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Gill (mushroom)
In mycology, a lamella, or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, ''Lactarius'' species typically seep latex from their gills. It was originally believed that all gilled fungi were Agaricales, but as fungi were studied in more detail, some gilled species were demonstrated not to be. It is now clear that this is a case of convergent evolution (i.e. gill-like structures evolved separately) rather than being an anatomic feature that evolved only once. The apparent reason that various basidiomycetes have evolved gills is that i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russulales
The Russulales are an order of the Agaricomycetes, (which include the agaric genera ''Russula'' and '' Lactarius'' and their polyporoid and corticioid relatives). According to the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008), the order consists of 12 families, 80 genera, and 1767 species. According to ''Species Fungorum'' (January 2016), the order contains 13 families, 117 genera (16 not assigned to a family), and 3,060 species. Russuloid agarics represent an independent evolutionary line of agarics, not directly related to the Agaricales. This group also includes a number of russuloid hypogeous fungi, polypores such as ''Bondarzewia'', some tooth fungi (e.g. '' Auriscalpium vulgare''), and club fungi e.g. '' Artomyces''. Basidiospores in this group are typically ornamented with amyloid warts or reticulation but a few exceptions are known, e.g. '' Heterobasidion annosum''. The genus ''Clavicorona'' was often treated in the Russulales, but its type species, '' C. taxop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia (basidiomycetes) or paraphyses (ascomycetes). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification. The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow, beneath which is the hymenophoral trama, the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore. The position of the hymenium is traditionally the first characteristic used in the classification and identification of mushrooms. Below are some examples of the diverse types which exist among the macroscopic Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. * In agarics, the hymenium is on the vertical faces of the gills. * In boletes and polypores, it is in a spongy mass of downward-pointing tubes. * In puffballs, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Craterellus
''Craterellus'' is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges. General The three most common species, '' Cr. cornucopioides'', '' Cr. lutescens'' and '' Cr. tubaeformis'', are gathered commercially and, unlike ''Cantharellus'', can be easily preserved by drying. Molecular phylogenetics have been applied to the problem of discriminating between ''Craterellus'' and ''Cantharellus'' genera. Results indicate that the presence of a hollow stipe may be a synapomorphy (a trait corresponding to the evolutionary relationship) which reliably identifies ''Craterellus'' species. ''Cr. cornucopioides'' appears to be a single polymorphic species, while ''Cr. tubaeformis'' may be two separate genetic groups separated by geography. Definition of the genus The genera ''Cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cantharellus
''Cantharellus'' is a genus of popular edible mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, ''Cantharellus cibarius''. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants, making them very difficult to cultivate. Caution must be used when identifying chanterelles for consumption due to lookalikes, such as the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (''Omphalotus olearius'' and others), which can make a person very ill. Despite this, chanterelles are one of the most recognized and harvested groups of edible mushrooms. Many species of chanterelles contain antioxidant carotenoids, such as beta-carotene in ''C. cibarius'' and ''C. minor'', and canthaxanthin in ''C. cinnabarinus'' and ''C. friesii''. They also contain significant amounts of vitamin D. The name comes from Greek κάνθαρος, ''kantharos'' 'tankard, cup'. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gloeophyllum Sepiarium
''Gloeophyllum sepiarium'', the rusty gilled polypore, is a wood decay fungus that causes a brown rot. ''Gloeophyllum sepiarium'' grows in thin, dark brown/green brackets on dead conifers. Often found on wood in lumberyards, the fruiting body grows for only one year, and produces spores in late summer and autumn. Its hymenial surface is distinctive from other polypores due to the presence of gills. ''Gloeophyllum sepiarium'' is inedible. The cap is 2–15 wide, loosely fan-shaped, brown with a yellow-orange margin during growth, velvety then smooth, and leathery with a mild odor and taste. The spores are white, cylindrical, and smooth. Similar species include ''Daedalea quercina'', ''Lenzites betulina'', and ''Trametes versicolor ''Trametes versicolor''also known as ''Coriolus versicolor'' and ''Polyporus versicolor''is a common polypore mushroom found throughout the world. Meaning 'of several colors', ''versicolor'' reliably describes this fungus that displays a variet .. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lenzites Betulina
