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Maxicircle
A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome. The most common kinetoplast structure is a disk, but they have been observed in other arrangements. Kinetoplasts are only found in Excavata of the class Kinetoplastida. The variation in the structures of kinetoplasts may reflect phylogenic relationships between kinetoplastids. A kinetoplast is usually adjacent to the organism's flagellar basal body, suggesting that it is tightly bound to the cytoskeleton. In ''Trypanosoma brucei'' this cytoskeletal connection is called the tripartite attachment complex and includes the protein p166. ''Trypanosoma'' In trypanosomes, a group of flagellated protozoans, the kinetoplast exists as a dense granule of DNA within the large mitochondrion. ''Trypanosoma brucei'', the parasite which causes African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness), is an example of a trypanosome with a kinetoplast. Its kinet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guide RNA
A guide RNA (gRNA) is a piece of RNA that functions as a guide for RNA- or DNA-targeting enzymes, with which it forms complexes. Very often these enzymes will delete, insert or otherwise alter the targeted RNA or DNA. They occur naturally, serving important functions, but can also be designed to be used for targeted editing, such as with CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cas12. History RNA-editing Guide RNA was discovered in 1990 by B. Blum, N. Bakalara, and L. Simpson in the mitochondria of protists called Leishmania tarentolae. The guide RNA there is encoded in maxicircle DNA and contains sequences matching those within the edited regions of the mRNA. They enable the cleavage, insertion and deletion of bases. Guide RNA in Protists Trypanosomatid protists and other kinetoplastids have a novel post-transcriptional mitochondrial RNA modification process known as "RNA editing". They have a large segment of highly organized DNA segments in their mitochondria. This mitochondrial DNA is circul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinetoplast Of Trypanosoma Brucei
A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome. The most common kinetoplast structure is a disk, but they have been observed in other arrangements. Kinetoplasts are only found in Excavata of the class Kinetoplastida. The variation in the structures of kinetoplasts may reflect phylogenic relationships between kinetoplastids. A kinetoplast is usually adjacent to the organism's flagellar basal body, suggesting that it is tightly bound to the cytoskeleton. In ''Trypanosoma brucei'' this cytoskeletal connection is called the tripartite attachment complex and includes the protein p166. ''Trypanosoma'' In trypanosomes, a group of flagellated protozoans, the kinetoplast exists as a dense granule of DNA within the large mitochondrion. ''Trypanosoma brucei'', the parasite which causes African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness), is an example of a trypanosome with a kinetoplast. Its kinetop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minicircles
Minicircles are small (~4 kb) circular replicons. They occur naturally in some eukaryotic organelle genomes. In the mitochondria-derived kinetoplast of trypanosomes, minicircles encode guide RNAs for RNA editing. In ''Amphidinium'', the chloroplast genome is made of minicircles that encode chloroplast proteins. ''In vitro'' experimentally-derived minicircles Minicircles are small (~4kb) circular plasmid derivatives that have been freed from all prokaryotic vector parts. They have been applied as transgene carriers for the genetic modification of mammalian cells, with the advantage that, since they contain no bacterial DNA sequences, they are less likely to be perceived as foreign and destroyed. (Typical transgene delivery methods involve plasmids, which contain foreign DNA.) The smaller size of minicircles also extends their cloning capacity and facilitates their delivery into cells. Their preparation usually follows a two-step procedure: * production of a 'parental plas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foci
Focus, or its plural form foci may refer to: Arts * Focus or Focus Festival, former name of the Adelaide Fringe arts festival in South Australia Film *''Focus'', a 1962 TV film starring James Whitmore * ''Focus'' (2001 film), a 2001 film based on the Arthur Miller novel * ''Focus'' (2015 film), a 2015 film about con artists Music * Focus (music), a musical technique also known as modal frame * Focus..., American music producer * Focus (band), Dutch progressive rock band Albums * ''Focus'' (Stan Getz album), 1961 jazz album * ''Focus'' (Bill Hardman album), 1984 jazz album * ''Focus'' (Jan Akkerman & Thijs van Leer album), 1985 * ''Focus'' (Cynic album), 1993 metal album * ''Focus'' (Chico Freeman album), 1994 jazz album * ''Focus'' (Souls of Mischief album), 1998 alternative hip-hop album * ''Focus'' (Holly Starr album), 2012 CCM album * ''Focus'' (Arthur Blythe album), 2002 jazz album * ''Focus'' (Diaura album), 2013 Japanese visual kei album Songs * "Focus" (Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodo Designis
