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Placental Pathology
A placental disease is any disease, disorder, or pathology of the placenta. Ischemic placental disease leads to the attachment of the placenta to the uterine wall to become under-perfused, causing uteroplacental ischemia. Where the term overarches the pathology associated with preeclampsia, placental abruptions and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). These factors are known to be the primary pathophysiology cause placental disease. Which is considered to be associated with more than half of premature births. Abnormalities present within the spiral arteries lead to higher velocities in blood, in turn causes the maternal villi to shred. Which trigger pro-coagulator molecules to be released into the blood stream causing action of the coagulator cascade, eventually leading to placental infarction. Risk factors such as diabetes, chronic blood pressure and multiple pregnancies can increase the risk of developing placental disease. Also, exposure to sudden trauma can increase the risk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrograph
A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object. This is opposed to a macrograph or photomacrograph, an image which is also taken on a microscope but is only slightly magnified, usually less than 10 times. Micrography is the practice or art of using microscopes to make photographs. A micrograph contains extensive details of microstructure. A wealth of information can be obtained from a simple micrograph like behavior of the material under different conditions, the phases found in the system, failure analysis, grain size estimation, elemental analysis and so on. Micrographs are widely used in all fields of microscopy. Types Photomicrograph A light micrograph or photomicrograph is a micrograph prepared using an optical microscope, a process referred to as ''photomicroscopy''. At a basic level, photomicroscopy may be performed simply by connecting a camera to a microscope, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TORCH Infections
A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It can occur when the mother has a pre-existing disease or becomes infected during pregnancy. Nutritional deficiencies may exacerbate the risks of perinatal infections. Types of infections Bacteria, viruses, and other organisms are able to be passed from mother to child. Several vertically transmitted infections are included in the TORCH complex: # T – toxoplasmosis from ''Toxoplasma gondii'' # O – other infections (see below) # R – rubella # C – cytomegalovirus # H – herpes simplex virus-2 or neonatal herpes simplex Other infections include: * Parvovirus B19 * Coxsackievirus * Chickenpox (caused by varicella zoster virus) * ''Chlamydia'' * HIV * Human T-lymphotropic virus * Syphilis * Zika fever, caused by Zika virus, can cause ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Choriocarcinoma
Choriocarcinoma is a malignant, trophoblastic cancer, usually of the placenta. It is characterized by early hematogenous spread to the lungs. It belongs to the malignant end of the spectrum in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It is also classified as a germ cell tumor and may arise in the testis or ovary. Signs and symptoms * increased quantitative chorionic gonadotropin (the "pregnancy hormone") levels * vaginal bleeding * shortness of breath * hemoptysis (coughing up blood) * chest pain * chest X-ray shows multiple infiltrates of various shapes in both lungs * presents in males as a testicular cancer, sometimes with skin hyperpigmentation (from excess chorionic gonadotropin cross reacting with the alpha MSH receptor), gynecomastia, and weight loss (from excess chorionic gonadotropin cross reacting with the LH, FSH, and TSH receptor) in males * can present with decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) due to hyperthyroidism. Cause Choriocarcinoma of the placenta dur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Placental Infarction
A placental infarction results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the placenta, causing its cells to die. Small placental infarcts, especially at the edge of the placental disc, are considered to be normal at term. Large placental infarcts are associated with vascular abnormalities, e.g. hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, as seen in hypertension. Very large infarcts lead to placental insufficiency and may result in fetal death Perinatal mortality (PNM) refers to the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate. Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist, specifically concerning the issue of inclusion o .... Relation to maternal floor infarct ''Maternal floor infarcts'' are ''not'' considered to be true placental infarcts, as they result from deposition of fibrin around the chorionic villi, i.e. perivillous fibrin deposition. See also * Placental disease References External links Gros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chorangioma
Chorioangioma, or chorangioma, is a benign tumor of placenta. It is a hamartoma-like growth in the placenta consisting of blood vessels, and is seen in approximately 0.5 to 1% pregnancies. It is mostly diagnosed ultrasonically in the second trimester of pregnancy. Large chorioangiomas are known to cause complications in pregnancy, while the smaller ones are asymptomatic. Presentation Most chorangiomas are not clinically significant, i.e. they do not have an adverse effect on placental function. Complications Large (greater than 4 or 5 cm.) or multiple chorioangiomas may lead to complication. The complications are polyhydramnios, preterm labour, hemolytic anemia, fetal cardiomegaly, fetal thrombocytopenia, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, abruption of placenta and congenital anomalies. Pathogenesis The origin of chorioangioma is from primitive chorionic mesenchyme. It develops when the blood vessels and stroma undergo rapid proliferation independent of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chorangiosis
Chorangiosis is a placental pathology characterized by an abundance of blood vessels within the chorionic villi. Associations It is associated with gestational diabetes, smoking and high altitude. Diagnosis It is diagnosed by a microscopic examination of the placenta. Commonly used criteria from Altshuler are: "a minimum of 10 villi, each with 10 or more vascular channels, in 10 or more areas of 3 or more random, non-infarcted placental areas when using a ×10 ocular." The Altshuler criteria are not theoretically rigorous, as they do not define the area. Normal villi have up to five vascular channels. See also *Chorangioma Chorioangioma, or chorangioma, is a benign tumor of placenta. It is a hamartoma-like growth in the placenta consisting of blood vessels, and is seen in approximately 0.5 to 1% pregnancies. It is mostly diagnosed ultrasonically in the second trim ... Additional images Image:Chorangiosis - intermed mag.jpg, Intermed. mag. Image:Chorangiosis - very high m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypertrophic Decidual Vasculopathy
