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Ratl (unit)
A ratl (رطل ) is a medieval Middle Eastern unit of measurement found in several historic recipes. The term was used to measure both liquid and weight (around a pound and a pint in 10th century Baghdad, but anywhere from 8 ounces to 8 pounds depending on the time period and region). While there were a variety of names for different shapes of cups and mugs in use at the time, the ratl seems to have had a position roughly equivalent to a British pint in that the name of the drinking-vessel also implied a standardized measurement as opposed to merely the object's shape, in both 10th century Baghdad and 13th century Andalusia. However, those standardized measures varied both by region and by purpose: the spice-measuring ratl, the flax-measuring ratl, the oil-measuring ratl, and the quicksilver-measuring ratl all differed from each other. The ratl was a part of a sequence of measurements ranging from a grain of barley through the dirham (used as a common point of reference in both m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baghdad
Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon. In 762 CE, Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Baghdad was the largest city in the world for much of the Abbasid era during the Islamic Golden Age, peaking at a population of more than a million. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barley
Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley production is used as animal fodder, while 30% as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2017, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced () behind maize, rice and wheat. Etymology The Old English word for barley was ', which traces back to Proto-Indo-European and is cognate to the Latin word ' "flour" (''see corresponding entries''). The direct ancestor of modern English ''barley'' in Old English was the derived adjective ''bærlic'', meaning "of barley". The first citation of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sa (Islamic Measure)
The Sāʿ (Arabic language, Arabic: صَاعًا and ''صَۡع'' in spelling, and ''sa'e'' in the Latin alphabet, literally: "one") is an ancient measurement of volume from the Islam, Islamic world, with cultural and religious significance. While its exact volume is uncertain, the Arabic word ''Sāʿ'' translates to "small container," related to the Quranic word ''ṣuwāʿ'' ("cup, goblet"). Together with the Mudd and the Makkūk, the Sāʿ is part of the system of units of volume used in the Arabic peninsula.Šams ad-Dīn al-Maqdisī: ''Kitāb Aḥsan at-taqāsīm''. 1906, S. 98. Proportion to other Arabic measures There is general agreement between medieval Arabic authors that 1 Sāʿ = 4 Mudd. The 9th-century scholar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, al-Khwārizmī indicates that this was the opinion of the people of Medina. Likewise, Al-Maqdisi, Shams al-Dīn al-Maqdisī, who lived in the 10th century, stated that in Hejaz, al-Ḥijāz 1 Sāʿ = 4 Mudd = 1/3 Makkūk. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mudd
Mudd is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Daniel Mudd (born 1956), American CEO, son of Roger Mudd * David Mudd (1933–2020), English politician * Harvey Seeley Mudd (1888–1955), American mining engineer, namesake of Harvey Mudd College * Henry T. Mudd (1913–1990), American CEO and philanthropist, son of Harvey Seeley Mudd * Howard Mudd (1942–2020), American football player and coach * Jodie Mudd (born 1960), American professional golfer * Lee Mudd (born 1981), Northern Irish footballer * Richard Mudd (1901–2002), grandson of Samuel Mudd * Robert H. Mudd (1875–1904), American football player and coach * Roger Mudd (1928–2021), American television journalist * Samuel Mudd (1833–1883), American physician who set John Wilkes Booth's broken leg * Seeley G. Mudd (1895–1968), California physician whose foundation allowed for the construction of several academic halls in U.S. colleges and universities * Seeley W. Mudd (1861–1926), American mining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uqiyyah