Bodo may refer to: Ethnicity * Boro people, an ethno-linguistic group mainly from Northwest Assam, India * Bodo-Kachari people, an umbrella group from Nepal, India and Bangladesh that includes the Bodo people Culture and language * Boro culture, the culture of the Bodo people * Boro language (India), spoken by the Boro people * Bodo languages (other), a linguistic group of languages that includes the Boro language of India * Bodo language (Bantu), a possibly extinct Bantu language of the Central African Republic Places * Bodó, a municipality in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil * Bodø, a city in Norway * Bodo, Alberta, a hamlet in Canada * Bodo, Cameroon, village of Far North Region, Cameroon * Bodo, Chad, a sub-prefecture of Logone Occidental Region, Chad * BoDo (district), a district of Boise, Idaho * Bodo, Lacs, a village in Lacs District, Ivory Coast * Bodo, Lagunes, a village in Lagunes District, Ivory Coast * Bodo, a village in Balinț Commune, Timiș County ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodo Saltans
''Bodo saltans'' (alternatively known as ''Pleuromonas jaculans'') is a free-living nonparasitic species of kinetoplastid flagellated phagotrophic protozoa that feed on bacteria. ''Bodo saltans'' cells have been reported in freshwater and marine environments. ''Bodo saltans'' is a single-celled bean-shaped organism 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It has two flagella: a short anterior projecting flagellum and a longer posterior-projecting flagellum without hairs (acronematic) that extends beyond the length of the cell. ''B. saltans'' secures itself to the substrate of its aquatic habitat by the tip of a posterior flagellum. Flexing of the posterior flagellum results in a twitching, jumping movement that is characteristic of this species. This type of movement appears similar to the undulating membrane of the sexually-transmitted pathogen ''Trichomonas vaginalis'' and can result in a false-positive diagnosis in cases where ''B. saltans'' is a contaminant in test samples, especially if ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Supercoil
DNA supercoiling refers to the amount of twist in a particular DNA strand, which determines the amount of strain on it. A given strand may be "positively supercoiled" or "negatively supercoiled" (more or less tightly wound). The amount of a strand’s supercoiling affects a number of biological processes, such as compacting DNA and regulating access to the genetic code (which strongly affects DNA metabolism and possibly gene expression). Certain enzymes, such as topoisomerases, change the amount of DNA supercoiling to facilitate functions such as DNA replication and transcription. The amount of supercoiling in a given strand is described by a mathematical formula that compares it to a reference state known as "relaxed B-form" DNA. Overview In a "relaxed" double-helical segment of B-DNA, the two strands twist around the helical axis once every 10.4–10.5 base pairs of sequence. Adding or subtracting twists, as some enzymes do, imposes strain. If a DNA segment under twist s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crithidia Fasciculata
''Crithidia fasciculata'' is a species of parasitic excavates. ''C. fasciculata'', like other species of ''Crithidia'' have a single host life cycle with insect host, in the case of ''C. fasciculata'' this is the mosquito. ''C. fasciculata'' have low host species specificity and can infect many species of mosquito. Life cycle ''C. fasciculata'' is found in two morphologically different life cycle stages - the free swimming choanomastigote form, which has a long external flagellum for motility, and the attached, immotile, amastigote form in the mosquito gut. Amastigotes excreted in the faeces contaminate the mosquito habitat; contamination of flowers during nectar feeding is common. Transmission of ''C fasciculata'' primarily occurs when amastigotes, washed into standing water, are ingested by mosquito larvae. The amastigotes are typically found in the rectum of a larva. Each molt of the larva results in loss of infection, but it is generally quickly re-acquired from the environ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids. The definition is context-dependent, and can refer to the biological target of a pharmacologically active drug compound, the receptor target of a hormone (like insulin), or some other target of an external stimulus. Biological targets are most commonly proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, and receptors. Mechanism The external stimulus (''i.e.'', the drug or ligand) physically binds to ("hits") the biological target. The interaction between the substance and the target may be: * noncovalent – A relatively weak interaction between the stimulus and the target where no chemical bond is formed between the two interacting partners and hence the interaction is completely reversible. * reversible covalent â ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
