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In Dubio Pro Reo
The principle of ''in dubio pro reo'' (Latin for "henin doubt, rule for the accused") means that a defendant may not be convicted by the court when doubts about their guilt remain. The rule of lenity is the doctrine that ambiguity should be resolved in favor of the more lenient punishment. To resolve all doubts in favor of the accused is in consonance with the principle of presumption of innocence. Origin The main principle in the sentence was part of Aristotle's interpretation of the law and shaped the Roman law: ''Favorabiliores rei potius quam actores habentur'' ('' Digest'' of Justinian I, D.50.17.125), meaning "The condition of the defendant is to be favored rather than that of the plaintiff." However, the phrase was not spelled out word for word until the Milanese jurist Egidio Bossi (1487–1546) related it in his treatises. National peculiarities In German law, the principle is not normalized but has constitutional status and is derived from Article 103(2) of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
In Dubio Pro Reo
The principle of ''in dubio pro reo'' (Latin for "henin doubt, rule for the accused") means that a defendant may not be convicted by the court when doubts about their guilt remain. The rule of lenity is the doctrine that ambiguity should be resolved in favor of the more lenient punishment. To resolve all doubts in favor of the accused is in consonance with the principle of presumption of innocence. Origin The main principle in the sentence was part of Aristotle's interpretation of the law and shaped the Roman law: ''Favorabiliores rei potius quam actores habentur'' ('' Digest'' of Justinian I, D.50.17.125), meaning "The condition of the defendant is to be favored rather than that of the plaintiff." However, the phrase was not spelled out word for word until the Milanese jurist Egidio Bossi (1487–1546) related it in his treatises. National peculiarities In German law, the principle is not normalized but has constitutional status and is derived from Article 103(2) of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basic Law For The Federal Republic Of Germany
The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (german: Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. The West German Constitution was approved in Bonn on 8 May 1949 and came into effect on 23 May after having been approved by the occupying western Allies of World War II on 12 May. It was termed "Basic Law" (german: Grundgesetz) to indicate that it was a provisional piece of legislation pending the reunification of Germany. However, when reunification took place in 1990, the Basic Law was retained as the definitive constitution of reunified Germany. Its original field of application (german: Geltungsbereich)—that is, the states that were initially included in the Federal Republic of Germany—consisted of the three Western Allies' zones of occupation, but at the insistence of the Western Allies, formally excluded West Berlin. In 1990, the Two Plus Four Agreement between the two parts of Germany and all four All ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Procedure
Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law. While criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge with the person on trial either being free on bail or incarcerated, and results in the conviction or acquittal of the defendant. Criminal procedure can be either in form of inquisitorial or adversarial criminal procedure. Basic rights Currently, in many countries with a democratic system and the rule of law, criminal procedure puts the burden of proof on the prosecution – that is, it is up to the prosecution to prove that the defendant is guilty beyond any reasonable doubt, as opposed to having the defense prove that they are innocent, and any doubt is resolved in favor of the defendant. This provision, known as the presumption of innocence, is required, for example, in the 46 countries that are members of the Council of Europe, under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cornell Law School
Cornell Law School is the law school of Cornell University, a private Ivy League university in Ithaca, New York. One of the five Ivy League law schools, it offers four law degree programs, JD, LLM, MSLS and JSD, along with several dual-degree programs in conjunction with other professional schools at the university. Established in 1887 as Cornell's Department of Law, the school today is one of the smallest top-tier JD-conferring institutions in the country, with around 200 students graduating each year. Cornell Law School has consistently ranked within the top tier of American legal institutions, known as the T14. Cornell Law alumni include business executive and philanthropist Myron Charles Taylor, namesake of the law school building, along with U.S. Secretaries of State Edmund Muskie and William P. Rogers, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel Pierce, the first female President of Taiwan, Tsai Ing-wen, federal judge and first female editor-in-chief of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avery Publishing
Avery Publishing is a book publishing imprint of the Penguin Group, founded as an independent publisher in 1976 by Rudy Shur and partners, and purchased by Penguin in 1999. The current president is veteran publisher William Shinker. Their offices were located at one time in Garden City, New York, home to other publisher's offices. Penguin merged the Gotham Books and Hudson Street Press imprints into Avery in 2015. Partial bibliography *''Foods That Heal: A Guide to Understanding and Using the Healing Powers of Natural Foods'', Bernard Jensen (1989) *''Confessions of a Kamikaze Cowboy: A True Story of Discovery, Acting, Health, Illness, Recovery, and Life'', Dirk Benedict (1991) *'' Dressed to Kill: The Link between Breast Cancer and Bras'', Sydney Ross Singer and Soma Grismaijer (1995) , 9780895296641 *''When Enough is Enough: A Comprehensive Guide to Successful Intervention'', Candy Finnigan (2008) *'' Sharks Don't Get Cancer'', I. William Lane (1992) *''NeuroTribes ''Neur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Precautionary Principle
