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Distributed Data Processing
Distributed data processing (DDP) was the term that IBM used for the IBM 3790 (1975) and its successor, the IBM 8100 (1979). ''Datamation'' described the 3790 in March 1979 as "less than successful." Distributed data processing was used by IBM to refer to two environments: * IMS DB/DC * CICS/DL/I Each pair included a Telecommunications Monitor and a Database system. The layering involved a message, containing information to form a transaction, which was then processed by an application program. Development tools such as program validation services were released by IBM to facilitate expansion. Use of "a number of small computers linked to a central computer" permitted local and central processing, each optimized at what it could best do. Terminals, including those described as ''intelligent'', typically were attached locally, to a "satellite processor." Central systems, sometimes multi-processors, grew to handle the load. Some of this extra capacity, of necessity, is used to enhanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid digital subscribers. It also is a producer of popular podcasts such as '' The Daily''. Founded in 1851 by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones, it was initially published by Raymond, Jones & Company. The ''Times'' has won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any newspaper, and has long been regarded as a national " newspaper of record". For print it is ranked 18th in the world by circulation and 3rd in the U.S. The paper is owned by the New York Times Company, which is publicly traded. It has been governed by the Sulzberger family since 1896, through a dual-class share structure after its shares became publicly traded. A. G. Sulzberger, the paper's publisher and the company's chairman, is the fifth generation of the family to head the pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apache Hadoop
Apache Hadoop () is a collection of open-source software utilities that facilitates using a network of many computers to solve problems involving massive amounts of data and computation. It provides a software framework for distributed storage and processing of big data using the MapReduce programming model. Hadoop was originally designed for computer clusters built from commodity hardware, which is still the common use. It has since also found use on clusters of higher-end hardware. All the modules in Hadoop are designed with a fundamental assumption that hardware failures are common occurrences and should be automatically handled by the framework. The core of Apache Hadoop consists of a storage part, known as Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), and a processing part which is a MapReduce programming model. Hadoop splits files into large blocks and distributes them across nodes in a cluster. It then transfers packaged code into nodes to process the data in parallel. This a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HPCC
HPCC (High-Performance Computing Cluster), also known as DAS (Data Analytics Supercomputer), is an open source, data-intensive computing system platform developed by LexisNexis Risk Solutions. The HPCC platform incorporates a software architecture implemented on commodity computing clusters to provide high-performance, data-parallel processing for applications utilizing big data. The HPCC platform includes system configurations to support both parallel batch data processing (Thor) and high-performance online query applications using indexed data files (Roxie). The HPCC platform also includes a data-centric declarative programming language for parallel data processing called ECL. The public release of HPCC waannouncedin 2011, after ten years of in-house development (according to LexisNexis). It is an alternative to Hadoop and other Big data platforms. System architecture The HPCC system architecture includes two distinct cluster processing environments Thor and Roxie, e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM System/360 Model 30
The IBM System/360 Model 30 was a low-end member of the IBM System/360 family. It was announced on April 7, 1964, shipped in 1965, and withdrawn on October 7, 1977. The Model 30 was designed by IBM's General Systems Division in Endicott, New York, and manufactured in Endicott and other IBM manufacturing sites outside of U.S. History The Model 30 was a popular IBM mainframe which was announced in 1964 as the least powerful of the System/360s. The System/360 series was the first line of computers in the world to allow machine language programs to be written that could be used across a broad range of compatible machines of different sizes. It was the smallest model that had the full System/360 instruction set (unlike the Model 20) and served as a stand-alone system, communications system or as a satellite processor of a larger system. The first delivery of the 360/30 was in June 1965 to McDonnell Aircraft. Along with the 360/40, these were the two largest revenue producing Syst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Irish Times
''The Irish Times'' is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper and online digital publication. It launched on 29 March 1859. The editor is Ruadhán Mac Cormaic. It is published every day except Sundays. ''The Irish Times'' is considered a newspaper of record for Ireland. Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper, within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of British unionism in Ireland. It is no longer a pro unionist paper; it presents itself politically as "liberal and progressive", as well as being centre-right on economic issues. The editorship of the newspaper from 1859 until 1986 was controlled by the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority, only gaining its first nominal Irish Catholic editor 127 years into its existence. The paper's most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan O'Toole and satirist Miriam Lord. The late Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald was once a columnist. Senior international figures, including Tony Blair and Bill Cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Front-end (computing)
In software engineering, the terms frontend and backend (or sometimes referred to as back end or back-end) refer to the separation of concerns between the presentation layer (''frontend''), and the data access layer (''backend'') of a piece of software, or the physical infrastructure or Hardware (computer), hardware. In the client–server model, the Client (computing), client is usually considered the frontend and the Server (computing), server is usually considered the backend, even when some presentation work is actually done on the server itself. Introduction In software architecture, there may be many Abstraction layer, layers between the hardware and End-user (computer science)#End user, end user. The ''front'' is an abstraction, simplifying the underlying component by providing a user-friendly interface, while the ''back'' usually handles data storage and business logic. In telecommunication, the ''front'' can be considered a device or service, while the ''back'' is the in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data-centric Programming Language
Data-centric programming language defines a category of programming languages where the primary function is the management and manipulation of data. A data-centric programming language includes built-in processing primitives for accessing data stored in sets, tables, lists, and other data structures and databases, and for specific manipulation and transformation of data required by a programming application. Data-centric programming languages are typically declarative programming language, declarative and often dataflow-oriented, and define the processing result desired; the specific processing steps required to perform the processing are left to the language compiler. The SQL relational database language is an example of a declarative, data-centric language. Declarative, data-centric programming languages are ideal for data-intensive computing applications. Background The rapid growth of the Internet and World Wide Web has led to huge amounts of information available online a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filesystem In Userspace
Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) is a software interface for Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems that lets non-privileged users create their own file systems without editing kernel code. This is achieved by running file system code in user space while the FUSE module provides only a bridge to the actual kernel interfaces. FUSE is available for Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD (as puffs), OpenSolaris, Minix 3, macOS, and Windows. FUSE is free software originally released under the terms of the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License. History The FUSE system was originally part of ''AVFS'' (''A Virtual Filesystem''), a filesystem implementation heavily influenced by the translator concept of the GNU Hurd. It superseded Linux Userland Filesystem, and provided a translational interface using in libfuse1. FUSE was originally released under the terms of the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License, later also reimple ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open System (computing)
Open systems are computer systems that provide some combination of interoperability, portability, and open software standards. (It can also refer to specific installations that are configured to allow unrestricted access by people and/or other computers; this article does not discuss that meaning). The term was popularized in the early 1980s, mainly to describe systems based on Unix, especially in contrast to the more entrenched mainframes and minicomputers in use at that time. Unlike older legacy systems, the newer generation of Unix systems featured standardized programming interfaces and peripheral interconnects; third party development of hardware and software was encouraged, a significant departure from the norm of the time, which saw companies such as Amdahl and Hitachi going to court for the right to sell systems and peripherals that were compatible with IBM's mainframes. The definition of "open system" can be said to have become more formalized in the 1990s with the emer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM 3790
The IBM 3790 Communications System was one of the first distributed computing platforms. The 3790 was developed by IBM's Data Processing Division (DPD) and announced in 1974. It preceded the IBM 8100, announced in 1979. It was designed to be installed in branch offices, stores, subsidiaries, etc., and to be connected to the central host mainframe, using IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA). Although its successor's role in distributed data processing was said to be "a turning point in the general direction of worldwide computer development," the 3790 was described by Datamation in March 1979 as "less than successful." System description IBM described it as "a programmable, operator oriented terminal system." Components The 3790 supported * up to 16 IBM 3277 display stations * an integrated floppy disk unit * an integrated 120 lines per minute (lpm) line printer * up to three 3292 auxiliary control units * up to four 3793 keyboard-printers * a Synchronous Data Link Control ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computerworld
''Computerworld'' (abbreviated as CW) is an ongoing decades old professional publication which in 2014 "went digital." Its audience is information technology (IT) and business technology professionals, and is available via a publication website and as a digital magazine. As a printed weekly during the 1970s and into the 1980s, ''Computerworld'' was the leading trade publication in the data processing industry. Indeed, based on circulation and revenue it was one of the most successful trade publications in any industry. Later in the 1980s it began to lose its dominant position. It is published in many countries around the world under the same or similar names. Each country's version of ''Computerworld'' includes original content and is managed independently. The parent company of Computerworld US is IDG Communications. History The first issue was published in 1967. Going international The company IDG offers the brand "Computerworld" in 47 countries worldwide, the name and fre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Language Interface
Data Language One (Data Language/I, DL/I, Data Language/One, Data Language/One) is the language system used to access IBM's IMS databases and its data communication system. It is implemented from many languages by making calls to a software stub, DFSLI000. This stub has entry points to handle a variety of programming languages e.g. calling CBLTDLI from a COBOL program. This stub is linked to the calling program, passes on the request to the IMS system, and returns the results and a status code. In any full-function IMS database, the smallest element that can be retrieved is a ''segment''. Each segment is made up of ''fields'', one of which, typically, will be a key field. The segments are arranged hierarchically in the database, the highest level segment type being a root segment. 255 different segment types, on up to 15 levels, are allowed in any database. A database ''record'' consists of a specific root segment and all its dependent child segments there is no limit to the numbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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