''Trametes betulina'' (formerly ''Lenzites betulina''), sometimes known by common names gilled polypore, birch mazegill or multicolor gill polypore, is a species of inedible fungus. Although it is a member of the Polyporales order, its fruiting bodies have gills instead of pores, which distinguishes it from the superficially similar ''Trametes versicolor'' or ''Trametes hirsuta ''Trametes hirsuta'', commonly known as hairy bracket, is a fungal plant pathogen. It is found on dead wood of deciduous trees, especially beechwood. It is found all year round and persists due to its leathery nature.Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushr ...''. Research has shown that it has several medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunosuppressive activities. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Databaseby Robert Sasata, ''Healing-Mushrooms.net'', September, 2007. The Mushroom Farm Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Polyporaceae Fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daedaleopsis Confragosa
''Daedaleopsis confragosa'', commonly known as the thin walled maze polypore or the blushing bracket, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes a white rot of injured hardwoods, especially willows. The fruit bodies are semicircular and tough, have a concentrically zoned brownish upper surface, and measure up to in diameter. The whitish underside turns gray-brown as the fruit body ages, but bruises pink or red. It is found all year and is common in northern temperate woodlands of eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. The species was first described from Europe in 1791 as a form of ''Boletus'', and has undergone several changes of genus in its taxonomic history. It acquired its current name when Joseph Schröter transferred it to ''Daedaleopsis'' in 1888. Taxonomy ''Daedaleopsis confragosa'' was first described scientifically under the name ''Boletus confragosus'' by English naturalist James Bolton, in his 1791 work ''An History of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daedalea Quercina
''Daedalea quercina'' is a species of mushroom in the order Polyporales, and the type species of the genus '' Daedalea''. Commonly known as the oak mazegill or maze-gill fungus, the specific epithet refers to the oak genus ''Quercus'', upon which it frequently grows, causing a brown rot. It is found in Europe, Asia, Northern Africa and Australasia. Though inedible, it can be used as a natural comb and has been the subject of chemical research. Description The sessile, fan-shaped fruiting bodies are typically in diameter and up to thick. They are found singly or in tiered groups, usually on rotting oak. The upper surface of the cap may be various shades of brown, and is sometimes zonate. The pore surface, white to tan in color, is initially porous, but as the fruit body matures, some of the pore walls break down, forming slits with blunt partitions. This results in the characteristic maze-like (daedaloid or labyrinthinine/labyrinthiform) appearance. The tube walls are 10–30&n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrophoropsis Aurantiaca
''Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca'', commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten internationally. Austrian naturalist Franz Xaver von Wulfen described the false chanterelle in 1781, noting both its resemblance with the true chanterelles and people's propensity to confuse them. The false chanterelle was then placed in the genus '' Clitocybe'', but it was later observed that its forked gills and dextrinoid spores indicated a relationship to ''Paxillus''. Gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paxillus Atrotomentosus
''Tapinella atrotomentosa'', commonly known as the velvet roll-rim or velvet-footed pax, is a species of fungus in the family Tapinellaceae. Although it has gills, it is a member of the pored mushroom order Boletales. August Batsch described the species in 1783. It has been recorded from Asia, Central America, Europe and North America. Tough and inedible, it grows on tree stumps of conifers. The mushroom contains several compounds that act as deterrents of feeding by insects. Taxonomy ''Tapinella atrotomentosa'' was originally described as ''Agaricus atrotomentosus'' by German naturalist August Batsch in his 1783 work ''Elenchus Fungorum'', and given its current name by Josef Šutara in 1992. It is commonly known as the "velvet-footed pax", and the "velvet rollrim". Historical synonyms include ''Paxillus atrotomentosus'' by Elias Magnus Fries (1833), ''Rhymovis atrotomentosa'' by Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst (1844), and ''Sarcopaxillus atrotomentosus'' by Ivan Zmitrovich (2004) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tapinella Atrotomentosa
''Tapinella atrotomentosa'', commonly known as the velvet roll-rim or velvet-footed pax, is a species of fungus in the family Tapinellaceae. Although it has gills, it is a member of the pored mushroom order Boletales. August Batsch described the species in 1783. It has been recorded from Asia, Central America, Europe and North America. Tough and inedible, it grows on tree stumps of conifers. The mushroom contains several compounds that act as deterrents of feeding by insects. Taxonomy ''Tapinella atrotomentosa'' was originally described as ''Agaricus atrotomentosus'' by German naturalist August Batsch in his 1783 work ''Elenchus Fungorum'', and given its current name by Josef Šutara in 1992. It is commonly known as the "velvet-footed pax", and the "velvet rollrim". Historical synonyms include ''Paxillus atrotomentosus'' by Elias Magnus Fries (1833), ''Rhymovis atrotomentosa'' by Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst (1844), and ''Sarcopaxillus atrotomentosus'' by Ivan Zmitrovich (2004) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
