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Hill Town
{{Unreferenced, date=May 2010 A hill town is any citadel town built upon hills to make invasion difficult. Often protected by defensive walls, steep embankments, or cliffs, such hilltop settlements provided natural defenses for their inhabitants. In Europe, especially in Italy, Spain, Portugal and southern France, such towns were common. The Spanish even brought the traditional European hill town to the Americas, a notable example being the 16th century Mexican hill town of Guanajuato. However, fortified hill towns were by no means solely a European creation. For instance, Incan fortified hill towns predated the arrival of the Spanish by many centuries and rival those of Europe. Machu Picchu, an Incan hill town completed in the mid-15th century in Peru, although now in ruins, is considered perhaps the most beautiful hill town ever constructed. Construction of fortified hill towns was common in many civilizations. Ancient examples can also be found in Africa and Asia. Aroun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - Edit
8 (eight) is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9. In mathematics 8 is: * a composite number, its proper divisors being , , and . It is twice 4 or four times 2. * a power of two, being 2 (two cubed), and is the first number of the form , being an integer greater than 1. * the first number which is neither prime nor semiprime. * the base of the octal number system, which is mostly used with computers. In octal, one digit represents three bits. In modern computers, a byte is a grouping of eight bits, also called an octet. * a Fibonacci number, being plus . The next Fibonacci number is . 8 is the only positive Fibonacci number, aside from 1, that is a perfect cube. * the only nonzero perfect power that is one less than another perfect power, by Mihăilescu's Theorem. * the order of the smallest non-abelian group all of whose subgroups are normal. * the dimension of the octonions and is the highest possible dimension of a normed division algebra. * the first number ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citadel
A citadel is the core fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of "city", meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system. The functions of the police and the army, as well as the army barracks were developed in the citadel. History 3300–1300 BC Some of the oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley civilisation, where citadels represented a centralised authority. Citadels in Indus Valley were almost 12 meters tall. The purpose of these structures, however, remains debated. Though the structures foun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defensive Wall
A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks to extensive military fortifications with towers, bastions and gates for access to the city. From ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Walls of Benin, Hadrian's Wall, Anastasian Wall, and the Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. In mountainous terrain, defensive walls such as ''letzis'' were used in combination with castles to seal valleys from potential attack. Beyond their defensive utility, many walls also had important symbolic functions representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced. Existing ancient walls are almost always masonry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castel Del Monte 0328
Castel may refer to the following places: in France Castel is the Occitan word for the Latin ''Castrum'' (small caserna military castrum) and occurs very often in southern France toponyms especially mixed with the adjective ''nau'' (which means ''new'' written ''nòu'' in Occitan). * , a village and former commune in Picardy, since 1965 part of Moreuil *Belcastel (other), ''Great Castle'' *Castelnaudary, ''Newcastle of Arry'' *Castelnau-le-Lez, ''Newcastle upon Lez'' * Castelsagrat, ''Holy castle'' *Castelsarrasin, ''Sarracen castle'' in Italy Castel, a short form of castello (''castle''), is a very common component in Italian place names: *Castel Baronia, in the province of Avellino *Castel Boglione, in the province of Asti *Castel Bolognese, in the province of Ravenna *Castel Campagnano, in the province of Caserta *Castel Castagna, in the province of Teramo *Castel Colonna, in the province of Ancona *Castel Condino, in the province of Trento *Castel d'Aiano, in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanajuato, Guanajuato
Guanajuato () is a city and municipal seat of the municipality of Guanajuato in central Mexico and the capital of the state of the same name. It is part of the macroregion of the Bajío. It is in a narrow valley, which makes its streets narrow and winding. Most are alleys that cars cannot pass through, and some are long sets of stairs up the mountainsides. Many of the city's thoroughfares are partially or fully underground. The historic center has numerous small plazas and colonial-era mansions, churches, and civil constructions built using pink or green sandstone. The city historic center and the adjacent mines were proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. The growth of Guanajuato resulted from the abundantly available minerals in the mountains surrounding it. The mines were so rich that the city was one of the most influential during the colonial period. One of the mines, La Valenciana, accounted for two-thirds of the world's silver production at the height of its pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incan
