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Memory Corruption
Memory corruption occurs in a computer program when the contents of a memory location are modified due to programmatic behavior that exceeds the intention of the original programmer or program/language constructs; this is termed as violation of memory safety. The most likely causes of memory corruption are programming errors (software bugs). When the corrupted memory contents are used later in that program, it leads either to program crash or to strange and bizarre program behavior. Nearly 10% of application crashes on Windows systems are due to heap corruption.{{Cite web, last=Radich, first=Q., last2=Sherer, first2=T., last3=Sharkey, first3=K., last4=Batchelor, first4=D., last5=Kennedy, first5=J. T., last6=Mabee, first6=D., last7=Coulter, first7=D., last8=Michael, first8=S., date=28 April 2021, title=Application Verifier (Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 Application Quality Cookbook) - Win32 apps, publisher=Microsoft Developer Network, url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Program
A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. Computer programs are one component of software, which also includes documentation and other intangible components. A computer program in its human-readable form is called source code. Source code needs another computer program to execute because computers can only execute their native machine instructions. Therefore, source code may be translated to machine instructions using the language's compiler. ( Assembly language programs are translated using an assembler.) The resulting file is called an executable. Alternatively, source code may execute within the language's interpreter. If the executable is requested for execution, then the operating system loads it into memory and starts a process. The central processing unit will soon switch to this process so it can fetch, decode, and then execute each machine instruction. If the source code is requested for execution, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stack-smashing Protection
Buffer overflow protection is any of various techniques used during software development to enhance the security of executable programs by detecting buffer overflows on stack-allocated variables, and preventing them from causing program misbehavior or from becoming serious security vulnerabilities. A stack buffer overflow occurs when a program writes to a memory address on the program's call stack outside of the intended data structure, which is usually a fixed-length buffer. Stack buffer overflow bugs are caused when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack than what is actually allocated for that buffer. This almost always results in corruption of adjacent data on the stack, which could lead to program crashes, incorrect operation, or security issues. Typically, buffer overflow protection modifies the organization of stack-allocated data so it includes a ''canary'' value that, when destroyed by a stack buffer overflow, shows that a buffer preceding it in memo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Software Bugs
A software bug is an error, flaw or fault (technology), fault in the design, development, or operation of computer software that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways. The process of finding and correcting bugs is termed "debugging" and often uses formal techniques or tools to pinpoint bugs. Since the 1950s, some computer systems have been designed to deter, detect or auto-correct various computer bugs during operations. Bugs in software can arise from mistakes and errors made in interpreting and extracting users' requirements, planning a program's software architecture, design, writing its source code, and from interaction with humans, hardware and programs, such as operating systems or Library (computing), libraries. A program with many, or serious, bugs is often described as ''buggy''. Bugs can trigger errors that may have ripple effects. The effects of bugs may be subtle, such as unintended text formatting, through to more o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Storage Violation
In computing a storage violation is a hardware or software fault that occurs when a task attempts to access an area of computer storage which it is not permitted to access. Types of storage violation Storage violation can, for instance, consist of reading from, writing to, or freeing storage not owned by the task. A common type of storage violation is known as a stack buffer overflow where a program attempts to exceed the limits set for its call stack. It can also refer to attempted modification of memory "owned" by another thread where there is incomplete (or no) memory protection. Avoidance of storage violations Storage violations can occur in transaction systems such as CICS in circumstances where it is possible to write to storage not owned by the transaction; such violations can be reduced by enabling features such as storage protection and transaction isolation. Detection of storage violations Storage violations can be difficult to detect as a program can often run for a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AddressSanitizer
AddressSanitizer (or ASan) is an open source programming tool that detects memory corruption bugs such as buffer overflows or accesses to a dangling pointer (use-after-free). AddressSanitizer is based on compiler instrumentation and directly mapped shadow memory. AddressSanitizer is currently implemented in Clang (starting from version 3.1), GCC (starting from version 4.8), Xcode (starting from version 7.0) and MSVC (widely available starting from version 16.9). On average, the instrumentation increases processing time by about 73% and memory usage by 240%. Users Chromium and Firefox developers are active users of AddressSanitizer; the tool has found hundreds of bugs in these web browsers. A number of bugs were found in FFmpeg and FreeType. The Linux kernel has enabled the AddressSanitizer for the x86-64 architecture as of Linux version 4.0. KernelAddressSanitizer The KernelAddressSanitizer (KASAN) detects dynamic memory errors in the Linux kernel. Kernel instrumentation re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasoft C/C++test
