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Opus Reticulatum
''Opus reticulatum'' (also known as reticulate work) is a facing used for concrete walls in Ancient Roman architecture, Roman architecture from about the first century BCE to the early first century CE. Facings are a type of polygonal masonry used to apply a smooth finish to an opus caementicium’s core. They were built using small pyramid shaped tuff, a volcanic stone embedded into a concrete core.Vitr. ''De arch''. 2.8.1–4 Reticulate work was also combined with a multitude of other building materials to provide polychrome colouring and other facings to form new techniques. ''Opus reticulatum'' was generally used in central and southern Italy with the exception being its rare appearance in Africa (Roman province), Africa and Jericho. This was because of tuff's wider availability and ease of local transport in central Italy and Campania compared to other regions. Reticulate work developed in response to the advent of ''Roman concrete, opus caementicium'' and its predecessor, ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hadrian's Villa
Hadrian's Villa (; ) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising the ruins and archaeological remains of a large Roman villa, villa complex built around AD 120 by Roman emperor Hadrian near Tivoli, Italy, Tivoli outside Rome. It is the most imposing and complex Roman villa known. The complex contains over 30 monumental and scenic buildings arranged on a series of artificial esplanades at different heights and surrounded by gardens decorated with water basins and nymphaea (fountains). The whole complex covers an area of at least a square kilometre, an area larger than the city of Pompeii. In addition to the villa's impressive layout, many of the buildings are considered masterpieces of Roman architecture, making use of striking curved shapes enabled by extensive use of concrete. They were ingenious for the complex symmetry of their ground plans and are considered unrivalled until the arrival of Baroque architecture in the 17th century, initiated by Borromini, who used Hadrian's Vill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limestone
Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science), crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Limestone forms when these minerals Precipitation (chemistry), precipitate out of water containing dissolved calcium. This can take place through both biological and nonbiological processes, though biological processes, such as the accumulation of corals and shells in the sea, have likely been more important for the last 540 million years. Limestone often contains fossils which provide scientists with information on ancient environments and on the evolution of life. About 20% to 25% of sedimentary rock is carbonate rock, and most of this is limestone. The remaining carbonate rock is mostly Dolomite (rock), dolomite, a closely related rock, which contains a high percentage of the mineral Dolomite (mine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jendouba
Jendouba ( ; Formerly known as Souk El Arba until 30 April 1966) is a city in northwestern Tunisia, and capital of the Jendouba Governorate. It is an important crossroads with many road links to other towns such as El Kef, Tabarka, Ain Draham and Béja. The main economic activity is agriculture. It is close to the famous ancient Roman city of Bullaregia or Bulla Regia, as well as the ancient marble quarry of Chemtou. The city's name is derived from Amazigh with the exact translation being “land of grain.” History Historically, this region was important and wealthy. During the Roman Empire the town was called Libertina and was a civitas of the Roman Province of Byzacena in North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t .... The historical importance of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulla Regia
Bulla Regia was a Berbers, Berber, Punics, Punic, and ancient Romans, Roman town near present-day Jendouba, Tunisia. Its surviving ruins and archaeological site are noted for their Emperor Hadrian, Hadrianic-era semi-subterranean housing, a protection from the fierce heat and effects of the sun. Many of the mosaic floors have been left in place; others may be seen at the Bardo Museum in Tunis. There is also a small museum connected with the site. Names The Punic language, Punic name of the town appears on its currency as (). This has been suggested to have been a contraction of (), meaning "House" or "Temple of Baal". The name Bulla Regia is Latin for "Royal Bulla". The epithet refers to its status as the Numidian capital under Masinissa. It was notionally refounded at the time of its elevation to Roman colonia, colony status and formally named ' after its imperial sponsor Hadrian. History Berber town A Berbers, Berber settlement probably predated the Punics, Punic one. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opus Africanum
''Opus africanum'' is a form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture, characterized by pillars of vertical blocks of stone alternating with horizontal blocks, filled in with smaller blocks in between. Its name derives from the Roman province of Africa, and is common in North Africa, but also found in Sicily and Southern Italy. See also * Roman concrete (''opus caementicium'') – building material used in construction during the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. *Dougga Dougga or Thugga or TBGG (; ) was a Berber, Punic and Roman settlement near present-day Téboursouk in northern Tunisia. The current archaeological site covers . UNESCO qualified Dougga as a World Heritage Site in 1997, believing that it repres ... in Tunisia contains many examples of ''opus africanum''. References *Adam, Jean-Pierre (1999). ''Roman Building''. Routledge. Pages 120–121 Bricks Concrete Ancient Roman construction techniques {{architectur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opus Vittatum
