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Howlite
Howlite, a calcium borosilicate hydroxide (calcium, Ca2boron, B5silicon, Sioxygen, O9(Ohydrogen, H)5), is a borate mineral found in evaporite deposits.Howlite at Mineral Galleries History Howlite was discovered near Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 1868 by Henry How (1828–1879), a Canadian chemist, geologist, and mineralogist.H. How, "Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, Pt. III, Borates and Other Minerals in Anhydrite and Gypsum," Philosophical Magazine, January 1868Ramik, Robert A., "Lost and Found: one of Canada's earliest type mineral localities", The 32nd Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, Program and abstracts, Rochester, New York, April 14–17, 2005. How was alerted to the unknown mineral by miners in a gypsum quarry, who found it to b ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry How
Henry How (11 July 1828 – 28 September 1879) was a British-Canadian chemist, geologist and mineralogist. Career In 1847, How and August Wilhelm von Hofmann were co-workers at the Royal College in London. How was a professor of chemistry and natural history at King's College in Windsor, Nova Scotia. In 1864 How published the description of a new zeolite mineral, that he named mordenite, from along the shores of the Bay of Fundy. In 1868, he described a new borate mineral found just south of Windsor. How named it silicoborocalcite but was renamed howlite in his honor by James Dwight Dana. He studied many other zeolites and related minerals from the Bay of Fundy basalts, borates from the gypsum and anhydrite deposits, as well as ores of manganese and iron. Personal life How married Louisa Mary Watkins (11 May 1830 - 9 July 1910) and they had five children. The grave of one of their children is next to Henry How's and reads, ''Louisa P. Juliet, second child of Henry How an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turquoise
Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula . It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue. Like most other opaque gems, turquoise has been devalued by the introduction of treatments, imitations and synthetics into the market. The robin's egg blue or sky blue color of the Persian turquoise mined near the modern city of Nishapur in Iran has been used as a guiding reference for evaluating turquoise quality. Names The word ''turquoise'' dates to the 17th century and is derived from the French ''turquois'' meaning "Turkish" because the mineral was first brought to Europe through the Ottoman Empire.Turquoise . minerals.usgs.gov Howe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inoborates
The borate minerals are minerals which contain a borate anion group. The borate (BO3) units may be polymerised similar to the SiO4 unit of the silicate mineral class. This results in B2O5, B3O6, B2O4 anions as well as more complex structures which include hydroxide or halogen anions.Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius Hurlbut, Jr., ''Manual of Mineralogy'', Wiley, 20th ed., 1985 pp. 343 - 347 The [B(O,OH)4]− anion exists as well. Many borate minerals, such as borax, colemanite, and ulexite, are Salt (chemistry), salts: soft, readily soluble, and found in evaporite contexts. However, some, such as boracite, are hard and resistant to weathering, more similar to the Silicate mineral, silicates. There are over 100 different borate minerals. Strunz classification, Strunz group V/G - V/L Borate minerals include: *Kernite Na2B4O< ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opacity (optics)
Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light. In radiative transfer, it describes the absorption and scattering of radiation in a medium, such as a plasma, dielectric, shielding material, glass, etc. An opaque object is neither transparent (allowing all light to pass through) nor translucent (allowing some light to pass through). When light strikes an interface between two substances, in general some may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered, and the rest transmitted (also see refraction). Reflection can be diffuse, for example light reflecting off a white wall, or specular, for example light reflecting off a mirror. An opaque substance transmits no light, and therefore reflects, scatters, or absorbs all of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque. Opacity depends on the frequency of the light being considered. For instance, some kinds of glass, while transparent in the visual range, are lar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borate Minerals
The borate minerals are minerals which contain a borate anion group. The borate (BO3) units may be polymerised similar to the SiO4 unit of the silicate mineral class. This results in B2O5, B3O6, B2O4 anions as well as more complex structures which include hydroxide or halogen anions.Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius Hurlbut, Jr., ''Manual of Mineralogy'', Wiley, 20th ed., 1985 pp. 343 - 347 The [B(O,OH)4]− anion exists as well. Many borate minerals, such as borax, colemanite, and ulexite, are Salt (chemistry), salts: soft, readily soluble, and found in evaporite contexts. However, some, such as boracite, are hard and resistant to weathering, more similar to the Silicate mineral, silicates. There are over 100 different borate minerals. Strunz classification, Strunz group V/G - V/L Borate minerals include: *Kernite Na2B4O< ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Minerals Named After People
This is a list of minerals named after people. The chemical composition follows name. A * Abelsonite: C31H32N4Ni – American physicist Philip Hauge Abelson (1913–2004)alfred *Abswurmbachite: Cu2+Mn3+6O8SiO4 – German mineralogist Irmgard Abs-Wurmbach *Adamite: Zn2AsO4OH – French mineralogist Gilbert Joseph Adam (1795–1881) * Agrellite: NaCa2Si4O10F – English optical mineralogist Stuart Olof Agrell (1913–1996) * Agricolaite: K4(UO2)(CO3)3 – German scholar Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) *Aheylite: Fe2+Al6 (PO4)2sub>2·4H2O – American geologist Allen V. Heyl (1918–2008) *Albrechtschraufite: Ca4Mg(UO2)2(CO3)6F2·17H2O – Albrecht Schrauf (1837–1897), professor of mineralogy, University of Vienna *Alexandrite (variety of chrysoberyl): – Tsar Alexander II of Russia (1818–1881) *Alforsite: Ba5Cl(PO4)3 – American geologist John T. Alfors (1930–2005) * Allabogdanite: (Fe,Ni)2P – Alla Bogdanova, Geological Inst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Minerals
