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Neuronal Calcium Sensor
Neuronal Calcium Sensor is a large family of proteins which work as calcium dependent molecular switches and includes members like Frequenin (NCS1), recoverin, GCAP, neurocalcin, visinin etc. All the members carry 4 EF hand motifs (out of which only 2 or 3 bind calcium) and an N- myristoyl group. Members of NCS family * Highly evolutionarily conserved * NCS1 (Frequenin) * VILIP-1 (Visinin-like-protein-1) * HPCAL4 (Visinin-like-protein-2) * HPCAL1 (Visinin-like-protein-3) * hippocalcin * neurocalcin * recoverin * Guanylate cyclase activator proteins (GCAPs) * Potassium Channel interacting proteins (KChIPs 1–4), including: KCNIP1, KCNIP2, Calsenilin or DREAM/KChIP-3/KCNIP3 (downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator/potassium channel interacting protein), KCNIP4 Kv channel-interacting protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNIP4'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the family of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel-interacting proteins (KCNIPs), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EF Hand
The EF hand is a helix–loop–helix structural domain or ''motif'' found in a large family of calcium-binding proteins. The EF-hand motif contains a helix–loop–helix topology, much like the spread thumb and forefinger of the human hand, in which the Ca2+ ions are coordinated by ligands within the loop. The motif takes its name from traditional nomenclature used in describing the protein parvalbumin, which contains three such motifs and is probably involved in muscle relaxation via its calcium-binding activity. The EF-hand consists of two alpha helices linked by a short loop region (usually about 12 amino acids) that usually binds calcium ions. EF-hands also appear in each structural domain of the signaling protein calmodulin and in the muscle protein troponin-C. Calcium ion binding site The calcium ion is coordinated in a pentagonal bipyramidal configuration. The six residues involved in the binding are in positions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12; these residues are denoted by X ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuronal Calcium Sensor-1
Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) also known as frequenin homolog (Drosophila) (freq) is a protein that is encoded by the ''FREQ'' gene in humans. NCS-1 is a member of the neuronal calcium sensor family, a class of EF hand containing calcium-myristoyl-switch proteins. Function NCS-1 regulates synaptic transmission, helps control the dynamics of nerve terminal growth, is critical for some forms of learning and memory in ''C. elegans'' and mammals, regulates corticohippocampal plasticity; and enhancing levels of NCS-1 in the mouse dentate gyrus increases spontaneous exploration of safe environments, potentially linking NCS-1 to curiosity. NCS-1 is a calcium sensor, not a calcium buffer (chelator); thus it is a high-affinity, low-capacity, calcium-binding protein. Frq can substitute for calmodulin in some situations. It is thought to be associated with neuronal secretory vesicles and regulate neurosecretion. # It is the Ca2+-sensing subunit of the yeast phosphatidylinositol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VILIP-1
Visinin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VSNL1'' gene. This gene is a member of the visinin/recoverin subfamily of neuronal calcium sensor proteins. The encoded protein is strongly expressed in granule cells of the cerebellum where it associates with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner and modulates intracellular signaling pathways of the central nervous system by directly or indirectly regulating the activity of adenylyl cyclase. Alternatively spliced Alternative splicing, or alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be in ... transcript variants have been observed, but their full-length nature has not been determined. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * EF-hand-containing proteins {{gene-2-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HPCAL4
Hippocalcin like 4, also known as HPCAL4, is a human gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to human hippocalcin protein and hippocalcin like-1 protein. It also has similarity to rat neural visinin-like Ca2+-binding protein-type 1 and 2 proteins. It is a member of the neuronal calcium sensor family. This encoded protein may be involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation. The transcript of this gene has multiple polyadenylation Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA). The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In euk ... sites. References Further reading * * * * * EF-hand-containing proteins {{gene-1-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HPCAL1
Hippocalcin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HPCAL1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the neuron-specific calcium-binding proteins family found in the retina and brain. It is highly similar to human hippocalcin protein, and nearly identical to rat and mouse hippocalcin like-1 proteins. It may be involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation, and may be of relevance to neuronal signaling in the central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all p .... There are two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, with multiple polyadenylation sites. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * EF-hand-containing proteins {{gene-2-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hippocalcin
