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Conceptual Space
A conceptual space is a geometric structure that represents a number of quality dimensions, which denote basic features by which concepts and objects can be compared, such as weight, color, taste, temperature, pitch, and the three ordinary spatial dimensions.Kriegeskorte, N., & Kievit, R. A. (2013). Representational geometry: Integrating cognition, computation, and the brain. ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17''(8), 401–412. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.007 In a conceptual space, ''points'' denote objects, and ''regions'' denote concepts. The theory of conceptual spaces is a theory about concept learning first proposed by Peter Gärdenfors.Foo, N. (2001). Conceptual Spaces—The Geometry of Thought. ''AI Magazine, 22''(1), 139–140. Retrieved fro/ref> It is motivated by notions such as conceptual Similarity (psychology), similarity and prototype theory. The theory also puts forward the notion that ''natural'' categories are convex regions in conceptual spaces. In that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quality (philosophy)
A quality is an attribute or a property characteristic of an object in philosophy.Cargile, J. (1995). qualities. in Honderich, T. (Ed.) (2005). ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'' (2nd ed.). Oxford In contemporary philosophy the idea of qualities, and especially how to distinguish certain kinds of qualities from one another, remains controversial. Background Aristotle analyzed qualities in his logical work, the Categories. To him, qualities are hylomorphically–formal attributes, such as "white" or "grammatical". Categories of ''state'', such as "shod" and "armed" are also non– essential qualities ''( katà symbebekós)''. line 70. Aristotle observed: "one and the selfsame substance, while retaining its identity, is yet capable of admitting contrary qualities. The same individual person is at one time white, at another black, at one time warm, at another cold, at one time good, at another bad. This capacity is found nowhere else... it is the peculiar mark of substance that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' of Oxford University Press defines artificial intelligence as: the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. AI applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google), recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon and Netflix), understanding human speech (such as Siri and Alexa), self-driving cars (e.g., Tesla), automated decision-making and competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semantic Space
Semantic spacesalso referred to as distributed semantic spaces or distributed semantic memory in the natural language domain aim to create representations of natural language that are capable of capturing meaning. The original motivation for semantic spaces stems from two core challenges of natural language: Vocabulary mismatch (the fact that the same meaning can be expressed in many ways) and ambiguity of natural language (the fact that the same term can have several meanings). The application of semantic spaces in natural language processing (NLP) aims at overcoming limitations of rule-based or model-based approaches operating on the keyword level. The main drawback with these approaches is their brittleness, and the large manual effort required to create either rule-based NLP systems or training corpora for model learning. Rule-based and machine learning based models are fixed on the keyword level and break down if the vocabulary differs from that defined in the rules or from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phonetic Space
Phonetic space is the range of sounds that can be made by an individual. There is some controversy over whether an individual's phonetic space is language dependent, or if there exists some common, innate, phonetic space across languages.Singh, Anil Kumar, Taraka Rama, and Pradeep Dasigi. "A Computational Model of the Phonetic Space and Its Applications." Phonetic Space is a concept pioneered by Martin Joos in 1948 and developed by Gordon E. Peterson in 1951 and Noam Chomsky in 1968.Chomsky, Noam. ''The Sound Pattern of English''. N.p., 1991. Print. Chomsky developed the idea that phonetic space is universal and every human is born with a discrete phonetic space. The most cited rebuttal of Chomsky's proposal of a universal and discrete phonetic space is an article by Port and Leary titled, "''Against Formal Phonology''". Applications of phonetic space include interlanguage phonetic comparison and phonological analysis. Definition A definition of phonetic space is not agreed upon, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Image Schema
An image schema (both ''schemas'' and ''schemata'' are used as plural forms) is a recurring structure within our cognitive processes which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. As an understudy to embodied cognition, image schemas are formed from our bodily interactions, from linguistic experience, and from historical context. The term is introduced in Mark Johnson's book ''The Body in the Mind''; in case study 2 of George Lakoff's ''Women, Fire and Dangerous Things:'' and further explained by Todd Oakley in ''The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics;'' by Rudolf Arnheim in ''Visual Thinking''; by the collection ''From Perception to Meaning: Image Schemas in Cognitive Linguistics'' edited by Beate Hampe and Joseph E. Grady. In contemporary cognitive linguistics, an image schema is considered an embodied prelinguistic structure of experience that motivates conceptual metaphor mappings. Learned in early infancy they are often described as spatiotemporal relations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frame Semantics (linguistics)
