Hygromycin

	Hygromycin Hygromycin may refer to either of two chemically dissimilar antibiotics produced by the bacterium '' Streptomyces hygroscopicus'': * Hygromycin A * Hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic Eukaryotes () are organisms whose Cell (biology), cells have a cell nucleus, nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the ... cells {{chemistry index ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Hygromycin B Hygromycin B is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium '' Streptomyces hygroscopicus''. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. History Hygromycin B was originally developed in the 1950s for use with animals and is still added into swine and chicken feed as an anthelmintic or anti-worming agent (product name: Hygromix). Hygromycin B is produced by ''Streptomyces hygroscopicus'', a bacterium isolated in 1953 from a soil sample. Resistance genes were discovered in the early 1980s. Mechanism of action Hygromycin is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It acts by inhibiting polypeptide synthesis. It stabilizes the tRNA-ribosomal acceptor site, thereby inhibiting translation. Use in research In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hyg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Hygromycin A Hygromycin A (also known as totomycin) is a modified cinnamic acid flanked by a furanose sugar and aminocyclitol (not to be confused with hygromycin B, belonging to an unrelated class of antibiotics, aminoglycosides). It is produced by '' Streptomyces hygroscopicus'', first described in the 1950s. History Hygromycin A was discovered in a soil sample from a forest near Indianapolis, Indiana in 1953 by Waksman and Henrici. Identification and structure of totomycin was not determined until 1957. Little further research was performed on totomycin for decades afterwards due to its weak activity against most bacteria, and as of 2021 its safety or efficacy in humans have not been assessed in any preclinical or clinical trials, although some initial results in mice were promising. Antibiotic activity It was thought that the strongest antibiotic activity of totomycin was against '' Staphylococcus haemolyticus'', in which growth was inhibited by concentrations of 2 µg/mL. Other gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Streptomyces Hygroscopicus ''Streptomyces hygroscopicus'' is a bacterial species in the genus '' Streptomyces''. It was first described by Hans Laurits Jensen in 1931. Biochemistry Cultures of different strains of ''S. hygroscopicus'' can be used to produce a number of chemical compounds or enzymes. Small molecules Immunosuppressants Sirolimus (also known as rapamycin) is an immunosuppressant that has been isolated from ''S. hygroscopicus'' from soil samples from Easter Island. Ascomycin can be used to treat autoimmune diseases and skin diseases, and can help prevent rejection after an organ transplant. Antibiotics The antibiotics geldanamycin, hygromycin B, nigericin, validamycin, and cyclothiazomycin are found in ''S. hygroscopicus''. Experimental cancer drugs Indolocarbazoles can be found in ''S. hygroscopicus'' . Anthelmintics and insecticides Milbemycin and milbemycin oxime can be found in ''S. hygroscopicus'' cultures. Herbicide ''S. hygroscopicus'' also produces the natural h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Aminoglycoside Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar). The term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains amino sugar substructures. Aminoglycoside antibiotics display bactericidal activity against Gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen but generally not against Gram-positive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria.ME Levison, MD, 2012, Aminoglycosides, The Merck Manua accessed 22 February 2014. Streptomycin is the first-in-class aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is derived from ''Streptomyces griseus'' and is the earliest modern agent used against tuberculosis. Streptomycin lacks the common 2-deoxystreptamine moiety (image right, below) present in most other members of this class. Other examples of aminoglycosides include the deoxystreptamine-contai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, Hot spring, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the nitrogen fixation, fixation of nitrogen from the Earth's atmosphere, atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of cadaver, dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]