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Holomorphic Line Bundle
In mathematics, a holomorphic vector bundle is a complex vector bundle over a complex manifold such that the total space is a complex manifold and the projection map is holomorphic. Fundamental examples are the holomorphic tangent bundle of a complex manifold, and its dual, the holomorphic cotangent bundle. A holomorphic line bundle is a rank one holomorphic vector bundle. By Serre's GAGA, the category of holomorphic vector bundles on a smooth complex projective variety ''X'' (viewed as a complex manifold) is equivalent to the category of algebraic vector bundles (i.e., locally free sheaves of finite rank) on ''X''. Definition through trivialization Specifically, one requires that the trivialization maps :\phi_U : \pi^(U) \to U \times \mathbf^k are biholomorphic maps. This is equivalent to requiring that the transition functions :t_ : U\cap V \to \mathrm_k(\mathbf) are holomorphic maps. The holomorphic structure on the tangent bundle of a complex manifold is guaranteed by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complex Differential Form
In mathematics, a complex differential form is a differential form on a manifold (usually a complex manifold) which is permitted to have complex coefficients. Complex forms have broad applications in differential geometry. On complex manifolds, they are fundamental and serve as the basis for much of algebraic geometry, Kähler geometry, and Hodge theory. Over non-complex manifolds, they also play a role in the study of almost complex structures, the theory of spinors, and CR structures. Typically, complex forms are considered because of some desirable decomposition that the forms admit. On a complex manifold, for instance, any complex ''k''-form can be decomposed uniquely into a sum of so-called (''p'', ''q'')-forms: roughly, wedges of ''p'' differentials of the holomorphic coordinates with ''q'' differentials of their complex conjugates. The ensemble of (''p'', ''q'')-forms becomes the primitive object of study, and determines a finer geometrical structure on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dolbeault's Theorem
In mathematics, in particular in algebraic geometry and differential geometry, Dolbeault cohomology (named after Pierre Dolbeault) is an analog of de Rham cohomology for complex manifolds. Let ''M'' be a complex manifold. Then the Dolbeault cohomology groups H^(M, \Complex) depend on a pair of integers ''p'' and ''q'' and are realized as a subquotient of the space of complex differential forms of degree (''p'',''q''). Construction of the cohomology groups Let Ω''p'',''q'' be the vector bundle of complex differential forms of degree (''p'',''q''). In the article on complex differential form, complex forms, the Dolbeault operator is defined as a differential operator on smooth sections :\bar:\Omega^\to\Omega^ Since :\bar^2=0 this operator has some associated cohomology. Specifically, define the cohomology to be the quotient space (linear algebra), quotient space :H^(M,\Complex)=\frac . Dolbeault cohomology of vector bundles If ''E'' is a holomorphic vector bundle on a c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sheaf Extension
In mathematics, a sheaf of ''O''-modules or simply an ''O''-module over a ringed space (''X'', ''O'') is a sheaf ''F'' such that, for any open subset ''U'' of ''X'', ''F''(''U'') is an ''O''(''U'')-module and the restriction maps ''F''(''U'') → ''F''(''V'') are compatible with the restriction maps ''O''(''U'') → ''O''(''V''): the restriction of ''fs'' is the restriction of ''f'' times that of ''s'' for any ''f'' in ''O''(''U'') and ''s'' in ''F''(''U''). The standard case is when ''X'' is a scheme and ''O'' its structure sheaf. If ''O'' is the constant sheaf \underline, then a sheaf of ''O''-modules is the same as a sheaf of abelian groups (i.e., an abelian sheaf). If ''X'' is the prime spectrum of a ring ''R'', then any ''R''-module defines an ''O''''X''-module (called an associated sheaf) in a natural way. Similarly, if ''R'' is a graded ring and ''X'' is the Proj of ''R'', then any graded module defines an ''O''''X''-module in a natural way. ''O''-modules ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baer Sum
In mathematics, the Ext functors are the derived functors of the Hom functor. Along with the Tor functor, Ext is one of the core concepts of homological algebra, in which ideas from algebraic topology are used to define invariants of algebraic structures. The cohomology of groups, Lie algebras, and associative algebras can all be defined in terms of Ext. The name comes from the fact that the first Ext group Ext1 classifies extensions of one module by another. In the special case of abelian groups, Ext was introduced by Reinhold Baer (1934). It was named by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders MacLane (1942), and applied to topology (the universal coefficient theorem for cohomology). For modules over any ring, Ext was defined by Henri Cartan and Eilenberg in their 1956 book ''Homological Algebra''. Definition Let ''R'' be a ring and let ''R''-Mod be the category of modules over ''R''. (One can take this to mean either left ''R''-modules or right ''R''-modules.) For a fixed ''R''-module ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exact Sequences
An exact sequence is a sequence of morphisms between objects (for example, groups, rings, modules, and, more generally, objects of an abelian category) such that the image of one morphism equals the kernel of the next. Definition In the context of group theory, a sequence :G_0\;\xrightarrow\; G_1 \;\xrightarrow\; G_2 \;\xrightarrow\; \cdots \;\xrightarrow\; G_n of groups and group homomorphisms is said to be exact at G_i if \operatorname(f_i)=\ker(f_). The sequence is called exact if it is exact at each G_i for all 1\leq i |
Sheaf Cohomology