The precautionary principle (or precautionary approach) is a broad epistemological, philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. It emphasizes caution, pausing and review before leaping into new innovations that may prove disastrous. Critics argue that it is vague, self-cancelling, unscientific and an obstacle to progress. In an engineering context, the precautionary principle manifests itself as the factor of safety, discussed in detail in the monograph of Elishakoff. It was apparently suggested, in civil engineering, by Belindorde Bélidor, Bernard Forest, La science des ingénieurs, dans la conduite des travaux de fortification et d'architecture civile, Paris: Chez Claude Jombert 1729 in 1729. Interrelation between safety factor and reliability is extensively studied by engineers and philosophers. The principle is often used by policy makers in situations where there is the possi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Latin Phrases
__NOTOC__ This is a list of Wikipedia articles of Latin phrases and their translation into English. ''To view all phrases on a single, lengthy document, see: List of Latin phrases (full)'' The list also is divided alphabetically into twenty pages: * List of Latin phrases (A) * List of Latin phrases (B) * List of Latin phrases (C) * List of Latin phrases (D) * List of Latin phrases (E) * List of Latin phrases (F) * List of Latin phrases (G) * List of Latin phrases (H) * List of Latin phrases (I) * List of Latin phrases (L) * List of Latin phrases (M) * List of Latin phrases (N) * List of Latin phrases (O) * List of Latin phrases (P) * List of Latin phrases (Q) * List of Latin phrases (R) * List of Latin phrases (S) * List of Latin phrases (T) * List of Latin phrases (U) * List of Latin phrases (V) See also * Latin influence in English * Latinism Lists *List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions *List of ecclesiastical abbreviations *List of Germanic a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canadian Law
The legal system of Canada is Legal pluralism, pluralist: its foundations lie in the English common law system (inherited from its period as a colony of the British Empire), the Napoleonic Code, French civil law system (inherited from its New France, French Empire past), and Canadian Indigenous law, Indigenous law systems developed by the various Indigenous peoples of Canada, Indigenous Nations. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The ''Constitution Act, 1867'' (known as the British North America Acts, British North America Act prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. The Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy, and the ''Constitution Act, 1982'' ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms''. The ''Cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Spee Von Langenfeld
Friedrich Spee (also ''Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld''; February 25, 1591 – August 7, 1635) was a German Jesuit priest, professor, and poet, most well known as a forceful opponent of witch trials and one who was an insider writing from the epicenter of the European witch-phobia. Spee argued strongly against the use of torture, and as an eyewitness he gathered a book full of details regarding its cruelty and unreliability.Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld: ''Cautio Criminalis, or a Book on Witch Trials'' (1631), translated by Marcus Hellyer. University of Virginia Press, 2003. . Thtranslator's introduction (pp. vii–xxxvi)contains many details on Spee's life. He wrote, "Torture has the power to create witches where none exist." Life Spee was born at Kaiserswerth on the Rhine. On finishing his early education at Cologne, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1610, and pursued extensive studies and activity as a teacher at Trier, Fulda, Würzburg, Speyer, Worms and Mainz, where he was or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Convention On Human Rights
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR; formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the then newly formed Council of Europe,The Council of Europe should not be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council. the convention entered into force on 3 September 1953. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights (generally referred to by the initials ECHR). Any person who feels their rights have been violated under the Convention by a state party can take a case to the Court. Judgments finding violations are binding on the States concerned and they are obliged to execute them. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe monitors the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Law
The law of Germany (german: das Recht Deutschlands), that being the modern German legal system (german: Deutsches Rechtssystem), is a system of civil law which is founded on the principles laid out by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, though many of the most important laws, for example most regulations of the civil code ('' Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'', or BGB) were developed prior to the 1949 constitution. It is composed of public law (''öffentliches Recht''), which regulates the relations between a citizen/person and the state (including criminal law) or two bodies of the state, and the private law, (''Privatrecht'') which regulates the relations between two people or companies. It has been subject to a wide array of influences from Roman law, such as the Corpus Juris Civilis, to Napoleonic law, such as the Napoleonic Code. History German law has been subject to many influences over the centuries. Until Medieval times the Early Germanic Law, derived fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian region and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin remained the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars (including its own descendants, the Romance languages) supplanted it in common academic and political usage, and it eventually became a dead language in the modern linguistic definition. Latin is a highly inflected language, with three distinct genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), six or seven noun cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, and vocative), five declensions, four verb conjuga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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