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Dmesg
dmesg (''diagnostic messages'') is a command on most Unix-like operating systems that prints the message buffer of the kernel. The output includes messages produced by the device drivers. Booting When initially booted, a computer system loads its kernel into memory. At this stage device drivers present in the kernel are set up to drive relevant hardware. Such drivers, as well as other elements within the kernel, may produce output ("messages") reporting both the presence of modules and the values of any parameters adopted. (It may be possible to specify boot parameters which control the level of detail in the messages.) The booting process typically happens at a speed where individual messages scroll off the top of the screen before an operator can read/digest them. The command allows the review of such messages in a controlled manner after the system has started. After booting Even after the system has fully booted, the kernel may occasionally produce further diagnostic mes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lspci
lspci is a command on Unix-like operating systems that prints ("lists") detailed information about all PCI buses and devices in the system. It is based on a common portable library ''libpci'' which offers access to the PCI configuration space on a variety of operating systems. __TOC__ Example usage Example output on a Linux system: # lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 Root Complex 00:00.2 IOMMU: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 IOMMU 00:01.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDFamily 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge 00:01.2 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 PCIe GPP Bridge :000:01.7 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 PCIe GPP Bridge :000:08.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDFamily 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge 00:08.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus A 00:14.0 SMBus: Advanced M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lsusb
lspci is a command on Unix-like operating systems that prints ("lists") detailed information about all PCI buses and devices in the system. It is based on a common portable library ''libpci'' which offers access to the PCI configuration space on a variety of operating systems. __TOC__ Example usage Example output on a Linux system: # lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 Root Complex 00:00.2 IOMMU: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 IOMMU 00:01.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDFamily 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge 00:01.2 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 PCIe GPP Bridge :000:01.7 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 PCIe GPP Bridge :000:08.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDFamily 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge 00:08.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. MDRaven/Raven2 Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus A 00:14.0 SMBus: Advanced Micr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like Application software, application is one that behaves like the corresponding List of POSIX commands, Unix command or Unix shell, shell. Although there are general Unix philosophy, philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache HTTP Server, Apache web server and the Bash (Unix shell), Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems. Definition The Open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Less (Unix)
less is a terminal pager Computer program, program on Unix, Microsoft Windows, Windows, and Unix-like systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. It is similar to , but has the extended capability of allowing both forward and backward navigation through the file. Unlike most Unix text editors/viewers, does not need to read the entire file before starting, allowing for immediate viewing regardless of file size. History Mark Nudelman initially wrote less during 1983–85, in the need of a version of More (command), more able to do backward scrolling of the displayed text. The name came from the joke of doing "backwards more." Originally, less was developed for Unix, but it has been ported to a number of other operating systems, including MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, and OS-9, as well as Unix-like systems such as Linux. It is still maintained today by Nudelman. To help remember the difference between less and more, a common joke is to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Udev
udev (userspace ) is a device manager for the Linux kernel. As the successor of devfsd and hotplug, udev primarily manages device nodes in the directory. At the same time, udev also handles all user space events raised when hardware devices are added into the system or removed from it, including firmware loading as required by certain devices. Rationale It is an operating system's kernel that is responsible for providing an abstract interface of the hardware to the rest of the software. Being a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel does exactly that: device drivers are part of the Linux kernel, and make up more than half of its source code. Hardware can be accessed through system calls or over their device nodes. To be able to deal with peripheral devices that are hotplug-capable in a user-friendly way, a part of handling all of these hotplug-capable hardware devices was handed over from the kernel to a daemon running in user-space. Running in user space serves security a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ring Buffer
In computer science, a circular buffer, circular queue, cyclic buffer or ring buffer is a data structure that uses a single, fixed-size buffer as if it were connected end-to-end. This structure lends itself easily to buffering data streams. There were early circular buffer implementations in hardware. Overview A circular buffer first starts out empty and has a set length. In the diagram below is a 7-element buffer: : Assume that 1 is written in the center of a circular buffer (the exact starting location is not important in a circular buffer): : Then assume that two more elements are added to the circular buffer — 2 & 3 — which get put after 1: : If two elements are removed, the two oldest values inside of the circular buffer would be removed. Circular buffers use FIFO ('' first in, first out'') logic. In the example, 1 & 2 were the first to enter the circular buffer, they are the first to be removed, leaving 3 inside of the buffer. : If the buffer has 7 el ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uname