Hippocalcin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HPCA'' gene. Hippocalcin is a calcium-binding protein that belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family of proteins. It is expressed in mammalian brains especially in the hippocampus. It possesses a Ca2+/ myristoyl switch. Processes Hippocalcin takes part in the following processes: * Activation of PLD1 and PLD2 expression * Inhibition of apoptosis * MAP kinase signalling * Involved in long term depression in hippocampal neuron * Required for normal spatial learning Interactions Hippocalcin interacts with following proteins: * Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein ( NAIP) * Mixed lineage kinase 2 ( MLK2) – MLK2 is myosin light chain kinase 2 * The b2 adaptin of the AP2 complex * Calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion (CADPS Calcium-dependent secretion activator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CADPS'' gene. CADPS encodes a novel neural/ endocrine-specific cytosolic and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neurocalcin
Neurocalcin is a neuronal calcium-binding protein that belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family of proteins. It expressed in mammalian brains. It possesses a Ca2+/ myristoyl switch The subclass of neurocalcins are brain-specific proteins that fit into the EF-hand superfamily of calcium binding proteins. The NCS family were defined by the photoreceptor cell-specific protein, recoverin. Neurocalcin was purified from the bovine brain by using calcium-dependent drug affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence showed that neurocalcin has three functional calcium binding sites. It is expressed in the central nervous system, retina, and adrenal gland. With this unique pattern of expression it is thought that neurcalcin offers a different physiological role than similar proteins visinin and recoverin Recoverin (abbreviated Recov) is a 23 kilodalton (kDa) neuronal calcium-binding protein that is primarily detected in the photoreceptor cells of the eye. It plays a key ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Recoverin
Recoverin (abbreviated Recov) is a 23 kilodalton (kDa) neuronal calcium-binding protein that is primarily detected in the photoreceptor cells of the eye. It plays a key role in the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase, a molecule which regulates the phosphorylation of rhodopsin. A reduction in this inhibition helps regulate sensory adaptation in the retina, since the light-dependent channel closure in photoreceptors causes calcium levels to decrease, which relieves the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase by calcium-bound recoverin, leading to a more rapid inactivation of metarhodopsin II (activated form of rhodopsin). Structure & Function Recoverin is involved in the recovery phase of visual excitation and in adaptation to background light. It controls the life span of photoexcited rhodopsin by helping to inhibit rhodopsin kinase. An image of bovine recoverin with 3.00 Å resolution is shown.; This three-dimensional structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. Covalently attached at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanylate Cyclase Activator
A guanylate cyclase activator (or "GUCA") is one of group of proteins which upregulates guanylate cyclase Guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2, also known as guanyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, or GC; systematic name GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-GMP-forming)) is a lyase enzyme that converts guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanos .... It is also known as guanylate cyclase-activating protein, with the abbreviation "GCAP". Mutations can be associated with vision defects. There are five genes involved: * , , * , References External links * Proteins {{biochemistry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kv Channel Interacting Protein
Kv channel interacting proteins are members of a family of voltage-gated potassium ( Kv) channel-interacting proteins (KCNIPs, also frequently called "KChIP"), which belong to the recoverin branch of the EF-hand superfamily. Members of the KCNIP family are small calcium binding proteins. They all have EF-hand-like domains, and differ from each other in the N-terminus. They are integral subunit components of native Kv4 channel complexes. They may regulate A-type currents, and hence neuronal excitability, in response to changes in intracellular calcium. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variant encoding different isoforms. Members of this family include: * KCNIP1, a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNIP1'' gene. * KCNIP2, a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNIP2'' gene. * KCNIP3, more commonly known as Calsenilin, a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNIP3'' gene. * KCNIP4 Kv channel-interacting protein 4 is a protein that in humans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KCNIP1
Kv channel-interacting protein 1 also known as KChIP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNIP1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the family of voltage-gated potassium ( Kv) channel-interacting proteins (KCNIPs, also frequently called "KChIP"), which belong to the recoverin branch of the EF-hand superfamily. Members of the KCNIP family are small calcium binding proteins. They all have EF-hand-like domains, and differ from each other in the N-terminus. They are integral subunit components of native Kv4 channel complexes. They may regulate A-type currents, and hence neuronal excitability, in response to changes in intracellular calcium. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variant encoding different isoforms. See also * Voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell's membrane potential. During action potentials ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |