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Gluon
A gluon ( ) is an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks. It is analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles. Gluons bind quarks together, forming hadrons such as protons and neutrons. Gluons are vector gauge bosons that mediate strong interactions of quarks in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Gluons themselves carry the color charge of the strong interaction. This is unlike the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic interaction but lacks an electric charge. Gluons therefore participate in the strong interaction in addition to mediating it, making QCD significantly harder to analyze than quantum electrodynamics (QED). Properties The gluon is a vector boson, which means, like the photon, it has a spin of 1. While massive spin-1 particles have three polarization states, massless gauge bosons like the gluon have only two polarization states because gauge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quark
A quark () is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. All commonly observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and electrons. Owing to a phenomenon known as ''color confinement'', quarks are never found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, which include baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons, or in quark–gluon plasmas. There is also the theoretical possibility of more exotic phases of quark matter. For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of hadrons. Quarks have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, mass, color charge, and spin. They are the only elementary particles in the Standard Model of particle physics to experience all four fundamental interactions, also known as ''fundamental forces'' (electro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strong Interaction
The strong interaction or strong force is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into proton, neutron, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the nuclear force. Most of the mass of a common proton or neutron is the result of the strong interaction energy; the individual quarks provide only about 1% of the mass of a proton. At the range of 10−15 m (slightly more than the radius of a nucleon), the strong force is approximately 100 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak interaction, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation. The strong interaction is observable at two ranges and mediated by two force carriers. On a larger scale (of about 1 to 3 femtometre, fm), it is the force (carried by mesons) that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the atomic nucleus, nucleus of an atom. On the smaller scale (less than about 0.8 fm, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elementary Particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. Particles currently thought to be elementary include electrons, the fundamental fermions ( quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons, which generally are matter particles and antimatter particles), as well as the fundamental bosons ( gauge bosons and the Higgs boson), which generally are force particles that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle. Ordinary matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be elementary particles – ''atomos'' meaning "unable to be cut" in Greek – although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1905, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Subatomic constituents of the atom were first identified in the early 1930s; the electron and the proto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elementary Particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. Particles currently thought to be elementary include electrons, the fundamental fermions ( quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons, which generally are matter particles and antimatter particles), as well as the fundamental bosons ( gauge bosons and the Higgs boson), which generally are force particles that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle. Ordinary matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be elementary particles – ''atomos'' meaning "unable to be cut" in Greek – although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1905, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Subatomic constituents of the atom were first identified in the early 1930s; the electron and the proto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strong Interaction
The strong interaction or strong force is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into proton, neutron, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the nuclear force. Most of the mass of a common proton or neutron is the result of the strong interaction energy; the individual quarks provide only about 1% of the mass of a proton. At the range of 10−15 m (slightly more than the radius of a nucleon), the strong force is approximately 100 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak interaction, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation. The strong interaction is observable at two ranges and mediated by two force carriers. On a larger scale (of about 1 to 3 femtometre, fm), it is the force (carried by mesons) that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the atomic nucleus, nucleus of an atom. On the smaller scale (less than about 0.8 fm, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bosonic
In particle physics, a boson ( ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0,1,2 ...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spin (,, ...). Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Bosons are named after physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. Some bosons are elementary particles and occupy a special role in particle physics unlike that of fermions, which are sometimes described as the constituents of "ordinary matter". Some elementary bosons (for example, gluons) act as force carriers, which give rise to forces between other particles, while one (the Higgs boson) gives rise to the phenomenon of mass. Other bosons, such as mesons, are composite particles made up of smaller constituents. Outside the realm of particle physics, superfluidity arises because composite bosons (bose particles), such as low temperature helium-4 atoms, follow Bose–Einst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feynman Diagram
In theoretical physics, a Feynman diagram is a pictorial representation of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles. The scheme is named after American physicist Richard Feynman, who introduced the diagrams in 1948. The interaction of subatomic particles can be complex and difficult to understand; Feynman diagrams give a simple visualization of what would otherwise be an arcane and abstract formula. According to David Kaiser, "Since the middle of the 20th century, theoretical physicists have increasingly turned to this tool to help them undertake critical calculations. Feynman diagrams have revolutionized nearly every aspect of theoretical physics." While the diagrams are applied primarily to quantum field theory, they can also be used in other fields, such as solid-state theory. Frank Wilczek wrote that the calculations that won him the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics "would have been literally unthinkable without Feynman diagra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TASSO
TASSO (Two Arm Spectrometer SOlenoid) was a particle detector at the PETRA particle accelerator at the German national laboratory DESY. The TASSO collaboration is best known for having discovered the gluon, the mediator of the strong interaction and carrier of the color charge. Four TASSO scientists, Paul Söding, Bjørn Wiik, Günter Wolf and Sau Lan Wu, were awarded the High Energy and Particle Physics Prize from the European Physical Society (EPS) in 1995. A special prize was also awarded to the TASSO collaboration, as well as the JADE, MARK J and PLUTO collaborations, in recognition of their combined work on the gluon as the "definite existence (of the gluon) emerged gradually from the results of the TASSO collaboration and the other experiments working at PETRA, JADE, MARK J and PLUTO". TASSO took data from 1978 to 1986 and discovered the gluon in 1979. See also *Particle physics References Further reading * External Links [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLUTO Detector
PLUTO was a detector for experimental high-energy particle physics at the German national laboratory DESY in Hamburg. It was operated from 1974 to 1978 at the DORIS synchrotron and was substantially upgraded between 1977 and 1978 for operation at the PETRA accelerator, where it took data until 1979. The name is not an acronym, unlike the other detectors at DORIS. Detector PLUTO used the first electromagnetic superconductive solenoid in the world, with a very uniform axial magnetic field of 1.2 Tesla, to operate in a straight section of electron–positron accelerators at DESY, first with DORIS I (a storage ring with center-of-mass energies of ~3–5 GeV) in 1974–1976, then with DORIS II (the upgraded DORIS storage ring at center-of-mass energies of ~7–10 Gev) in 1978 and later with PETRA (also a storage ring, at larger center-of-mass energies of ~10–45 GeV) in 1978–1982. Experimental results The PLUTO collaboration started with about 35 physicists from institutes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JADE Particle Detector
JADE was a particle detector at the PETRA particle accelerator at the German national laboratory DESY in Hamburg. It was operated from 1979 to 1986. JADE's most important scientific achievement was the discovery of the gluon in three-jet events. It also helped greatly in establishing quantum chromodynamics. JADE is an acronym for Japan, Deutschland (Germany) and England, the three countries from which the participating universities originated. The JADE jet chamber is now exhibited in the physics lecture hall at the University of Heidelberg. Although the last data with JADE were taken in 1986, analysis continued, with the most recent paper published in 2012. In 1995, the European Physical Society (EPS) awarded a "Special High Energy and Particle Physics Prize" to the JADE, PLUTO, TASSO and MARK-J collaborations at PETRA for ''"establishing the existence of the gluon in independent and simultaneous ways"''. References External links A brief history of JADE at the ICEPP, JapanNew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLUTO Experiments
PLUTO was a detector for experimental high-energy particle physics at the German national laboratory DESY in Hamburg. It was operated from 1974 to 1978 at the DORIS synchrotron and was substantially upgraded between 1977 and 1978 for operation at the PETRA accelerator, where it took data until 1979. The name is not an acronym, unlike the other detectors at DORIS. Detector PLUTO used the first electromagnetic superconductive solenoid in the world, with a very uniform axial magnetic field of 1.2 Tesla, to operate in a straight section of electron–positron accelerators at DESY, first with DORIS I (a storage ring with center-of-mass energies of ~3–5 GeV) in 1974–1976, then with DORIS II (the upgraded DORIS storage ring at center-of-mass energies of ~7–10 Gev) in 1978 and later with PETRA (also a storage ring, at larger center-of-mass energies of ~10–45 GeV) in 1978–1982. Experimental results The PLUTO collaboration started with about 35 physicists from institutes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gauge Boson
In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. Elementary particles, whose interactions are described by a gauge theory, interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles. Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge bosons. All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1; for comparison, the Higgs boson has spin zero and the hypothetical graviton has a spin of 2. Therefore, all known gauge bosons are vector bosons. Gauge bosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental scalar bosons (the Higgs boson); second, mesons, which are composite bosons, made of quarks; third, larger composite, non-force-carrying bosons, such as certain atoms. Gauge bosons in the Standard Model The Standard Model of particle physics recognizes four kinds of gauge bosons: photons, which carry the electromagnetic interaction; W and Z bosons, which carry the weak interaction; an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
