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Latisemin
Latisemin is a cysteine-rich secretory protein that can be isolated from the venom of the Black-banded sea krait, a sea snake indigenous to the warmer waters of the western Pacific Ocean. It is a toxin that inhibits cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels and blocks L-type calcium channels, thereby reducing smooth muscle contraction. Sources Latisemin is a component of the venom produced by the Erabu sea snake (''Laticauda semifasciata'') of the family Elapidae and the Laticauda genus. These sea snakes inhabit coral reef areas in the seas of Southern Japan, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Though highly venomous, this snake is comparatively unaggressive, and is in fact caught and eaten in Erabu soup in Japan. Biochemistry Latisemin has a molecular weight of 24 kDa and consists of 217 amino acids. It belongs to the CRISP (cysteine-rich secretory protein) glycoprotein subfamily, which are single chain polypeptides containing strictly conserved cysteines (cysteines not oxidised to c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triflin
Triflin is a cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), which is excreted by the venom gland of the Habu snake (''Trimeresurus flavoviridis''). Triflin reduces high potassium-induced smooth muscle contraction, suggesting a blocking effect on L-type calcium channels. Sources Triflin is a toxin derived from snake venom. The toxin is produced in the gland of the Habu snake, ''Trimeresurus flavoviridis''. Chemistry Triflin is a cysteine-rich secretory protein, which means it belongs to the CRISP family. This is a group of single chain polypeptides found in various organisms. Triflin weighs 25 kDa and consists of 221 amino-acid residues. The first 163 residues of the N-terminal domain forms an α-β-α sandwich core. This domain is comparable with group 1 plant pathogenesis-related protein (PR-1). The C-terminal domain, has five disulfide bridges. This domain is responsible for the selectivity of the protein and consists of two subdomains: N-terminal subdomain (Cys 167 to Cys 179) a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ophanin
Ophanin is a toxin found in the venom of the King Cobra (''Ophiophagus hannah''), which lives throughout South East Asia. This toxin belongs to the cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) family. Ophanin weakly blocks the contraction of smooth muscles elicited by high potassium-induced depolarization, suggesting that it inhibits voltage-dependent calcium channels. Etymology The toxin was named ''ophanin'' after the snake whose venom it is derived from, the King Cobra (''Ophiophagus hannah''). Sources Ophanin is produced in the venom glands of the King Cobra (''O. Hannah''). Although the venom has relatively low toxicity, this is compensated by the high amounts of it injected into the prey for each bite. Chemistry Structure Ophanin was successfully isolated from ''O. Hannah'' venom by gel filtration and cation-exchange chromatography. Its molecular weight is 25 kDa (from positions 19 – 239), which conforms to the molecular mass predicted from its cDNA sequences. Hom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ablomin
Ablomin is a toxin present in the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, which blocks L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Etymology The protein ablomin is a component of the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, ''Gloydius blomhoffii''. The term ‘ablomin’ is an acronym derived from ''Agkistrodon blomhoffi'', an old name for this snake. Sources The protein can be found in the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, a member of the Viperidae family. Chemistry Ablomin is part of the Cystein-Rich Secretory Protein (CRISP) family. CRISPs comprise a particular group of snake venom proteins distributed among the venom of several families of snakes, such as elapids, colubrids and vipers. The protein exists of 240 amino acids, coded by an mRNA of 1336 base pairs. Structurally, it is composed of three distinct regions: an N-terminal protein domain, a hinge region and a C-terminal cystein-rich domain. It has a molecular mass of 25 kDa The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ablomin
Ablomin is a toxin present in the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, which blocks L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Etymology The protein ablomin is a component of the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, ''Gloydius blomhoffii''. The term ‘ablomin’ is an acronym derived from ''Agkistrodon blomhoffi'', an old name for this snake. Sources The protein can be found in the venom of the Japanese Mamushi snake, a member of the Viperidae family. Chemistry Ablomin is part of the Cystein-Rich Secretory Protein (CRISP) family. CRISPs comprise a particular group of snake venom proteins distributed among the venom of several families of snakes, such as elapids, colubrids and vipers. The protein exists of 240 amino acids, coded by an mRNA of 1336 base pairs. Structurally, it is composed of three distinct regions: an N-terminal protein domain, a hinge region and a C-terminal cystein-rich domain. It has a molecular mass of 25 kDa The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. Secreted extracellular proteins are often glycosylated. In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are also often glycosylated. Glycoproteins are also often important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell–cell interactions. It is important to distinguish endoplasmic reticulum-based glycosylation of the secretory system from reversible cytosolic-nuclear glycosylation. Glycoproteins of the cytosol and nucleus can be modified through the reversible addition of a single GlcNAc residue that is considered reciprocal to phosphorylation and the functions of these are likely to be an additional regulatory mechanism that controls phosphorylation-based signalling. In contrast, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gloydius Blomhoffii
''Gloydius blomhoffii'', commonly known as the mamushi,Mehrtens JM (1987). ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. . Japanese moccasin, Japanese pit viper, Qichun snake, Salmusa or Japanese mamushi,Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). ''Asian Pitvipers''. First Edition. Berlin: Geitje Books. 368 pp. . is a venomous pit viper species found in Japan. It was once considered to have 4 subspecies, but it is now considered monotypic. This species, along with the yamakagashi (''Rhabdophis tigrinus'') and the Okinawan habu (''Protobothrops flavoviridis''), are the most venomous snakes in Japan. Every year, 2000–3000 people in Japan are bitten by a mamushi. Bitten victims typically require one week of treatment in a hospital. Severe bites require intensive care, and approximately 10 victims die annually. Etymology The specific name, ''blomhoffii'', is in honor of Jan Cock Blomhoff, who was director of the Dutch trading ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habu Snake
