Glutaminolysis
Glutaminolysis (''glutamine'' + '' -lysis'') is a series of biochemical reactions by which the amino acid glutamine is lysed to glutamate, aspartate, CO2, pyruvate, lactate, alanine and citrate. The glutaminolytic pathway Glutaminolysis partially recruits reaction steps from the citric acid cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. Reaction steps from glutamine to α-ketoglutarate The conversion of the amino acid glutamine to α-ketoglutarate takes place in two reaction steps: 1. Hydrolysis of the amino group of glutamine yielding glutamate and ammonium. Catalyzing enzyme: glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) 2. Glutamate can be excreted or can be further metabolized to α-ketoglutarate. For the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate three different reactions are possible: Catalyzing enzymes: *glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH), EC 1.4.1.2 *glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), also called alanine transaminase (ALT), EC 2.6.1.2 *glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), also ca ...
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Glutamine
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the carboxylic acid group is replaced by an amide. It is classified as a charge-neutral, polar amino acid. It is non-essential and conditionally essential in humans, meaning the body can usually synthesize sufficient amounts of it, but in some instances of stress, the body's demand for glutamine increases, and glutamine must be obtained from the diet. It is encoded by the codons CAA and CAG. In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid. The dietary sources of glutamine include especially the protein-rich foods like beef, chicken, fish, dairy products, eggs, vegetables like beans, beets, cabbage, spinach, carrots, parsley, vegetable juices and also in wheat, papaya, Brussels sprouts, celery, kale and fermented foods like miso. Functions Glutamine plays a role in a variety of biochemical functions: * Pr ...
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Board
Board or Boards may refer to: Flat surface * Lumber, or other rigid material, milled or sawn flat ** Plank (wood) ** Cutting board ** Sounding board, of a musical instrument * Cardboard (paper product) * Paperboard * Fiberboard ** Hardboard, a type of fiberboard * Particle board, also known as ''chipboard'' ** Oriented strand board * Printed circuit board, in computing and electronics ** Motherboard, the main printed circuit board of a computer * A reusable writing surface ** Chalkboard ** Whiteboard Recreation * Board game **Chessboard **Checkerboard * Board (bridge), a device used in playing duplicate bridge * Board, colloquial term for the rebound statistic in basketball * Board track racing, a type of motorsport popular in the United States during the 1910s and 1920s * Boards, the wall around a bandy field or ice hockey rink * Boardsports * Diving board (other) Companies * Board International, a Swiss software vendor known for its business intelligence software tool ...
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Malate-aspartate Shuttle
The malate-aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. These electrons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondria via reduction equivalents to generate ATP. The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the electron transport chain. To circumvent this, malate carries the reducing equivalents across the membrane. Components The shuttle consists of four protein parts: *malate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space. *aspartate aminotransferase in the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space. * malate-alpha-ketoglutarate antiporter in the inner membrane. * glutamate-aspartate antiporter in the inner membrane. Mechanism The primary enzyme in the malate-aspartate ...
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Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle (CAC)—also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that respire (as opposed to organisms that ferment) to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest components of metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. Even though it is branded as a 'cycle', it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three alternative segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized. The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from the citric acid (a tricarboxy ...
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Rossignol
''Rossignol'' is a French word meaning nightingale, and may refer to: People * Rossignols, a family of French cryptographers * André Rossignol (fl. 1923–1928), French racing driver * Bruno Rossignol (born 1958), French choral conductor and composer * Dan Rossignol (fl. 2013), doctor and autism researcher * Felix Rossignol (1920–1981), Canadian NHL ice hockey player * Jean Antoine Rossignol (1759–1802), general of the French Revolutionary Wars * Jim Rossignol (born July 1978), British computer games journalist, critic and other * Jules Rossignol (fl. 1900), French fencer * Laurence Rossignol (born 1957), French politician * Michelle Rossignol (born 1940), Canadian film actress * Philippe Lando Rossignol (fl. 1956–1957), soukous recording artist Places * Lake Rossignol, a lake in south-western Nova Scotia, Canada * Rossignol Wood, a forest north of Hebuterne, France Other uses * Rossignol ENT, an experimental automatic rifle * Battle of Rossignol, a World War I bat ...
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Aledo
Aledo may refer to: *Aledo, Illinois *Aledo, Texas *Aledo, Spain Aledo is a municipality in the Region of Murcia, southern Spain. It is home to a castle built during the early Middle Ages by the Moors, to command the Guadalentín valley. When the Taifa of Murcia was conquered by the Kingdom of Castile, it was a ...

Mazurek27
Mazurek may refer to: * Mazurek (surname) (includes a list of people with the name) * Mazurek (cake), a traditional Polish Easter cake * ''Mazurek'' was the sloop used by Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz for her circumnavigation * Polish name for the Mazurka, a dance and type of music ** "Dąbrowski's Mazurka ( " Dąbrowski's Mazurka"), in English officially known by its incipit Poland Is Not Yet Lost, is the national anthem of the Republic of Poland. The original lyrics were written by Józef Wybicki in Reggio Emilia, in Northern Italy, betwee ..." (''Mazurek Dąbrowskiego''), the Polish national anthem, written by Józef Wybicki in 1797 See also * * Mazur (other) {{disambig ...
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Piva
Piva may refer to: * Piva (river), a river in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina * Piva, Montenegro, a region in Montenegro and tribe * Piva River, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea * Piva Trail, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea ** Battle for Piva Trail, 1943 * Piva language, a member of the Piva-Banoni languages * Piva (bagpipe), an Italian folk instrument * Piva (dance), a Renaissance dance * Lake Piva, a reservoir in Montenegro * Primrose International Viola Archive The Primrose International Viola Archive (PIVA) is the official viola archive of both the International Viola Society and American Viola Society. It is located in the Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University. Scottish-American violist Wil ...