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Daf-4
The DAF-4 gene encodes for the only type II receptor of TGF-beta signaling pathway in the worm ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', with the ligands Daf-7 or Dbl-1. When binds to the ligand Daf-7, Daf-4 complexed with the type I receptor Daf-1, and activated the Smad Protein Daf-8 The DAF-8 nematode gene encoding a R-SMAD protein of TGF-beta signaling pathway, which was originally found in model organism ''Caenorhabditis elegans''. When the TGF-β ligand daf-7 binds to the TGF-β receptors daf-1/daf-4 on the surface of nemat .../ 14. By contrast, when binds to Dbl-1, Daf-4 complexed with the Sma-6 type I receptor, and activated the Sma-2/3/4. References Caenorhabditis elegans genes {{Gene-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TGF-beta Signaling Pathway
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell migration, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The TGFB signaling pathways are conserved. In spite of the wide range of cellular processes that the TGFβ signaling pathway regulates, the process is relatively simple. TGFβ superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs ( R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression. Mechanism Ligand binding The TGF beta superfamily of ligands includes: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), Anti-müllerian hormo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daf-7
The DAF-7 gene encodes for the ortholog of GDF11, a ligand of TGF-beta signaling pathway, in the worm ''Caenorhabditis elegans''. When binds to the complex of type II receptor Daf-4 and type I receptor Daf-1, this receptor protein serine/threonine kinase will phosphorylation activate the Smad Protein Daf-8 The DAF-8 nematode gene encoding a R-SMAD protein of TGF-beta signaling pathway, which was originally found in model organism ''Caenorhabditis elegans''. When the TGF-β ligand daf-7 binds to the TGF-β receptors daf-1/daf-4 on the surface of nemat .../ 14. References Caenorhabditis elegans genes {{Gene-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daf-1
The DAF-1 gene encodes for a cell surface Enzyme-linked receptor of TGF-beta signaling pathway in the worm ''Caenorhabditis elegans''. DAF-1 is one of the type I receptor of TGF-beta pathway. DAF-1 acts as a receptor protein serine/threonine kinase, is activated by type II receptor Daf-4 phosphorylation after the ligand Daf-7 binds to the receptor heterotetramer, and then phosphorylates Daf-8 or Daf-14 The DAF-14 is a gene of the nematode ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' encoding a R-SMAD protein of TGF-beta signaling pathway, which will be phosphorylated and forms a heterodimer with phosphorylated daf-8 when the TGF-β ligand daf-7 binds to the TGF-Π..., the SMAD proteins in ''C. elegans''. References {{Dauer larva Caenorhabditis elegans genes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMAD (protein)
Smads (or SMADs) comprise a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth. The abbreviation refers to the homologies to the ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' SMA ("small" worm phenotype) and MAD family ("Mothers Against Decapentaplegic") of genes in Drosophila. There are three distinct sub-types of Smads: receptor-regulated Smads ( R-Smads), common partner Smads (Co-Smads), and inhibitory Smads ( I-Smads). The eight members of the Smad family are divided among these three groups. Trimers of two receptor-regulated SMADs and one co-SMAD act as transcription factors that regulate the expression of certain genes. Sub-types The R-Smads consist of Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5 and Smad8/9, and are involved in direct signaling from the TGF-B receptor. Smad4 is the only known human Co-Smad, and has the role of partneri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TGF-beta Receptor Family
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are a family of serine/threonine kinase receptors involved in TGF beta signaling pathway. These receptors bind growth factor and cytokine signaling proteins in the TGF-beta family such as TGFβs ( TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth differentiation factors (GDFs), activin and inhibin, myostatin, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and NODAL. TGFβ family receptors TGFβ family receptors are grouped into three types, type I, type II, and type III. There are seven type I receptors, termed the activin-like receptors (ALK1–7), five type II receptors, and one type III receptor, for a total of 13 TGFβ superfamily receptors. In the transduction pathway, ligand-bound type II receptors activate type I receptors by phosphorylation, which then autophosphorylate and bind SMAD. The Type I receptors have a glycine-serine (GS, or TTSGSGSG) repeat motif of around 30 AA, a target of type II activity. At leas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caenorhabditis Elegans
''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''rhabditis'' (rod-like) and Latin ''elegans'' (elegant). In 1900, Maupas initially named it '' Rhabditides elegans.'' Osche placed it in the subgenus ''Caenorhabditis'' in 1952, and in 1955, Dougherty raised ''Caenorhabditis'' to the status of genus. ''C. elegans'' is an unsegmented pseudocoelomate and lacks respiratory or circulatory systems. Most of these nematodes are hermaphrodites and a few are males. Males have specialised tails for mating that include spicules. In 1963, Sydney Brenner proposed research into ''C. elegans,'' primarily in the area of neuronal development. In 1974, he began research into the molecular and developmental biology of ''C. elegans'', which has since been extensively used as a model organism. It was the first multicellu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daf-8
The DAF-8 nematode gene encoding a R-SMAD protein of TGF-beta signaling pathway, which was originally found in model organism ''Caenorhabditis elegans''. When the TGF-β ligand daf-7 binds to the TGF-β receptors daf-1/daf-4 on the surface of nematode cell, daf-8 will be phosphorylated and forms a heterodimer with daf-14, then enter to the nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom *Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucle ... to inhibit transcription regulated by daf-3/ daf-5. References Caenorhabditis elegans genes {{Gene-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daf-14
The DAF-14 is a gene of the nematode ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' encoding a R-SMAD protein of TGF-beta signaling pathway, which will be phosphorylated and forms a heterodimer with phosphorylated daf-8 when the TGF-β ligand daf-7 binds to the TGF-β receptors daf-1/daf-4, then the heterodimer enter to the nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom *Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucle ... to inhibit transcription regulated by daf-3/ daf-5. References Caenorhabditis elegans genes {{Gene-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