Frame semantics is a theory of linguistic meaning developed by Charles J. Fillmore that extends his earlier case grammar. It relates linguistic semantics to encyclopedic knowledge. The basic idea is that one cannot understand the meaning of a single word without access to all the essential knowledge that relates to that word. For example, one would not be able to understand the word "sell" without knowing anything about the situation of commercial transfer, which also involves, among other things, a seller, a buyer, goods, money, the relation between the money and the goods, the relations between the seller and the goods and the money, the relation between the buyer and the goods and the money and so on. Thus, a word activates, or evokes, a frame of semantic knowledge relating to the specific concept to which it refers (or highlights, in frame semantic terminology). The idea of the encyclopedic organisation of knowledge itself is old and was discussed by Age of Enlightenment philos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Face Space
Face space is a theoretical idea in psychology such that it is a multidimensional space in which recognizable faces are stored. The representation of faces within this space are according to invariant features of the face itself.Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43(2), 161-204. However, recently it was theoretically demonstrated that faces can be stored in the face space according to their dynamic features as well, and that in this case the resulting space exhibits a twofold structure. The face space framework has been highly influential in recent face processing theory; cited in almost 1000 scientific articles and recently revisited in a special edition of the journal ''Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology'' featuring the top 10 ideas that have appeared in the journal's pages.Valentine, T., Lewis, M. B., & Hills, P. J. (2015). Face-space: A uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distributional Semantics
Distributional semantics is a research area that develops and studies theories and methods for quantifying and categorizing semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data. The basic idea of distributional semantics can be summed up in the so-called distributional hypothesis: ''linguistic items with similar distributions have similar meanings.'' Distributional hypothesis The distributional hypothesis in linguistics is derived from the semantic theory of language usage, i.e. words that are used and occur in the same contexts tend to purport similar meanings. The underlying idea that "a word is characterized by the company it keeps" was popularized by Firth in the 1950s. The distributional hypothesis is the basis for statistical semantics. Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in linguistics, it is now receiving attention in cognitive science especially regarding the context of word use. In rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conceptual Dependency Theory
Conceptual dependency theory is a model of natural language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems. Roger Schank at Stanford University introduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence. This model was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale University such as Robert Wilensky, Wendy Lehnert, and Janet Kolodner. Schank developed the model to represent knowledge for natural language input into computers. Partly influenced by the work of Sydney Lamb, his goal was to make the meaning independent of the words used in the input, i.e. two sentences identical in meaning, would have a single representation. The system was also intended to draw logical inferences. The model uses the following basic representational tokens:''Language, mind, and brain'' by Thomas W. Simon, Robert J. Scholes 1982 page 105 :* ''real world objects'', each with some ''attributes''. :* ''real world actions'', each with attributes :* ''times'' :* ''locations'' A set ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commonsense Reasoning
In artificial intelligence (AI), commonsense reasoning is a human-like ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations humans encounter every day. These assumptions include judgments about the nature of physical objects, taxonomic properties, and peoples' intentions. A device that exhibits commonsense reasoning might be capable of drawing conclusions that are similar to humans' folk psychology (humans' innate ability to reason about people's behavior and intentions) and naive physics (humans' natural understanding of the physical world). Definitions and characterizations Some definitions and characterizations of common sense from different authors include: * "Commonsense knowledge includes the basic facts about events (including actions) and their effects, facts about knowledge and how it is obtained, facts about beliefs and desires. It also includes the basic facts about material objects and their properties." * "Commonsense knowledge differs from e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