uname (short for ''unix name'') is a computer program in Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems that prints the name, version and other details about the current machine and the operating system running on it. History The uname system call and command appeared for the first time in PWB/UNIX. Both are specified by POSIX. The GNU version of uname is included in the "sh-utils" or "coreutils" packages. uname itself is not available as a standalone program. The version of uname bundled in GNU coreutils was written by David MacKenzie. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the GnuWin32 project and the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities. Related and similar commands * Some Unix variants, such as AT&T UNIX System V Release 3.0, include the related setname program, used to change the values that uname reports. * The ver command found in operating systems such as DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Unix Commands
This is a list of the shell commands of the most recent version of the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) IEEE Std 1003.1-2024 which is part of the Single UNIX Specification (SUS). These commands are implemented in many shells on modern Unix, Unix-like and other operating systems. This list does not cover commands for all versions of Unix and Unix-like shells nor other versions of POSIX. See also * GNOME Core Applications * GNU Core Utilities * List of GNU packages * List of KDE applications * List of Unix daemons * Unix philosophy The Unix philosophy, originated by Ken Thompson, is a set of cultural norms and philosophical approaches to Minimalism (computing), minimalist, Modularity (programming), modular software development. It is based on the experience of leading devel ... * References External links IEEE Std 1003.1,2004 specificationsIEEE Std 1003.1,2008 specificationsIEEE Std 1003.1,2024 specifications– configurable list of equivalent pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Device File
In Unix-like operating systems, a device file, device node, or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file. There are also special files in DOS, OS/2, and Windows. These special files allow an application program to interact with a device by using its device driver via standard input/output system calls. Using standard system calls simplifies many programming tasks, and leads to consistent user-space I/O mechanisms regardless of device features and functions. Overview Device files usually provide simple interfaces to standard devices (such as printers and serial ports), but can also be used to access specific unique resources on those devices, such as disk partitions. Additionally, device files are useful for accessing system resources that have no connection with any actual device, such as data sinks and random number generators. There are two general kinds of device files in Unix-like operating syst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Man Page
A man page (short for manual page) is a form of software documentation found on Unix and Unix-like operating systems. Topics covered include programs, system libraries, system calls, and sometimes local system details. The local host administrators can create and install manual pages associated with the specific host. A manual end user may invoke a documentation page by issuing the man command followed by the name of the item for which they want the documentation. These manual pages are typically requested by end users, programmers and administrators doing real time work but can also be formatted for printing. By default, man typically uses a formatting program such as nroff with a macro package or mandoc, and also a terminal pager program such as more or less to display its output on the user's screen. Man pages are often referred to as an ''online'' form of software documentation, even though the man command does not require internet access. The environment variable M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syslog
In computing, syslog () is a standard for message logging. It allows separation of the software that generates messages, the system that stores them, and the software that reports and analyzes them. Each message is labeled with a facility code, indicating the type of system generating the message, and is assigned a severity level. Computer system designers may use syslog for system management and security auditing as well as general informational, analysis, and debugging messages. A wide variety of devices, such as printers, routers, and message receivers across many platforms use the syslog standard. This permits the consolidation of logging data from different types of systems in a central repository. Implementations of syslog exist for many operating systems. When operating over a network, syslog uses a client-server architecture where a syslog server listens for and logs messages coming from clients. History Syslog was developed in the 1980s by Eric Allman as part of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grep
grep is a command-line utility for searching plaintext datasets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (global regular expression search and print), which has the same effect. grep was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later became available for all Unix-like systems and some others such as OS-9. History Before it was named, grep was a private utility written by Ken Thompson to search files for certain patterns. Doug McIlroy, unaware of its existence, asked Thompson to write such a program. Responding that he would think about such a utility overnight, Thompson actually corrected bugs and made improvements for about an hour on his own program called "s" (short for "search"). The next day he presented the program to McIlroy, who said it was exactly what he wanted. Thompson's account may explain the belief that grep was written overnight. Thompson wrote the first version in PDP-11 assembly language to help Le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