In mathematics, sheaf cohomology is the application of homological algebra to analyze the global sections of a sheaf on a topological space. Broadly speaking, sheaf cohomology describes the obstructions to solving a geometric problem globally when it can be solved locally. The central work for the study of sheaf cohomology is Grothendieck's 1957 Tôhoku paper. Sheaves, sheaf cohomology, and spectral sequences were introduced by Jean Leray at the prisoner-of-war camp Oflag XVII-A in Austria. From 1940 to 1945, Leray and other prisoners organized a "université en captivité" in the camp. Leray's definitions were simplified and clarified in the 1950s. It became clear that sheaf cohomology was not only a new approach to cohomology in algebraic topology, but also a powerful method in complex analytic geometry and algebraic geometry. These subjects often involve constructing global functions with specified local properties, and sheaf cohomology is ideally suited to such problems. Man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dolbeault Operators
In mathematics, a complex differential form is a differential form on a manifold (usually a complex manifold) which is permitted to have complex coefficients. Complex forms have broad applications in differential geometry. On complex manifolds, they are fundamental and serve as the basis for much of algebraic geometry, Kähler geometry, and Hodge theory. Over non-complex manifolds, they also play a role in the study of almost complex structures, the theory of spinors, and CR structures. Typically, complex forms are considered because of some desirable decomposition that the forms admit. On a complex manifold, for instance, any complex ''k''-form can be decomposed uniquely into a sum of so-called (''p'', ''q'')-forms: roughly, wedges of ''p'' differentials of the holomorphic coordinates with ''q'' differentials of their complex conjugates. The ensemble of (''p'', ''q'')-forms becomes the primitive object of study, and determines a finer geometrical structure on the ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partition Of Unity
In mathematics, a partition of unity of a topological space is a set of continuous functions from to the unit interval ,1such that for every point x\in X: * there is a neighbourhood of where all but a finite number of the functions of are 0, and * the sum of all the function values at is 1, i.e., \sum_ \rho(x) = 1. Partitions of unity are useful because they often allow one to extend local constructions to the whole space. They are also important in the interpolation of data, in signal processing, and the theory of spline functions. Existence The existence of partitions of unity assumes two distinct forms: # Given any open cover \_ of a space, there exists a partition \_ indexed ''over the same set'' such that supp \rho_i \subseteq U_i. Such a partition is said to be subordinate to the open cover \_i. # If the space is locally-compact, given any open cover \_ of a space, there exists a partition \_ indexed over a possibly distinct index set such that each has co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fine Sheaf
In mathematics, injective sheaves of abelian groups are used to construct the resolutions needed to define sheaf cohomology (and other derived functors, such as sheaf Ext). There is a further group of related concepts applied to sheaves: flabby (''flasque'' in French), fine, soft (''mou'' in French), acyclic. In the history of the subject they were introduced before the 1957 " Tohoku paper" of Alexander Grothendieck, which showed that the abelian category notion of ''injective object'' sufficed to found the theory. The other classes of sheaves are historically older notions. The abstract framework for defining cohomology and derived functors does not need them. However, in most concrete situations, resolutions by acyclic sheaves are often easier to construct. Acyclic sheaves therefore serve for computational purposes, for example the Leray spectral sequence. Injective sheaves An injective sheaf \mathcal is a sheaf that is an injective object of the category of abelian sheaves; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tensor Product
In mathematics, the tensor product V \otimes W of two vector spaces and (over the same field) is a vector space to which is associated a bilinear map V\times W \to V\otimes W that maps a pair (v,w),\ v\in V, w\in W to an element of V \otimes W denoted v \otimes w. An element of the form v \otimes w is called the tensor product of and . An element of V \otimes W is a tensor, and the tensor product of two vectors is sometimes called an ''elementary tensor'' or a ''decomposable tensor''. The elementary tensors span V \otimes W in the sense that every element of V \otimes W is a sum of elementary tensors. If bases are given for and , a basis of V \otimes W is formed by all tensor products of a basis element of and a basis element of . The tensor product of two vector spaces captures the properties of all bilinear maps in the sense that a bilinear map from V\times W into another vector space factors uniquely through a linear map V\otimes W\to Z (see Universal property). Tenso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Closed And Exact Differential Forms
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form ''α'' whose exterior derivative is zero (), and an exact form is a differential form, ''α'', that is the exterior derivative of another differential form ''β''. Thus, an ''exact'' form is in the '' image'' of ''d'', and a ''closed'' form is in the ''kernel'' of ''d''. For an exact form ''α'', for some differential form ''β'' of degree one less than that of ''α''. The form ''β'' is called a "potential form" or "primitive" for ''α''. Since the exterior derivative of a closed form is zero, ''β'' is not unique, but can be modified by the addition of any closed form of degree one less than that of ''α''. Because , every exact form is necessarily closed. The question of whether ''every'' closed form is exact depends on the topology of the domain of interest. On a contractible domain, every closed form is exact by the Poincaré lemma. More general questions of this ki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