In pathology, hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, abbreviated HDV, is the histomorphology, histomorphologic correlate of gestational hypertension, as may be seen in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and HELLP syndrome. The name of the condition describes its appearance under the microscope; the smooth muscle of the decidual (or mother, maternal) blood vessels is hypertrophy, hypertrophic, i.e. the muscle part of the blood vessels feeding the placenta is larger due to cellular enlargement. Morphologic features The morphologic features of mild and moderate HDV include: *Perivascular inflammatory cells, *+/-Vascular thrombosis, *Smooth muscle hypertrophy, and *Endothelial hyperplasia. Severe HDV is characterized by: *Atherosis - foamy macrophages within vascular wall, and *Fibrinoid necrosis of vessel wall (amorphous eosinophilic vessel wall). See also *Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy *Gestational diabetes *Placenta *Pregnancy References {{reflist Pathology Health issues i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fetal Thrombotic Vasculopathy
Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy is a chronic disorder characterized by thrombosis in the fetus leading to vascular obliteration and hypoperfusion. It is associated with cerebral palsy and stillbirth. It is more common in women who have diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis It can be diagnosed by histomorphologic examination of the placenta and is characterized by fetal vessel thrombosis and clustered fibrotic chorionic villi without blood vessels. Image: Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy - low mag.jpg , Low mag. Image: Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy - high mag.jpg , High mag. Image: Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy - very high mag.jpg , Very high mag. See also * Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy In pathology, hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, abbreviated HDV, is the histomorphology, histomorphologic correlate of gestational hypertension, as may be seen in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and HELLP syndrome. The name of the condi ... References {{Reflist Cerebral palsy and o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasa Previa
Vasa praevia is a condition in which fetal blood vessels cross or run near the internal opening of the uterus. These vessels are at risk of rupture when the supporting membranes rupture, as they are unsupported by the umbilical cord or placental tissue. Risk factors include low-lying placenta, in vitro fertilization. Vasa praevia occurs in about 0.6 per 1000 pregnancies. The term "vasa previa" is derived from the Latin; "vasa" means vessels and "previa" comes from "pre" meaning "before" and "via" meaning "way". In other words, vessels lie before the fetus in the birth canal and in the way. Cause Vasa previa is present when unprotected fetal vessels traverse the fetal membranes over the internal cervical os. These vessels may be from either a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord or may be joining an accessory (succenturiate) placental lobe to the main disk of the placenta. If these fetal vessels rupture the bleeding is from the fetoplacental circulation, and fetal ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Placenta Previa
Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in a position near or over the cervical opening. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding in the second half of pregnancy. The bleeding is bright red and tends not to be associated with pain. Complications may include placenta accreta, dangerously low blood pressure, or bleeding after delivery. Complications for the baby may include fetal growth restriction. Risk factors include pregnancy at an older age and smoking as well as prior cesarean section, labor induction, or termination of pregnancy. Diagnosis is by ultrasound. It is classified as a complication of pregnancy. For those who are less than 36 weeks pregnant with only a small amount of bleeding recommendations may include bed rest and avoiding sexual intercourse. For those after 36 weeks of pregnancy or with a significant amount of bleeding, cesarean section is generally recommended. In those less than 36 weeks pregnant, corticosteroids may be given to sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Placental Villous Immaturity
Placental villous immaturity is chorionic villous development that is inappropriate for the gestational age. It is associated with diabetes mellitus and fetal death near term, i.e. intrauterine demise close to the normal gestational period. Pathology Immature chorionic villi are larger and have more central blood vessels; thus, the diffusion distance for gas and nutrient exchange is larger and, therefore, placental function is impaired. Image: Placental villous immaturity -- low mag.jpg , Low mag. Image: Placental villous immaturity -- high mag.jpg , High mag. See also *Placenta *Placental pathology A placental disease is any disease, disorder, or pathology of the placenta. Ischemic placental disease leads to the attachment of the placenta to the uterine wall to become under-perfused, causing uteroplacental ischemia. Where the term overarches ... References External links {{Medical resources , DiseasesDB = , ICD10 = , ICD9 = , IC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumvallate Placenta
Circumvallate placenta is a rare condition affecting about 1-2% of pregnancies, in which the amnion and chorion fetal membranes essentially "double back" on the fetal side around the edges of the placenta. After delivery, a circumvallate placenta has a thick ring of membranes on its fetal surface. Circumvallate placenta is a placental morphological abnormality associated with increased fetal morbidity and mortality due to the restricted availability of nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. Physicians may be able to detect a circumvallate placenta during pregnancy by using an ultrasound. However, in other cases, a circumvallate placenta is not identified until delivery of the baby. Circumvallate placenta can increase the risk of associated complications such as preterm delivery and placental abruption. Occasionally, a circumvallate placenta can also increase the risk of neonatal death and emergency caesarean section. Although there is no existing treatment for circumval ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
