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One-hot Encoding
In digital circuits and machine learning, a one-hot is a group of Bit, bits among which the legal combinations of values are only those with a single high (1) bit and all the others low (0). A similar implementation in which all bits are '1' except one '0' is sometimes called one-cold. In statistics, Dummy variable (statistics), dummy variables represent a similar technique for representing categorical data. Applications Digital circuitry One-hot encoding is often used for indicating the state of a state machine. When using Binary number, binary, a Binary decoder, decoder is needed to determine the state. A one-hot state machine, however, does not need a decoder as the state machine is in the ''n''th state if, and only if, the ''n''th bit is high. A ring counter with 15 sequentially ordered states is an example of a state machine. A 'one-hot' implementation would have 15 flip flop (electronics), flip flops chained in series with the Q output of each flip flop connected to the D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decimal
The decimal numeral system (also called the base-ten positional numeral system and denary or decanary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers. It is the extension to non-integer numbers of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The way of denoting numbers in the decimal system is often referred to as ''decimal notation''. A ''decimal numeral'' (also often just ''decimal'' or, less correctly, ''decimal number''), refers generally to the notation of a number in the decimal numeral system. Decimals may sometimes be identified by a decimal separator (usually "." or "," as in or ). ''Decimal'' may also refer specifically to the digits after the decimal separator, such as in " is the approximation of to ''two decimals''". Zero-digits after a decimal separator serve the purpose of signifying the precision of a value. The numbers that may be represented in the decimal system are the #Decimal fractions, decimal fractions. That is, fraction (mathematics), fract ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Field-programmable Gate Array
A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturinghence the term ''Field-programmability, field-programmable''. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, but this is increasingly rare due to the advent of electronic design automation tools. FPGAs contain an array of programmable logic device, programmable logic blocks, and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects allowing blocks to be wired together. Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational logic, combinational functions, or act as simple logic gates like AND gate, AND and XOR gate, XOR. In most FPGAs, logic blocks also include Memory cell (computing), memory elements, which may be simp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
XOR Gate
XOR gate (sometimes EOR, or EXOR and pronounced as Exclusive OR) is a digital logic gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH) output when the number of true inputs is odd. An XOR gate implements an exclusive or (\nleftrightarrow) from mathematical logic; that is, a true output results if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is true. If both inputs are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a false output results. XOR represents the inequality function, i.e., the output is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false. A way to remember XOR is "must have one or the other but not both". An XOR gate may serve as a "programmable inverter" in which one input determines whether to invert the other input, or to simply pass it along with no change. Hence it functions as a inverter (a NOT gate) which may be activated or deactivated by a switch. XOR can also be viewed as addition modulo 2. As a result, XOR gates are used to implement binary addition in computers. A half add ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uniqueness Quantification
In mathematics and logic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition. This sort of quantification is known as uniqueness quantification or unique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!" or "∃=1". For example, the formal statement : \exists! n \in \mathbb\,(n - 2 = 4) may be read as "there is exactly one natural number n such that n - 2 =4". Proving uniqueness The most common technique to prove the unique existence of a certain object is to first prove the existence of the entity with the desired condition, and then to prove that any two such entities (say, ''a'' and ''b'') must be equal to each other (i.e. a = b). For example, to show that the equation x + 2 = 5 has exactly one solution, one would first start by establishing that at least one solution exists, namely 3; the proof of this part is simply the verification that the equation below holds: : 3 + 2 = 5. To e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single-entry Vector
In linear algebra, a matrix unit is a matrix with only one nonzero entry with value 1. The matrix unit with a 1 in the ''i''th row and ''j''th column is denoted as E_. For example, the 3 by 3 matrix unit with ''i'' = 1 and ''j'' = 2 is E_ = \begin0 & 1 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \endA vector unit is a standard unit vector. A single-entry matrix generalizes the matrix unit for matrices with only one nonzero entry of any value, not necessarily of value 1. Properties The set of ''m'' by ''n'' matrix units is a basis of the space of ''m'' by ''n'' matrices. The product of two matrix units of the same square shape n \times n satisfies the relation E_E_ = \delta_E_, where \delta_ is the Kronecker delta. The group of scalar ''n''-by-''n'' matrices over a ring ''R'' is the centralizer In mathematics, especially group theory, the centralizer (also called commutant) of a subset ''S'' in a group ''G'' is the set of elements \mathrm_G(S) of ''G'' such that each member g \in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serial Decimal
In computers, a serial decimal numeric representation is one in which ten bits are reserved for each digit, with a different bit turned on depending on which of the ten possible digits is intended. ENIAC and CALDIC used this representation. See also *Bit-serial architecture In digital logic applications, bit-serial architectures send data one bit at a time, along a single wire, in contrast to bit-parallel word architectures, in which data values are sent all bits or a word at once along a group of wires. All di ... * Digit-serial architecture * 1-of-10 code * One-hot code References Computer arithmetic {{compu-storage-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indicator Vector