This is a list of minerals for which there are articles on Wikipedia. Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various ''species''. Within a mineral species there may be variation in physical properties or minor amounts of impurities that are recognized by mineralogists or wider society as a mineral ''variety''. Mineral variety names are listed after the valid minerals for each letter. For a more complete listing of all mineral names, see List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association. A :Varieties that are not valid species: * Adamantine spar (variety of corundum) *Agate (variety of chalcedony and quartz) *Alabaster (variety of gypsum) *Alexandrite (variety of chrysoberyl) * Allingite (synonym of amber) *Alum *Amazonite (variety of microcline) *Amethyst (purple variety of quartz) *Ametrine (variety of quartz) *Ammolite (organic; also a ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tick Canyon Formation
The Tick Canyon Formation (Tt) or Tick Canyon strata, is an Early Miocene Formation (geology), geologic formation in the Sierra Pelona Ridge of the San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County, California. The Tick Canyon Basin drains into the Santa Clara River (California), Santa Clara River. Geology The formation overlies the Oligocene to Lower Miocene Vasquez Formation, and underlies the Upper Miocene Mint Canyon Formation. The Tick Canyon strata was deposited on land mostly by streams and consists of green sandstones, coarse-grained conglomerate (geology), conglomerates, and red claystones. Caltech.edu: THESIS - "Geology of the Upper Tick Canyon area, California" Birman, Joseph Harold; 1950. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolo Tie
A bolo tie (sometimes bola tie or shoestring necktie) is a type of necktie consisting of a piece of cord or braided leather with decorative metal tips (called aiguillettes) and secured with an ornamental clasp or slide. Popularity In the United States, bolo ties are widely associated with Western wear and are generally most common in the western areas of the country. Bolo tie slides and tips in silver have been part of Hopi, Navajo, Zuni, and Puebloan silversmithing traditions since the mid-20th century. The bolo tie was made the official neckwear of Arizona on April 22, 1971 by Governor Jack Williams. New Mexico passed a non-binding measure to designate the bolo as the state's official neckwear in 1987. On March 13, 2007, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson signed into law that the bolo tie was the state's official tie. Also in 2007, the bolo tie was named the official tie of Texas. In the United Kingdom, bolo ties are known as bootlace ties. They were popular with 1950s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cleavage (crystal)
Cleavage, in mineralogy and materials science, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic structural planes. These planes of relative weakness are a result of the regular locations of atoms and ions in the crystal, which create smooth repeating surfaces that are visible both in the microscope and to the naked eye. If bonds in certain directions are weaker than others, the crystal will tend to split along the weakly bonded planes. These flat breaks are termed "cleavage."Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, '' Manual of Mineralogy'', 20th ed., Wiley, The classic example of cleavage is mica, which cleaves in a single direction along the basal pinacoid, making the layers seem like pages in a book. In fact, mineralogists often refer to "books of mica." Diamond and graphite provide examples of cleavage. Both are composed solely of a single element, carbon. But in diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a tetrahedral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohs Hardness
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness () is a qualitative ordinal scale, from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material. The scale was introduced in 1812 by the German geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs, in his book ''"Versuch einer Elementar-Methode zur naturhistorischen Bestimmung und Erkennung der Fossilien"''; it is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science, some of which are more quantitative. The method of comparing hardness by observing which minerals can scratch others is of great antiquity, having been mentioned by Theophrastus in his treatise ''On Stones'', , followed by Pliny the Elder in his ''Naturalis Historia'', . The Mohs scale is useful for identification of minerals in the field, but is not an accurate predictor of how well materials endure in an industrial setting – ''toughness''. Minerals The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoclinic
In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the seven crystal systems. A crystal system is described by three vectors. In the monoclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal lengths, as in the orthorhombic system. They form a parallelogram prism. Hence two pairs of vectors are perpendicular (meet at right angles), while the third pair makes an angle other than 90°. Bravais lattices Two monoclinic Bravais lattices exist: the primitive monoclinic and the base-centered monoclinic. For the base-centered monoclinic lattice, the primitive cell has the shape of an oblique rhombic prism;See , row mC, column Primitive, where the cell parameters are given as a1 = a2, α = β it can be constructed because the two-dimensional centered rectangular base layer can also be described with primitive rhombic axes. Note that the length a of the primitive cell below equals \frac \sqrt of the conventional cell above. Crystal classes The table below org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
