth was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in Mozambique since modern records began. The cyclone also caused significant damage in the Comoro Islands an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conversation Theory
Conversation theory is a cybernetic and dialectic framework that offers a scientific theory to explain how interactions lead to "construction of knowledge", or "knowing": wishing to preserve both the dynamic/kinetic quality, and the necessity for there to be a "knower". Following Hugh Dubberly and Paul Pangaro, a conversation in the context of conversation theory can be thought of as "the means by which existing knowledge is conveyed and new knowledge is generated”. So how do organisms engage and learn? Through a self-reflective mental loop that works recursively. Described in a more processed approach: one would open a channel, commit to engage, construct meaning and in the end either evolve or converge. This is the basis for Conversation Theory. The theory was developed by Gordon Pask, who credits Bernard Scott, Dionysius Kallikourdis, Brian Lewis and others during its initial development and implementation as well as Paul Pangaro during subsequent years. Overview Conversatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cybernetics & Human Knowing
''Cybernetics and Human Knowing: A Journal of Second Order Cybernetics, Autopoiesis & Cyber-Semiotics'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering autopoiesis, biosemiotics, cognition, complexity, cybersemiotics, hermeneutics, information theory, linguistics, second-order cybernetics, semiotics, and systems theory, among others. The journal was established in 1992 and is published by Imprint Academic with Søren Brier (Copenhagen Business School) as editor-in-chief. The journal's inception was initially supported by the Danish Academy for Practical Philosophy and the American Society for Cybernetics The American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) is an American non-profit scholastic organization for the advancement of cybernetics as a science , a discipline, a meta-discipline and the promotion of cybernetics as basis for an interdisciplinary disc ... (ASC) with contributing editors and funding (ASC). The journal usually contains six different sections: the issue editor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Action Research
Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection. Kurt Lewin, then a professor a MIT, first coined the term "action research" in 1944. In his 1946 paper "Action Research and Minority Problems" he described action research as "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action". Process Action research is an interactive inquiry process that balances problem-solving actions implemented in a collaborative context with data-driven collaborative analysis or research to understand underlying causes enabling future predictions about personal and organizational change. After six d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conversation Theory
Conversation theory is a cybernetic and dialectic framework that offers a scientific theory to explain how interactions lead to "construction of knowledge", or "knowing": wishing to preserve both the dynamic/kinetic quality, and the necessity for there to be a "knower". Following Hugh Dubberly and Paul Pangaro, a conversation in the context of conversation theory can be thought of as "the means by which existing knowledge is conveyed and new knowledge is generated”. So how do organisms engage and learn? Through a self-reflective mental loop that works recursively. Described in a more processed approach: one would open a channel, commit to engage, construct meaning and in the end either evolve or converge. This is the basis for Conversation Theory. The theory was developed by Gordon Pask, who credits Bernard Scott, Dionysius Kallikourdis, Brian Lewis and others during its initial development and implementation as well as Paul Pangaro during subsequent years. Overview Conversatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BioSystems
''BioSystems'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering experimental, computational, and theoretical research that links biology, evolution, and the information processing sciences. It was established in 1967 as ''Currents in Modern Biology'' by Robert G. Grenell. In 1972 the journal was renamed ''Currents in Modern Biology: Bio Systems'', which was shortened to ''BioSystems'' in 1974. Previous editors include J.P. Schadé, Alan W. Schwartz, Sidney W. Fox, Michael Conrad, Lynn Margulis, David B. Fogel, Gary B. Fogel, George Kampis, Francisco Lara-Ochoa, Koichiro Matsuno, Ray Paton, and W. Mike L. Holcombe. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as i ... of 1.973. Abstracting and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco Varela
Francisco Javier Varela García (September 7, 1946 – May 28, 2001) was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, cybernetician, and neuroscientist who, together with his mentor Humberto Maturana, is best known for introducing the concept of autopoiesis to biology, and for co-founding the Mind and Life Institute to promote dialog between science and Buddhism. Life and career Varela was born in 1946 in Santiago in Chile, the son of Corina María Elena García Tapia and Raúl Andrés Varela Rodríguez. After completing secondary school at the Liceo Alemán del Verbo Divino in Santiago (1951–1963), like his mentor Humberto Maturana, Varela temporarily studied medicine at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and graduated with a degree in biology from the University of Chile. He later obtained a Ph.D. in biology at Harvard University. His thesis, defended in 1970 and supervised by Torsten Wiesel, was titled ''Insect Retinas: Information processing in the compound eye''. After the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Humberto Maturana
Humberto Maturana Romesín (September 14, 1928 – May 6, 2021) was a Chilean biologist and philosopher. Many consider him a member of a group of second-order cybernetics theoreticians such as Heinz von Foerster, Gordon Pask, Herbert Brün and Ernst von Glasersfeld. Maturana, along with Francisco Varela and Ricardo B. Uribe, was particularly known for creating the term "autopoiesis" about the self-generating, self-maintaining structure in living systems, and concepts such as structural determinism and structural coupling. His work was influential in many fields, mainly the field of systems thinking and cybernetics. Overall, his work is concerned with the biology of cognition.Magnus Ramage, Karen Shipp (2012) ''Systems Thinkers'' Maturana (2002) insisted that autopoiesis exists only in the molecular domain, and he did not agree with the extension into sociology and other fields: The molecular domain is the only domain of entities that through their interactions give rise to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autopoiesis
The term autopoiesis () refers to a system capable of producing and maintaining itself by creating its own parts. The term was introduced in the 1972 publication '' Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living'' by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells. Since then the concept has been also applied to the fields of cognition, systems theory, architecture and sociology. Overview In their 1972 book ''Autopoiesis and Cognition'', Chilean biologists Maturana and Varela described how they invented the word autopoiesis. They explained that, They described the "space defined by an autopoietic system" as "self-contained", a space that "cannot be described by using dimensions that define another space. When we refer to our interactions with a concrete autopoietic system, however, we project this system on the space of our manipulations and make a description of this projection." Meaning Autop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krippendorff, Klaus
Klaus Krippendorff (1932–2022) was a Communication studies, communication scholar, social science methodologist, and Cybernetics, cyberneticist. and was the Gregory Bateson professor for Cybernetics, Language, and Culture at the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication. He wrote an influential textbook on content analysis and is the creator of the widely used and eponymous measure of Inter-rater reliability, interrater reliability, Krippendorff's alpha. In 1984-1985, he served as the president of the International Communication Association, one of the two largest professional associations for scholars for communication. Overview Klaus Krippendorff was born in 1932 in Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany, Germany. In 1954, he graduated with an engineering degree from the State Engineering School Hannover. In 1961, he graduated as diplom-designer from the Ulm School of Design (''Hochschule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
