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Isobutylenes
Isobutylene (or 2-methylpropene) is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula . It is a four-carbon branched alkene (olefin), one of the four isomers of butylene. It is a colorless flammable gas, and is of considerable industrial value. Production Polymer and chemical grade isobutylene is typically obtained by dehydrating tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) or catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane (Catofin or similar processes).. Gasoline additives methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), respectively, are produced by reacting methanol or ethanol with isobutylene contained in butene streams from olefin steam crackers or refineries, or with isobutylene from dehydrated TBA. Isobutylene is not isolated from the olefin or refinery butene stream before the reaction, as separating the ethers from the remaining butenes is simpler. Isobutylene can also be produced in high purities by "back-cracking" MTBE or ETBE at high temperatures and then separating the isobutylene by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanol
Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the formula C H3 O H (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odour similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol). A polar solvent, methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, as well as a host of more specialised chemicals. Occurrence Small amounts of methanol are present in normal, healthy hu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tert-Butylamine
''tert''-Butylamine is an organic chemical compound with the formula (CH3)3CNH2. It is a colorless liquid with a typical amine-like odor. ''tert''-Butylamine is one of the four isomeric amines of butane, the others being ''n''-butylamine, ''sec''-butylamine and isobutylamine. Preparation ''tert''-Butylamine is produced commercially by direct amination of isobutylene using zeolite catalysts: :NH3 + CH2=C(CH3)2 → H2NC(CH3)3 The Ritter reaction of isobutene with hydrogen cyanide is not useful because it produces too much waste. :(CH3)2C=CH2 + HCN + H2O → (CH3)3CNHCHO :(CH3)3CNHCHO + H2O → (CH3)3CNH2 + HCO2H In the laboratory, it can be prepared by the hydrogenolysis of 2,2-dimethylethylenimine, or via ''tert''-butylphthalimide. Uses ''tert''-Butylamine is used as an intermediate in the preparation of the sulfenamides such as ''N''-''tert''-butyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide and ''N''-''tert''-butyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenimide. As rubber accelerators, thes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenol
Phenol (also called carbolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () bonded to a hydroxy group (). Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns. Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds. It is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs. Properties Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M). Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butylated Hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a synthetic, waxy, solid petrochemical. Its antioxidant properties have caused it to be widely used as a preservative in food, food packaging, animal feed, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber, and petroleum products. BHA has been used in food since around 1947. Chemistry BHA consists of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-''tert''-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-''tert''-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is prepared from 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene. The conjugated aromatic ring of BHA is able to stabilize free radicals, sequestering them. By acting as free radical scavengers, further free radical reactions are prevented. Applications Since 1947, BHA has been added to edible fats and fat-containing foods for its antioxidant properties as it prevents rancidification of food which creates objectionable odors. It has been assigned the E number E320. It is often combined with a similar chemical, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). BHA also is commo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butylated Hydroxytoluene
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), also known as dibutylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties. BHT is widely used to prevent free radical-mediated oxidation in fluids (e.g. fuels, oils) and other materials, and the regulations overseen by the U.S. F.D.A.—which considers BHT to be " generally recognized as safe"—allow small amounts to be added to foods. Despite this, and the earlier determination by the National Cancer Institute that BHT was noncarcinogenic in an animal model, societal concerns over its broad use have been expressed. BHT has also been postulated as an antiviral drug, but as of December 2022 , use of BHT as a drug is not supported by the scientific literature and it has not been approved by any drug regulatory agency for use as an antiviral. Natural occurrence Phytoplankton, including the green algae ''Botryococcus braunii'', as well as three different cyanobacteria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyl Rubber