The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, (Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilization arose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century. The Spanish began the conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 and by 1572, the last Inca state was fully conquered. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined modern-day Peru, what are now western Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, the southwesternmost tip of Colombia and a large portion of modern-day Chile, and into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a mountain range.UNESCO World Heritage Centre. It is located in the Machupicchu District within Urubamba Province above the Sacred Valley, which is northwest of Cusco. The Urubamba River flows past it, cutting through the Cordillera and creating a canyon with a tropical mountain climate. For most speakers of English or Spanish, the first 'c' in ''Picchu'' is silent. In English, the name is pronounced or , in Spanish as or , and in Quechua (''Machu Pikchu'') as . The Incas, in contrast to the Maya, had no written language, and no European visited the site until the 19th century, so far as is known. There are, therefore, no written records of the site while it was in use. The names of the buildings, their supposed uses, and their inhabitants are all the product of modern archaeologists, on the basis of physical evidence, including tombs at the site. Most recent archaeologists b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darjeeling
Darjeeling (, , ) is a town and municipality in the northernmost region of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located in the Eastern Himalayas, it has an average elevation of . To the west of Darjeeling lies the easternmost province of Nepal, to the east the Kingdom of Bhutan, to the north the Indian state of Sikkim, and farther north the Tibet Autonomous Region region of China. Bangladesh lies to the south and southeast, and most of the state of West Bengal lies to the south and southwest, connected to the Darjeeling region by a narrow tract. Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest mountain, rises to the north and is prominently visible on clear days. In the early 19th century, during East India Company rule in India, Darjeeling was identified as a potential summer retreat for British officials, soldiers and their families. The narrow mountain ridge was leased from the Kingdom of Sikkim, and eventually annexed to British India. Experimentation with growing tea on the slop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shimla
Shimla (; ; also known as Simla, List of renamed Indian cities and states#Himachal Pradesh, the official name until 1972) is the capital and the largest city of the States and union territories of India, northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared as the summer capital of British Raj, British India. After Indian independence movement, independence, the city became the capital of East Punjab and was later made the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. It is the principal commercial, cultural and educational centre of the state. Small hamlets were recorded before 1815 when British forces took control of the area. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of the Himalayas. As the summer capital, Shimla hosted many important political meetings including the Simla Accord (1914), Simla Accord of 1914 and the Simla Conference of 1945. After independence, the state of Himachal Pradesh came into being in 1948 as a re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Hilltowns In Northern Italy
Hilltowns in Northern Italy * Val d'Aosta ** Antagnod **Bard * Piedmont **Mombaldone **Neive **Orta San Giulio ** Ricetto di Candelo **Vogogna **Volpedo * Liguria **Ameglia **Apricale **Arcola ** Castelnuvo Magra ** Castelvecchio ** Cervo **Cornice **Corniglia **Millesimo ** Nicola **Ortonovo ** Pigna **Trebbiano **Triora **Vezzano Ligure * Lombardia **Bienno **Castellaro Lagusello ** Cornello dei Tasso **Fortunago **Gradella **Lovere **Monte Isola ** Oramala **Zavattarello * Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol **Rango * Veneto **Arquà Petrarca **Asolo ** Borghetto ** Portobuffolé * Friuli Venezia Giulia ** Clauiano **Cordovado **Fagagna **Gradisca d'Isonzo ** Poffabro * Emilia Romagna **Brisighella **Castell'Arquato **Compiano **Dozza **Montefiore Conca **Montegridolfo Montegridolfo ( rgn, Mun't Gridòlf) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna and about southeast of Rimini. The municipal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Hilltowns In Central Italy
This is a list of hilltowns in central Italy. *Tuscany **Anghiari **Barga **Buonconvento **Castelfranco di Sopra **Cetona **Coreglia Antelminelli **Giglio Castello **Pitigliano **Poppi **San Casciano dei Bagni **San Gimignano **Scarperia **Sovana ** Suvereto **Volterra * Marche **Corinaldo **Esanatoglia **Gradara **Montefiore dell'Aso ** Montelupone **Moresco **San Ginesio **Visso * Umbria **Bevagna **Castiglione del Lago **Corciano **Montefalco **Montone **Norcia **Orvieto **Paciano **Todi **Trevi **Vallo di Nera *Lazio **Campodimele **Castel di Tora **Castel Gandolfo **Ceri **Civita di Bagnoregio ** Collalto Sabino **Maenza **Priverno **Roccagorga **San Donato Val di Comino **Sperlonga *Abruzzo **Anversa degli Abruzzi ** Castel del Monte **Castelli ** Castrovalva (Abruzzi) **Guardiagrele **Introdacqua **Pacentro **Pescocostanzo **Pettorano sul Gizio ** Pietracamela **Roccascalegna **Santo Stefano di Sessanio ** Scanno **Tagliacozzo *Molise Molise (, , ; nap, label=Neapolitan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Hilltowns In Southern Italy
This is a list of hilltowns in southern Italy. *Campania **Ariano Irpino **Frigento ** Greci **Guardia Lombardi **Lacedonia **Montaguto **Montecalvo Irpino **Montefalcone di Val Fortore **Montefusco **Montemiletto **Trevico **Villanova del Battista * Apulia **Bovino **Castelnuovo della Daunia **Monteleone di Puglia ** Panni **Roseto Valfortore ** San Marco la Catola **Sant'Agata di Puglia * Basilicata ** Anzi **Ferrandina **Forenza **Grassano **Nemoli **Pietrapertosa **Rivello **Salandra *Calabria ** Albidona ** Alessandria del Carretto ** Bova **Castroregio ** Montegiordano **Santa Severina *Sicily **Agira **Calascibetta **Centuripe **Enna ** Floresta ** Gangi **Montalbano Elicona **San Mauro Castelverde **Troina Troina ( Sicilian: ''Traina'') is a town and ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Enna, Sicily, southern Italy. It is located in the Nebrodi Park. History Excavations have proved that the area of Troina was settled as early as the 7t ... {{DEFAULTSORT: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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