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Betaenone
Betaenones are phytotoxins found in the fungus ''Pleospora betae''. The compounds were found to inhibit a variety of protein kinases. Members of this class of chemical compounds include: * Betaenone A * Betaenone B * Betaenone C Two further betaenones were found in a species of the fungus ''Microsphaeropsis'', which was isolated from the marine sponge ''Aplysina aerophoba''. References {{reflist Decalins Tertiary alcohols Cyclic ketones Hydroxyketones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betaenone B
Betaenone B, like other betaenones ( A and C), is a secondary metabolite isolated from the fungus ''Pleospora betae'', a plant pathogen. Its phytotoxic properties have been shown to cause sugar beet leaf spots, which is characterized by black, pycnidia containing, concentric circles eventually leading to necrosis of the leaf tissue. Of the seven phytotoxins isolated in fungal leaf spots from sugar beet (''Beta vulgaris''), betaenone B showed the least amount of phytotoxicity showing only 8% inhibition of growth while betaenone A and C showed 73% and 89% growth inhibition, respectively. Betaenone B is therefore not considered toxic to the plant, but will produce leaf spots when present in high concentrations (0.33 μg/μL). While the mechanism of action of betaenone B has yet to be elucidated, betaenone C has been shown to inhibit RNA and protein synthesis. Most of the major work on betaenone B, including the initial structure elucidation of betaenone A, B and C as well as th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betaenone ABC Skeletal
Betaenones are phytotoxins found in the fungus ''Pleospora betae''. The compounds were found to inhibit a variety of protein kinases. Members of this class of chemical compounds include: * Betaenone A * Betaenone B * Betaenone C Two further betaenones were found in a species of the fungus '' Microsphaeropsis'', which was isolated from the marine sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through th ... '' Aplysina aerophoba''. References {{reflist Decalins Tertiary alcohols Cyclic ketones Hydroxyketones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betaenone C
Betaenone C, like other betaenones ( A and B), is a secondary metabolite isolated from the fungus ''Pleospora betae'', a plant pathogen. Of the seven phytotoxins isolated in fungal leaf spots from sugar beet (''Beta vulgaris''), it showed 89% growth inhibition. Betaenone C has been shown to act by inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside Cell (biology), cells, homeostasis, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via Proteolysis, degradation or Protein targeting, export) through the product .... References Decalins Tertiary alcohols Cyclic ketones Primary alcohols 3-Hydroxypropenals {{Ketone-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betaenone A
Betaenone A, like other betaenones ( B and C), is a secondary metabolite isolated from the fungus ''Pleospora betae'', a plant pathogen. Of the seven phytotoxins isolated in fungal leaf spots from sugar beet (''Beta vulgaris''), it showed 73% growth inhibition ''Growth inhibition'' (GI) is a medical term pertaining to cancer therapy and the specific reduction in growth of tumors and oncogene cells by a chemical compound, mechanical therapy (e.g. electroporation), radiation, gene therapy, protein therapy, .... References Decalins Tertiary alcohols Primary alcohols {{Ketone-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytotoxin
Phytotoxins are substances that are poisonous or toxic to the growth of plants. Phytotoxic substances may result from human activity, as with herbicides, or they may be produced by plants, by microorganisms, or by naturally occurring chemical reactions. The term is also used to describe toxic chemicals produced by plants themselves, which function as defensive agents against their predators. Most examples pertaining to this definition of phytotoxin are members of various classes of specialised or secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenes, and especially phenolics, though not all such compounds are toxic or serve defensive purposes. Phytotoxins may also be toxic to humans. Toxins produced by plants Alkaloids Alkaloids are derived from amino acids, and contain nitrogen. They are medically important by interfering with components of the nervous system affecting membrane transport, protein synthesis, and enzyme activities. They generally have a bitter taste. Alkaloids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleospora Betae
''Pleospora betae'' is a plant pathogen infecting beet. It contains the chemical substances betaenone A, B and C. Pleospora betae develops on dead beet residues and is a marsupial stage of the Phoma betae anamorph, parasitizing on beets and causing a number of harmful diseases. References Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Food plant pathogens and diseases Pleosporaceae Fungi described in 1877 {{fungus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein Kinase
A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules. Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein ( substrate) by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes and they constitute about 2% of all human genes. There are two main types of protein kinase. The great majority are serine/threonine kinases, which phosphorylate the hydroxyl groups of serines and threonines in their targets and most of the others are tyrosine kinases, although additional types exist. Protein kinases are also found in bacteria and plants. Up to 30% of all human proteins may be modified by kinase activity, and kinases are known to regulate the majority of cellular pathways, especially those involved in signal transduction. Chemical ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microsphaeropsis
''Microsphaeropsis'' is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Didymosphaeriaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext .... Species *'' Microsphaeropsis amaranthi'' *'' Microsphaeropsis amictus'' *'' Microsphaeropsis arundinis'' *'' Microsphaeropsis atrocylindrocollifera'' *'' Microsphaeropsis bakeri'' *'' Microsphaeropsis betulae'' *'' Microsphaeropsis caffra'' *'' Microsphaeropsis caloplacae'' *'' Microsphaeropsis centaureae'' *'' Microsphaeropsis cinnamomi-glanduliferi'' *'' Microsphaeropsis clidemiae'' *'' Microsphaeropsis conielloides'' *'' Microsphaeropsis diffusa'' *'' Microsphaeropsis ephedrina'' *'' Microsphaeropsis globulosa'' *'' Microsphaeropsis glumarum'' *'' Microsphaeropsis glycyrrhizicola'' *' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marine Sponge
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes. Sponges were first to branch off the evolutionary tree from the last common ancestor of all animals, making them the sister group of all other animals. Etymology The term ''sponge'' derives from the Ancient Greek word ( 'sponge'). Overview Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are multicellular, heter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aplysina Aerophoba
''Aplysina aerophoba'' is a species of sponge in the family Aplysinidae. It is a yellow, tube-forming or encrusting sponge and is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea; the type locality is the Adriatic Sea. Description ''Aplysina aerophoba'' forms colonies up to across of irregular, yellow, tubular processes. Individual tubes are up to long and wide, with small oscula or exhalant pores in the centre of the flattened end. The surface of both basal mass and tubes bears small, cylindrical projections of variable length. The surface is slippery to the touch and the texture is firm and rubbery. When removed from water, this sponge turns blue, leading to its specific name "aerophoba" (Greek: "fear of air"). ''Aplysina aerophoba'' could be confused with another yellow sponge, '' Aplysina cavernicola'', but the two have different textures, morphology and pigmentation, and occupy different habitats, with ''A. aerophoba'' being found in sunlit spots and ''A. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tertiary Alcohols
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. The term ''alcohol'' originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic drinks. An important class of alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest examples, includes all compounds which conform to the general formula . Simple monoalcohols that are the subject of this article include primary (), secondary () and tertiary () alcohols. The suffix ''-ol'' appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority. When a higher priority group is present in the compound, the prefix ''hydroxy-'' is used in its IUPAC name. The suffix ''-ol'' in non-IUPAC names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol) also typically indicates that the substance is an alcohol. However, some compound ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