In mathematics, the indicator vector or characteristic vector or incidence vector of a subset ''T'' of a set ''S'' is the vector x_T := (x_s)_ such that x_s = 1 if s \in T and x_s = 0 if s \notin T. If ''S'' is countable and its elements are numbered so that S = \, then x_T = (x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n) where x_i = 1 if s_i \in T and x_i = 0 if s_i \notin T. To put it more simply, the indicator vector of ''T'' is a vector with one element for each element in ''S'', with that element being one if the corresponding element of ''S'' is in ''T'', and zero if it is not. An indicator vector is a special (countable) case of an indicator function. Example If ''S'' is the set of natural numbers \mathbb, and ''T'' is some subset of the natural numbers, then the indicator vector is naturally a single point in the Cantor space: that is, an infinite sequence of 1's and 0's, indicating membership, or lack thereof, in ''T''. Such vectors commonly occur in the study of arithmetical hierarchy In mat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kronecker Delta
In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise: \delta_ = \begin 0 &\text i \neq j, \\ 1 &\text i=j. \end or with use of Iverson brackets: \delta_ = =j, where the Kronecker delta is a piecewise function of variables and . For example, , whereas . The Kronecker delta appears naturally in many areas of mathematics, physics and engineering, as a means of compactly expressing its definition above. In linear algebra, the identity matrix has entries equal to the Kronecker delta: I_ = \delta_ where and take the values , and the inner product of vectors can be written as \mathbf\cdot\mathbf = \sum_^n a_\delta_b_ = \sum_^n a_ b_. Here the Euclidean vectors are defined as -tuples: \mathbf = (a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n) and \mathbf= (b_1, b_2, ..., b_n) and the last step is obtained by using the values of the Kronecker del ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gray Code
The reflected binary code (RBC), also known as reflected binary (RB) or Gray code after Frank Gray, is an ordering of the binary numeral system such that two successive values differ in only one bit (binary digit). For example, the representation of the decimal value "1" in binary would normally be "" and "2" would be "". In Gray code, these values are represented as "" and "". That way, incrementing a value from 1 to 2 requires only one bit to change, instead of two. Gray codes are widely used to prevent spurious output from electromechanical switches and to facilitate error correction in digital communications such as digital terrestrial television and some cable TV systems. Motivation and name Many devices indicate position by closing and opening switches. If that device uses natural binary codes, positions 3 and 4 are next to each other but all three bits of the binary representation differ: : The problem with natural binary codes is that physical switches are not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bi-quinary Coded Decimal
Bi-quinary coded decimal is a numeral encoding scheme used in many abacuses and in some early computers, including the Colossus. The term ''bi-quinary'' indicates that the code comprises both a two-state (''bi'') and a five-state (''quin''ary) component. The encoding resembles that used by many abacuses, with four beads indicating either 0 through 4 or 5 through 9 and another bead indicating which of those ranges. Several human languages, most notably Fula and Wolof also use biquinary systems. For example, the Fula word for 6, ''jowi e go'o'', literally means ''five lusone''. Roman numerals use a symbolic, rather than positional, bi-quinary base, even though Latin is completely decimal. Examples Several different representations of bi-quinary coded decimal have been used by different machines. The two-state component is encoded as one or two bits, and the five-state component is encoded using three to five bits. Some examples are: * Roman and Chinese abacuses * Stibitz re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victoria, British Columbia
Victoria is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia, on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada's Pacific coast. The city has a population of 91,867, and the Greater Victoria area has a population of 397,237. The city of Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with . Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada and is about southwest from British Columbia's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland. The city is about from Seattle by airplane, seaplane, ferry, or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry, and from Port Angeles, Washington, by ferry across the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Named for Queen Victoria, the city is one of the oldest in the Pacific Northwest, with British settlement beginning in 1843. The city has retained a large number of its historic buildings, in particular its two most famous landmarks, the Parliament Buildings (finished in 1897 and home of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia) an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Language Processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is an interdisciplinary subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human language, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data. The goal is a computer capable of "understanding" the contents of documents, including the contextual nuances of the language within them. The technology can then accurately extract information and insights contained in the documents as well as categorize and organize the documents themselves. Challenges in natural language processing frequently involve speech recognition, natural-language understanding, and natural-language generation. History Natural language processing has its roots in the 1950s. Already in 1950, Alan Turing published an article titled " Computing Machinery and Intelligence" which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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