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Ponazuril
Ponazuril (International Nonproprietary Name, INN), sold by Merial, Inc., now part of Boehringer Ingelheim, under the trade name Marquis® (15% w/w ponazuril), is a drug currently approved for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses, caused by coccidia ''Sarcocystis neurona''. More recently, veterinarians have been preparing a formulary version of the medication for use in small animals such as cats, dogs, and rabbits against coccidia as an intestinal parasite. Coccidia treatment in small animals is far shorter than treatment for EPM. See also * Clazuril * Diclazuril * Toltrazuril References Equine medications Diphenyl ethers Benzosulfones Trifluoromethyl compounds Isocyanuric acids {{Veterinary-med-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coccidia
Coccidia (Coccidiasina) are a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate intracellular parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. As obligate intracellular parasites, they must live and reproduce within an animal cell. Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are the largest group of apicomplexan protozoa. Infection with these parasites is known as coccidiosis. Coccidia can infect all mammals, some birds, some fish, some reptiles, and some amphibians. Most species of coccidia are species-specific in their host. An exception is ''Toxoplasma gondii'', which can infect all mammals, although it can only undergo sexual reproduction in cats. Depending on the species of coccidia, infection can cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, and nervous system effects and changes to behavior, and may lead to death. Healthy adults may recover without medication—but those who are immunocompromised or young almost certainly requi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clazuril
Clazuril is a drug used in veterinary medicine as a coccidiostat. See also * Diclazuril * Ponazuril * Toltrazuril Toltrazuril is a coccidiostat. See also * Clazuril * Diclazuril * Ponazuril Ponazuril ( INN), sold by Merial, Inc., now part of Boehringer Ingelheim, under the trade name Marquis® (15% w/w ponazuril), is a drug currently approved for the tre ... References Veterinary drugs Antiprotozoal agents Chloroarenes {{antiinfective-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diclazuril
Diclazuril (trade name Vecoxan) is a coccidiostat. See also * Clazuril * Ponazuril * Toltrazuril Toltrazuril is a coccidiostat. See also * Clazuril * Diclazuril * Ponazuril Ponazuril ( INN), sold by Merial, Inc., now part of Boehringer Ingelheim, under the trade name Marquis® (15% w/w ponazuril), is a drug currently approved for the tre ... References Antiparasitic agents Nitriles Chlorobenzenes Triazines Lactams Ureas {{antiinfective-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toltrazuril
Toltrazuril is a coccidiostat. See also * Clazuril * Diclazuril * Ponazuril Ponazuril ( INN), sold by Merial, Inc., now part of Boehringer Ingelheim, under the trade name Marquis® (15% w/w ponazuril), is a drug currently approved for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses, caused by coccidia ... References Antiparasitic agents Trifluoromethyl compounds Thioethers Phenol ethers Isocyanuric acids Trifluoromethylthio compounds {{antiinfective-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boehringer Ingelheim
C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Co. is the parent company of the Boehringer Ingelheim group, which was founded in 1885 by Albert Boehringer in Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany. As of 2018, Boehringer Ingelheim is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies, and the largest private one. Headquartered in Ingelheim, it operates globally with 146 affiliates and more than 47,700 employees. Unlike most large pharmaceutical companies which are listed, the company is private and fully owned by the Boehringer, Liebrecht and von Baumbach families. The company's key areas of interest are: respiratory diseases, metabolism, immunology, oncology and diseases of the central nervous system. Boehringer Ingelheim is a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). The corporate logo of Boehringer Ingelheim depicts a stylized rendition of the central section of the imperial palace of Charlemagne. History 1885–1999 *1885: Albert Boehringer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), is a disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite '' Sarcocystis neurona'' that affects the central nervous system of horses. History EPM was first discovered in the 1960s by the American biologist Dr. Jim Rooney. The disease is considered rare, though recently, an increasing number of cases have been reported. Previous research identified the "barn cat" as the definitive host of the disease. However, since that time it has been learned that the definitive host is the opossum, while any of a number of mammals can serve as intermediate hosts in the disease's two-host life-cycle. Those with horses should not panic and kill opossums or wildlife rather keep feed covered and stalls clean. The term EPM refers to the clinical neurologic symptoms caused by the parasite, not infection itself. The majority of horses infected with ''S. neurona'' do not exhibit neurologic symptoms consistent with EPM. There are six subspecies of ''S. neurona'' which c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarcocystis Neurona