is a Ryukyuan and Japanese name referring to certain venomous snakes: * The following species are found in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan: ** ''Protobothrops elegans'', a.k.a. the Sakishima habu, found in the southern Ryukyu Islands ** ''Protobothrops flavoviridis'', a.k.a. the Okinawan habu, found in the southern Ryukyu Islands ** ''Protobothrops tokarensis'', a.k.a. the Tokara habu, found in the Tokara Islands ** ''Ovophis okinavensis'', a.k.a. the Hime habu * Habu is a name also used for several other species: ** ''Trimeresurus gracilis'', a.k.a. the Kikushi habu, found in Taiwan. ** ''Protobothrops mucrosquamatus'', a.k.a. the Taiwan habu or Chinese habu, found in Southeast Asia. ** ''Ovophis monticola'', a.k.a. the Arisan habu, found in Southeast Asia. * ''Habu'' is a nickname given to the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird The Lockheed SR-71 "Blackbird" is a long-range, high-altitude, Mach 3+ strategic reconnaissance aircraft developed and manufactured by the American aeros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Mamushi
''Gloydius blomhoffii'', commonly known as the mamushi,Mehrtens JM (1987). ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. . Japanese moccasin, Japanese pit viper, Qichun snake, Salmusa or Japanese mamushi,Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). ''Asian Pitvipers''. First Edition. Berlin: Geitje Books. 368 pp. . is a venomous pit viper species found in Japan. It was once considered to have 4 subspecies, but it is now considered monotypic. This species, along with the yamakagashi (''Rhabdophis tigrinus'') and the Okinawan habu (''Protobothrops flavoviridis''), are the most venomous snakes in Japan. Every year, 2000–3000 people in Japan are bitten by a mamushi. Bitten victims typically require one week of treatment in a hospital. Severe bites require intensive care, and approximately 10 victims die annually. Etymology The specific name, ''blomhoffii'', is in honor of Jan Cock Blomhoff, who was director of the Dutch trading c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Snake Venom
Snake venom is a highly toxic saliva containing zootoxins that facilitates in the immobilization and digestion of prey. This also provides defense against threats. Snake venom is injected by unique fangs during a bite, whereas some species are also able to spit venom. The glands that secrete zootoxins are a modification of the parotid salivary glands found in other vertebrates and are usually located on each side of the head, below and behind the eye, and enclosed in a muscular sheath. The venom is stored in large glands called alveoli in which it's stored before being conveyed by a duct to the base of channeled or tubular fangs through which it's ejected. Venom contains more than 20 different compounds, which are mostly proteins and polypeptides. The complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and various other substances has toxic and lethal properties. Venom serves to immobilize prey. Enzymes in venom play an important role in the digestion of prey, and various other substances ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extracellular Fluid
In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism. Total body water in healthy adults is about 60% (range 45 to 75%) of total body weight; women and the obese typically have a lower percentage than lean men. Extracellular fluid makes up about one-third of body fluid, the remaining two-thirds is intracellular fluid within cells. The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells. Extracellular fluid is the internal environment of all multicellular animals, and in those animals with a blood circulatory system, a proportion of this fluid is blood plasma. Plasma and interstitial fluid are the two components that make up at least 97% of the ECF. Lymph makes up a small percentage of the interstitial fluid. The remaining small portion of the ECF includes the transcellular fluid (about 2.5%). The ECF can also be seen as having two components – plasma and lymph as a delivery system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secretory Protein
A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell. Secretory proteins include many hormones, enzymes, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides. Secretory proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Production The production of a secretory protein starts like any other protein. The mRNA is produced and transported to the cytosol where it interacts with a free cytosolic ribosome. The part that is produced first, the N-terminal, contains a signal sequence consisting of 6 to 12 amino acids with hydrophobic side chains. This sequence is recognised by a cytosolic protein, SRP (Signal Recognition Particle), which stops the translation and aids in the transport of the mRNA-ribosome complex to an SRP receptor found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. When it arrives at the ER, the signal sequence is transferred to the translocon, a protein-conducting channel in the membrane that allows the newly synthesized polypeptide to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tertiary Protein Structure
Protein tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape of a protein. The tertiary structure will have a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains. Amino acid side chains may interact and bond in a number of ways. The interactions and bonds of side chains within a particular protein determine its tertiary structure. The protein tertiary structure is defined by its atomic coordinates. These coordinates may refer either to a protein domain or to the entire tertiary structure.Branden C. and Tooze J. "Introduction to Protein Structure" Garland Publishing, New York. 1990 and 1991. A number of tertiary structures may fold into a quaternary structure.Kyte, J. "Structure in Protein Chemistry." Garland Publishing, New York. 1995. History The science of the tertiary structure of proteins has progressed from one of hypothesis to one of detailed definition. Although Emil Fischer had suggested proteins were made of polype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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