Parasoft C/C++test is an integrated set of tools for testing C (programming language), C and C++ source code that software developers use to analyze, test, find Software bug, defects, and measure the Software quality, quality and Application security, security of their applications. It supports software development practices that are part of development testing, including static code analysis , dynamic code analysis, Unit testing, unit test case generation and execution, code coverage, code coverage analysis, regression testing, runtime error detection, requirements traceability, and code review. It's a commercial tool that supports operation on Linux, Windows, and Solaris platforms as well as support for on-target Embedded system, embedded testing and cross compilers. Overview Parasoft C/C++test is a combined set of tools that helps developers test their software. It's delivered as a standalone application that runs from the command line, or as a plug-in to Eclipse or Microsof ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insure++
Insure++ is a memory debugger computer program, used by software developers to detect various errors in programs written in C and C++. It is made by Parasoft, and is functionally similar to other memory debuggers, such as Purify, Valgrind and Dr Memory. Overview Insure++ can automatically find erroneous accesses to freed memory (use-after-free situations), array-bounds violations, freeing unallocated memory (which often happens when a programmer frees the same memory twice, or when he frees global or stack memory), and many others. Unlike Purify and Valgrind, Insure++ inserts its instrumentation at the source-code level, which allows it to detect errors that the other tools miss. In particular, Insure++ can detect buffer overflows in automatic arrays, and overflows which involve pointers that accidentally "jump" from one valid memory region to another, as in the following example: #include int main() The source-level instrumentation allows it to not only identify that a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valgrind
Valgrind () is a programming tool for memory debugging, memory leak detection, and profiling. Valgrind was originally designed to be a free memory debugging tool for Linux on x86, but has since evolved to become a generic framework for creating dynamic analysis tools such as checkers and profilers. Overview Valgrind is in essence a virtual machine using just-in-time compilation techniques, including dynamic recompilation. Nothing from the original program ever gets run directly on the host processor. Instead, Valgrind first translates the program into a temporary, simpler form called intermediate representation (IR), which is a processor-neutral, static single assignment form-based form. After the conversion, a tool (see below) is free to do whatever transformations it would like on the IR, before Valgrind translates the IR back into machine code and lets the host processor run it. Valgrind recompiles binary code to run on host and target (or simulated) CPUs of the same archit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Purify (software)
PurifyPlus is a memory debugger program used by software developers to detect memory access errors in programs, especially those written in C or C++. It was originally written by Reed Hastings of Pure Software. by Reed Hastings and Bob Joyce, Usenix Winter 1992 technical conference. Pure Software later merged with Atria Software to form Pure Atria Software, which in turn was later acquired by , which in turn was acquired by IBM, and then divested to [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memory Debugger
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If past events could not be remembered, it would be impossible for language, relationships, or personal identity to develop. Memory loss is usually described as forgetfulness or amnesia. Memory is often understood as an informational processing system with explicit and implicit functioning that is made up of a sensory processor, short-term (or working) memory, and long-term memory. This can be related to the neuron. The sensory processor allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli and attended to various levels of focus and intent. Working memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor. Information in the form of stimuli is encoded in accordance with explicit or implicit functions by the working memory processor. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memory Leak
In computer science, a memory leak is a type of resource leak that occurs when a computer program incorrectly manages memory allocations in a way that Computer memory, memory which is no longer needed is not released. A memory leak may also happen when an object (computer science), object is stored in memory but cannot be accessed by the running code (i.e. unreachable memory). A memory leak has symptoms similar to a number of other problems and generally can only be diagnosed by a programmer with access to the program's source code. A related concept is the "space leak", which is when a program consumes excessive memory but does eventually release it. Because they can exhaust available system memory as an application runs, memory leaks are often the cause of or a contributing factor to software aging. Consequences A memory leak reduces the performance of the computer by reducing the amount of available memory. Eventually, in the worst case, too much of the available memory may b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Return-to-libc Attack
A "return-to-libc" attack is a computer security attack usually starting with a buffer overflow in which a subroutine return address on a call stack is replaced by an address of a subroutine that is already present in the process executable memory, bypassing the no-execute bit feature (if present) and ridding the attacker of the need to inject their own code. The first example of this attack in the wild was contributed by Alexander Peslyak on the Bugtraq mailing list in 1997. On POSIX-compliant operating systems the C standard library ("libc") is commonly used to provide a standard runtime environment for programs written in the C programming language. Although the attacker could make the code return anywhere, libc is the most likely target, as it is almost always linked to the program, and it provides useful calls for an attacker (such as the system function used to execute shell commands). Protection from return-to-libc attacks A non-executable stack can prevent some buffer o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