''Opus vittatum'' ("banded work"), also called ''opus listatum'', was an ancient Roman construction technique introduced at the beginning of the fourth century, made by parallel horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks.Coarelli (1974), p. 340 This technique was adopted during the whole 4th century, and is typical of the works of Maxentius and Constantine Constantine most often refers to: * Constantine the Great, Roman emperor from 306 to 337, also known as Constantine I * Constantine, Algeria, a city in Algeria Constantine may also refer to: People * Constantine (name), a masculine g .... See also * * * * * * References Sources * Ancient Roman construction techniques {{architecture-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opus Reticulatum Pompeii
Opus (: opera) is a Latin word meaning "(a result of) work". Italian equivalents are ''opera'' (singular) and ''opere'' (plural). Opus or OPUS may refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Opus number, (abbr. Op.) specifying order of (usually) publication, and hence applied to collections as well as individual compositions * Opus Records, a Slovak record label Bands * Opus (Austrian band), an Austrian pop-rock group * Opus (Yugoslav band), a Yugoslav progressive rock group *, Latvian music group * Pur (band), a German pop group originally known as "Opus" Albums * ''Opus'' (Opus album), 1987 album by Austrian band Opus * ''Opus'' (Schiller album), 2013 album by German music project Schiller * ''Opus'', a 2014 album by Jane Badler * ''Opus'' (Eric Prydz album), 2016 album by the electronic artist Eric Prydz ** "Opus" (Eric Prydz song), song from the eponymous album. * ''Opus'', a 2007 compilation album by Mr. Sam * ''Opus 1'' (album), 1975 album by the Yugoslav band Opus * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peperino
Peperino is an Italian word describing a brown or grey volcanic tuff, containing fragments of basalt and limestone, with disseminated crystals of augite, mica, magnetite, leucite, and other similar minerals. The name originally referred to the dark-colored inclusions, suggestive of peppercorns. The typical peperino occurs in the Alban Hills and in Soriano nel Cimino, near Rome, and was used by the ancient Romans under the name of ''lapis albanus'' as a building stone and for the basins of fountains. Other tuffs and conglomerates in Auvergne and elsewhere are also called peperino. In English the word has sometimes been written "peperine". Lazian peperino is a cousin to piperno tuff from Campania Campania is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy located in Southern Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islan .... References * Igneou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aniene
The Aniene (; ), formerly known as the Teverone, is a river in Lazio, Italy. It originates in the Apennines at Trevi nel Lazio and flows westward past Subiaco, Italy, Subiaco, Vicovaro, and Tivoli, Italy, Tivoli to join the Tiber in northern Rome. It formed the principal valley east of ancient Rome and became an important water source as the city's population expanded. The falls at Tivoli were noted for their beauty. Historic bridges across the river include the Ponte Nomentano, Ponte Mammolo, Ponte Salario, and Ponte di San Francesco, all of which were originally fortified with towers. Name The river was known to the Romans as ''Aniō''; this is of unknown etymology, but Francisco Villar Liebana has suggested a root *''an''- that is found in many river names, such as the Ana (Guadiana) and Anisus (Enns (river), Enns). Plutarch derived the name from a mythical Etruscan people, Etruscan king Anius who drowned in the river. History Classical antiquity The confluence of the Aniene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly calcite (CaCO3) or Dolomite (mineral), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure. It has a crystalline texture, and is typically not Foliation (geology), foliated (Layered intrusion, layered), although there are exceptions. In geology, the term ''marble'' refers to metamorphosed limestone, but its use in stonemasonry more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone. The extraction of marble is performed by quarrying. Marble production is dominated by four countries: China, Italy, India and Spain, which account for almost half of world production of marble and decorative stone. Because of its high hardness and strong wear resistance, and because it will not be deformed by temperature, marble is often used in Marble sculpture, sculpture and construction. Etymology The word "marble" derives from the Ancient Greek (), from (), "crystalline rock, shin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Pierre Adam
Jean-Pierre Adam (born 24 November 1937 in Paris) is a French architect and archaeologist specialising in ancient architecture. Biography Adam was born in Paris. Following a special diploma from the School of Architecture in 1965, he entered the ancient architecture department of the CNRS. He produced several monumental studies in France and worldwide, and became director of the Office of Ancient Architecture of Paris, located in the north tower of the Castle of Vincennes. He has conducted various studies on architectural excavation sites of various Ancient Roman, Greek and Egyptian sites around the Mediterranean, including in Pompeii and in 1999 he published a book about Roman architecture entitled '' Roman Building: Materials and Techniques''. Previously, he had also excavated the Tomb of Akhethetep in Saqqarah along with Christiane Ziegler and Guillemette Andreu-Lanoë between 1991 and 1999, publishing their findings in a book. He has authored books on Greek architecture ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
