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Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1
mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, is a protein complex that functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controls protein synthesis. mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) is composed of the mTOR protein complex, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (commonly known as raptor), mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (MLST8), PRAS40 and DEPTOR. This complex embodies the classic functions of mTOR, namely as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controller of protein synthesis. The activity of this complex is regulated by rapamycin, insulin, growth factors, phosphatidic acid, certain amino acids and their derivatives (e.g., -leucine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid), mechanical stimuli, and oxidative stress. Recently it has been also demonstrated that cellular bicarbonate metabolism can be regulated by mTORC1 signaling. The role of mTORC1 is to activate translation of proteins. In order for cells to grow and prolife ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''MTOR'' gene. mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein kinases. mTOR links with other proteins and serves as a core component of two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2, which regulate different cellular processes. In particular, as a core component of both complexes, mTOR functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. As a core component of mTORC2, mTOR also functions as a tyrosine protein kinase that promotes the activation of insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors. mTORC2 has also been implicated in the control and maintenance of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
WDR24
WD repeat-containing protein 24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''WDR24'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b .... References Further reading * * * * * * * {{gene-16-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mios
Mios (; oc-gsc, Miòs) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Population Its inhabitants are called ''Miossais''. Sights The Saint Brice chapel has a bell dating from 1700 classed as a '' monument historique'' by the French Ministry of Culture in 1942. The Romanesque St Martin church, enlarged in the 19th century, has a Gothic choir and chapels, and remnants of 16th century stained glass. See also *Communes of the Gironde department *Parc naturel régional des Landes de Gascogne Landes de Gascogne Regional Natural Park (French: ''Parc naturel régional des Landes de Gascogne'') is a protected area of pine forest, wetland and oceanic coastline located in the Landes de Gascogne natural region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine in sou ... References Communes of Gironde {{Gironde-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NPRL3
Nitrogen permease regulator-like 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPRL3 gene. Function NPRL3 is a human protein of poorly understood function but has been associated with cancer. The most prominent function ascribed to Nprl3 to date is as part of the GATOR1 complex (with NPRL2 and DEPDC5) that inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase-complex-1 (mTORC1) on the surface of the lysosome (equivalent of degradative vacuole in yeast) via an effect on the Rag GTPase complex. Additionally, Nprl3 has been shown to adjust cell metabolism via the TOR pathway, and this is important for development of the cardiovascular system in mammals. Without this effect, spontaneous cell apoptosis would occur. A similar function for Nprl3 has been identified in the female reproductive system of ''Drosophila'' during times of protein scarcity. Gene In ''Homo sapiens'', the NPRL3 gene is located at C16orf35. The gene is composed of 14 exons at 53 kbp in length. This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NPRL2
Nitrogen permease regulator 2-like protein (NPRL2) also known as tumor suppressor candidate 4 (TUSC4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NPRL2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba .... References Further reading * * * * {{gene-3-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DEPDC5
DEPDC5 (or DEP domain-containing 5) is a human protein of poorly understood function but has been associated with cancer in several studies. It is encoded by a gene of the same name, located on chromosome 22. Function The function of DEPDC5 is not yet known, but it has been implicated in intracellular signal transduction based on homology between the DEP domains of DEPDC5 and Dishevelled-1 (DVL1). Mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of focal epilepsy (doi:10.1038/ng.2601). Gene In ''Homo sapiens'', the DEPDC5 gene has been localized to the long arm of chromosome 22, 22q12.2-q12.3, between the PRRL14 and YWHAH genes. The clinical relevance of this gene includes an intronic SNP (rs1012068) that has been associated with a 2-fold hepatocellular carcinoma-risk increase. Structure Domains DEP The DEP domain derives its name from the proteins Dishevelled, Egl-10 and Pleckstrin, each of which contain a variant of this domain. It spans 82 residues and is 343 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lysosome
A lysosome () is a membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells. They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins, and its lumenal proteins. The lumen's pH (~4.5–5.0) is optimal for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis, analogous to the activity of the stomach. Besides degradation of polymers, the lysosome is involved in various cell processes, including secretion, plasma membrane repair, apoptosis, cell signaling, and energy metabolism. Lysosomes act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting used materials in the cytoplasm, from both inside and outside the cell. Material from outside the cell is taken up through endocytosis, while material from the inside of the cell is digested through autophagy. The sizes of the organelles vary greatly—the larger ones can be more than 10 times the size of the smaller ones. They were discov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endosome
Endosomes are a collection of intracellular sorting organelles in eukaryotic cells. They are parts of endocytic membrane transport pathway originating from the trans Golgi network. Molecules or ligands internalized from the plasma membrane can follow this pathway all the way to lysosomes for degradation or can be recycled back to the cell membrane in the endocytic cycle. Molecules are also transported to endosomes from the trans Golgi network and either continue to lysosomes or recycle back to the Golgi apparatus. Endosomes can be classified as early, sorting, or late depending on their stage post internalization. Endosomes represent a major sorting compartment of the endomembrane system in cells. Function Endosomes provide an environment for material to be sorted before it reaches the degradative lysosome. For example, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is taken into the cell by binding to the LDL receptor at the cell surface. Upon reaching early endosomes, the LDL dissociates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ragulator-Rag Complex
The Ragulator-Rag complex is a regulator of lysosomal signalling and trafficking in eukaryotic cells, which plays an important role in regulating cell metabolism and growth in response to nutrient availability in the cell. The Ragulator-Rag Complex is composed of five LAMTOR subunits, which work to regulate MAPK and mTOR complex 1. The LAMTOR subunits form a complex with Rag GTPase and v-ATPase, which sits on the cell’s lysosomes and detects the availability of amino acids. If the Ragulator complex receives signals for low amino acid count, it will start the process of catabolizing the cell. If there is an abundance of amino acids available to the cell, the Ragulator complex will signal that the cell can continue to grow. Ragulator proteins come in two different forms: Rag A/Rag B and Rag C/Rag D. These interact to form heterodimers with one another. History mTORC1 is a complex within the lysosome membrane that initiates growth when promoted by a stimulus, such as growth factor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