The uqiyyah ( ar, أُوقِيَّة), sometimes spelled awqiyyah, is the name for a historical unit of weight that varies between regions, as listed below. 1 uqiyyah= 40 dirham. 1 dirham= 0.7 dinar. It corresponds to the historical unit ounce and was defined in Iraq as one twelfth of a ratl or in parts of Egypt as one eighth of a ratl. As the ratl varied so did the uqiyyah as its part. *Egypt: 37g *Aleppo: 320g *Beirut: 213.39g *Jerusalem: 240g *Malta: ~26.46 g The same unit, pronounced '' okka'' in Turkish, was used in the Ottoman Empire until the early 20th century. The standard Istanbul okka equaled 128.3 g. The ouguiya, the currency of Mauritania, takes its name from the Hassaniya Arabic Hassānīya ( ar, حسانية '; also known as , , , , and ''Maure'') is a variety of Maghrebi Arabic spoken by Mauritanian Arabs and the Sahrawi. It was spoken by the Beni Ḥassān Bedouin tribes, who extended their authority over most of M ... pronunciation of ''uqiyyah''. Ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mithqal
Mithqāl ( ar, ) is a unit of mass equal to which is mostly used for measuring precious metals, such as gold, and other commodities, like saffron. The name was also applied as an alternative term for the gold dinar, a coin that was used throughout much of the Islamic world from the 8th century onward and survived in parts of Africa until the 19th century. The name of Mozambique's currency since 1980, the ''metical'', is derived from ''mithqāl''. Etymology The word ''mithqāl'' ( ar, ; “weight, unit of weight”) comes from the Arabic ''thaqala'' (), meaning “to weigh”. Other variants of the unit in English include ''miskal'' (from Persian or Urdu ; ''misqāl''), ''mithkal, mitkal'' and ''mitqal.'' Indian mithqaal In India, the measurement is known as ''mithqaal''. It contains 4 and 3½ (rata'ii; مثقال). It is equivalent to 4.25 grams when measuring gold, or 4.5 grams when measuring commodities. It may be more or less than this. Conversion factors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Mile
The Arab, Arabic, or Arabian mile ( ar, الميل, ''al-mīl'') was a historical Arabic unit of length. Its precise length is disputed, lying between 1.8 and 2.0 km. It was used by medieval Arab geographers and astronomers. The predecessor of the modern nautical mile, it extended the Roman mile to fit an astronomical approximation of 1 minute of an arc of latitude measured along a north–south meridian. The distance between two pillars whose latitudes differed by 1 degree in a north–south direction was measured using sighting pegs along a flat desert plane. There were 4000 cubits in an Arabic mile. If al-Farghani used the legal cubit as his unit of measurement, then an Arabic mile was 1995 meters long. If he used al-Ma'mun's surveying cubit, it was 1925 meters long or 1.04 modern nautical miles. During the Umayyad period (661–750), the "Umayyad mile" was roughly equivalent to , or a little more than two kilometers, or about 2 biblical miles, for every Umayyad mile. Al- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zira (unit)
Zira may refer to: Places * Zirə, Azerbaijan * Zira, Iran (other), places in Iran * Zira, Punjab, a town in Ferozepur district of Punjab, India Other uses * Zira (''The Lion King II''), a lioness and the antagonist in Disney's 1998 direct-to-video animated film ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' * Zira (''Planet of the Apes''), a chimpanzee character in the novel and movie series ''Planet of the Apes'' * Zira FK, an Azerbaijani football club * Zira, a TellMe voice persona * Zira or cumin, a plant used in Indian cuisine * "Zira (Call Out My Name)", a song by Redd Kross on the album ''Third Eye The third eye (also called the mind's eye or inner eye) is a mystical invisible eye, usually depicted as located on the forehead, which provides perception beyond ordinary sight. In Hinduism, the third eye refers to the ajna (or brow) chakra. In ...'' See also * * Zira'a, Homs Governorate, Syria {{disambig, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirham
The dirham, dirhem or dirhm ( ar, درهم) is a silver unit of currency historically and currently used by several Arab and Arab influenced states. The term has also been used as a related unit of mass. Unit of mass The dirham was a unit of weight used across North Africa, the Middle East, Persia and Ifat; later known as Adal, with varying values. The value of Islamic dirham was 14 qirat, 10 dirham = 7 mithqal, in Islamic law (2.975 gm of silver). In the late Ottoman Empire ( ota, درهم), the standard dirham was 3.207 g; 400 dirhem equal one oka. The Ottoman dirham was based on the Sasanian drachm (in Middle Persian: ''drahm''), which was itself based on the Roman dram/drachm. In Egypt in 1895, it was equivalent to 47.661 troy grains (3.088 g). There is currently a movement within the Islamic world to revive the dirham as a unit of mass for measuring silver, although the exact value is disputed (either 3 or 2.975 grams). History The word "dirham" ultimately ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