''Sarcocystis neurona'' is primarily a neural parasite of horses and its management is of concern in veterinarian medicine. The protozoan ''Sarcocystis neurona'' is a protozoan of single celled character and belongs to the family, Sarcocystidae, a group called coccidia.Beltsville Mneurona''"'United States Department of Agriculture'' The protozoan, ''S. neurona'', is a member of the genus ''Sarcocystis'', and is most commonly associated with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). The protozoan, ''S. neurona'', can be easily cultivated and genetically manipulated, hence its common use as a model to study numerous aspects of cell biology. Life cycle ''Sarcocystis neurona'' has a wide range of potential intermediate hosts, making it one of the most unique life cycle of the genus ''Sarcocystis''. The life cycle of this parasite requires two hosts, a definitive and an intermediate host. The definitive host of ''S. neurona'' are opossums, and more specifically opossums of species ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equine Medications
Equinae is a subfamily of the family Equidae, which have lived worldwide (except Indonesia and Australia) from the Hemingfordian stage of the Early Miocene (16 million years ago) onwards. They are thought to be a monophyletic grouping.B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Members of the subfamily are referred to as equines; the only extant equines are the horses, asses, and zebras of the genus ''Equus''. The subfamily contains two tribes, the Equini and the Hipparionini, as well as two unplaced genera, ''Merychippus'' and ''Scaphohippus''. Sister taxa * Anchitheriinae * Hyracotheriinae ''Hyracotherium'' ( ; "hyrax-like beast") is an extinct genus of very small (about 60 cm in length) perissodactyl ungulates that was found in the London Clay formation. This small, fox-sized animal was once considered to be the earliest kno ... References Miocene horses Pliocene odd-toe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diphenyl Ethers
Biphenyl (also known as diphenyl, phenylbenzene, 1,1′-biphenyl, lemonene or BP) is an organic compound that forms colorless crystals. Particularly in older literature, compounds containing the functional group consisting of biphenyl less one hydrogen (the site at which it is attached) may use the prefixes xenyl or diphenylyl. It has a distinctively pleasant smell. Biphenyl is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a molecular formula (C6H5)2. It is notable as a starting material for the production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which were once widely used as dielectric fluids and heat transfer agents. Biphenyl is also an intermediate for the production of a host of other organic compounds such as emulsifiers, optical brighteners, crop protection products, and plastics. Biphenyl is insoluble in water, but soluble in typical organic solvents. The biphenyl molecule consists of two connected phenyl rings. Properties and occurrence Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trifluoromethyl Compounds
The trifluoromethyl group is a functional group that has the formula -CF3. The naming of is group is derived from the methyl group (which has the formula -CH3), by replacing each hydrogen atom by a fluorine atom. Some common examples are trifluoromethane H–, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane –, and hexafluoroacetone –CO–. Compounds with this group are a subclass of the organofluorines. Properties The trifluoromethyl group has a significant electronegativity that is often described as being intermediate between the electronegativities of fluorine and chlorine. For this reason, trifluoromethyl-substituted compounds are often strong acids, such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. Conversely, the trifluoromethyl group lowers the basicity of compounds like trifluoroethanol. Uses The trifluoromethyl group occurs in certain pharmaceuticals, drugs, and abiotically synthesized natural fluorocarbon based compounds. The medicinal use of the trifloromethyl group dates from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