Butyl rubber, sometimes just called "butyl", is a synthetic rubber, a copolymer of isobutylene with isoprene. The abbreviation IIR stands for isobutylene isoprene rubber. Polyisobutylene, also known as "PIB" or polyisobutene, (C4H8)n, is the homopolymer of isobutylene, or 2-methyl-1-propene, on which butyl rubber is based. Butyl rubber is produced by polymerization of about 98% of isobutylene with about 2% of isoprene. Structurally, polyisobutylene resembles polypropylene, but has two methyl groups substituted on every other carbon atom, rather than one. Polyisobutylene is a colorless to light yellow viscoelastic material. It is generally odorless and tasteless, though it may exhibit a slight characteristic odor. Properties Butyl rubber has excellent impermeability to gas diffusion, and the long polyisobutylene segments of its polymer chains give it good flex properties. The formula for PIB is: –(–CH2–C(CH3)2–)n– The formula for IIR is: It can be made from the mono ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymerization
In polymer chemistry, polymerization (American English), or polymerisation (British English), is a process of reacting monomer, monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them. In chemical compounds, polymerization can occur via a variety of reaction mechanisms that vary in complexity due to the functional groups present in the reactants and their inherent steric effects. In more straightforward polymerizations, alkenes form polymers through relatively simple free-radical reaction, radical reactions; in contrast, reactions involving substitution at a carbonyl group require more complex synthesis due to the way in which reactants polymerize. Alkanes can also be polymerized, but only with the help of strong acids. As alkenes can polymerize in somewhat straightforward radical reactions, they form useful compounds such as polyethylene and p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methacrolein
Methacrolein, or methacrylaldehyde, is an unsaturated aldehyde. It is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid. Methacrolein is one of two major products resulting from the reaction of isoprene with OH in the atmosphere, the other product being methyl vinyl ketone (MVK, also known as butenone). These compounds are important components of the atmospheric oxidation chemistry of biogenic chemicals, which can result in the formation of ozone and/or particulates. Methacrylaldehyde is also present in cigarette smoke. It can be found in the essential oil of the plant Big Sagebrush (''Artemisia tridentata'') which contains 5% methacrolein. Industrially, the primary use of methacrolein is in the manufacture of polymers and synthetic resins. Exposure to methacrolein is highly irritating to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. See also * Acrolein * Methacrylic acid Methacrylic acid, abbreviated MAA, is an organic compound. This colorless, viscous liquid is a carboxylic acid with an acrid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isooctane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, also known as isooctane or iso-octane, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2. It is one of several isomers of octane (C8H18). This particular isomer is the standard 100 point on the octane rating scale (the zero point is ''n''-heptane). It is an important component of gasoline, frequently used in relatively large proportions (around 10%) to increase the knock resistance of fuel. Strictly speaking, if the standard meaning of ‘iso’ is followed, the name ''isooctane'' should be reserved for the isomer 2-methylheptane. However, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is by far the most important isomer of octane and historically it has been assigned this name. Production Isooctane is produced on a massive scale in the petroleum industry by alkylation of isobutene with isobutane. This process is conducted in alkylation units in the presence of acid catalysts. It can also be produced from isobutylene by dimerization using an Amberlyst catalyst to pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neohexene
Neohexene is the hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless liquid, with properties similar to other hexenes. It is a precursor to commercial synthetic musk perfumes. Preparation and reactions Neohexene is prepared by ethenolysis of diisobutene, an example of a metathesis reaction: :\ce + \longrightarrow \ce + \ce It is a building block to synthetic musks by its reaction with ''p''-cymene. It is also used in the industrial preparation of terbinafine. In the study of C-H activation, neohexene is often used as a hydrogen acceptor.{{cite journal, last1 = Liu, first1 = Fuchen, last2 = Pak, first2 = Esther B., last3 = Singh, first3 = Bharat, last4 = Jensen, first4 = Craig M., last5 = Goldman, first5 = Alan S., title = Dehydrogenation of ''n''-Alkanes Catalyzed by Iridium "Pincer" Complexes: Regioselective Formation of α-Olefins, journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. The ''Journal of the American Chemical Society'' is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
