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Bad Sectors
A bad sector in computing is a disk sector on a disk storage unit that is permanently damaged. Upon taking damage, all information stored on that sector is lost. When a bad sector is found and marked, the operating system like Windows or Linux will skip it in the future. Details A bad sector is the result of mechanical damage, most commonly caused by a head crash, manufacturing flaw(s), wear-and-tear, physical shock, sudden power outages, or dust intrusion. Bad sectors are a threat to information security in the sense of data remanence. Very often physical damages can interfere with parts of many different files. Operating system Bad sectors may be detected by the operating system or the disk controller. Most file systems contain provisions for sectors to be marked as bad, so that the operating system avoids them in the future. Disk diagnostic utilities, such as CHKDSK (Microsoft Windows), Disk Utility (on macOS), or badblocks (on Linux) can actively look for bad sectors upon us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disk Sector
In computer disk storage, a sector is a subdivision of a track on a magnetic disk or optical disc. Each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for hard disk drives (HDDs) and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs. Newer HDDs use 4096-byte (4 KiB) sectors, which are known as the Advanced Format (AF). The sector is the minimum storage unit of a hard drive. Most disk partitioning schemes are designed to have files occupy an integral number of sectors regardless of the file's actual size. Files that do not fill a whole sector will have the remainder of their last sector filled with zeroes. In practice, operating systems typically operate on blocks of data, which may span multiple sectors. Geometrically, the word sector means a portion of a disk between a center, two radii and a corresponding arc (see Figure 1, item B), which is shaped like a slice of a pie. Thus, the ''disk sector'' (Figure 1, item C) refers to the intersection of a ''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Badblocks
badblocks is a Linux utility to check for bad sectors on a disk drive. It can create a text file with list of these sectors that can be used with other programs, like mkfs, so that they are not used in the future and thus do not cause corruption of data. It is part of the e2fsprogs project, and a port is available for BSD operating systems. When run as a standalone program, badblocks gives a list of blocks with problems, if any. This makes it a good option for checking whether the disk drive is healthy, independent of SMART data and file system checks. e2fsck's "-c" option A more common use case is the invocation of badblocks as part of e2fsck when passing the option "-c" to scan for bad blocks and prevent data from being stored on these blocks. This is done by adding the list of found bad blocks to the bad block inode to prevent the affected sectors from being allocated to a file or directory. The test can be done using a read-only ("-c") or non-destructive read–writ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hard Disk Computer Storage
Hard may refer to: * Hardness, resistance of physical materials to deformation or fracture * Hard water, water with high mineral content Arts and entertainment * ''Hard'' (TV series), a French TV series * Hard (band), a Hungarian hard rock supergroup * Hard (music festival), in the U.S. * ''Hard'' (EP), Goodbye Mr Mackenzie, 1993 * ''Hard'' (Brainpower album), 2008 * ''Hard'' (Gang of Four album), 1983 * ''Hard'' (Jagged Edge album), 2003 * "Hard" (song), a 2009 song by Rihanna * "Hard", a song by Royce da 5'9" from the 2016 album ''Layers'' * "Hard", a song by Why Don't We from the 2018 album ''8 Letters'' * ''Hard'', a 2017 EP from the band The Neighbourhood *"Hard", a song by Sophie from the 2015 compilation album ''Product'' Places * Hard, Austria * Hard (Zürich), Switzerland Other uses * Hard (surname) * Nickname of Masaki Sumitani ( HardGay / HardoGay ) * Hard (nautical), a beach or slope convenient for hauling out vessels * Hard (video game player), Anthony Barkho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Head Crash
A head crash is a hard-disk failure that occurs when a read–write head of a hard disk drive makes contact with its rotating platter, slashing its surface and permanently damaging its magnetic media. It is most often caused by a sudden severe motion of the disk, for example the jolt caused by dropping a laptop to the ground while it is operating or physically shocking a computer. Head details A head normally rides on a thin film of moving air entrapped at the surface of its platter (some drives manufactured by Conner Peripherals in the mid-1990s used a thin liquid layer instead). The distance between the head and platter is called the flying height. The topmost layer of the platter is made of a Teflon-like material that acts like a lubricant. Underneath is a layer of sputtered carbon. These two layers protect the magnetic layer (data storage area) from most accidental touches of the read-write head. The disk read-and-write head is made using thin film techniques that in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sector Slipping
Sector slipping is a technique used to deal with defective sectors in hard disk drives. Due to the volatility of hard disks from their moving parts and low tolerances some sectors become defective. Defective sectors can even come on hard disks from the factory so most disks incorporate a bad-block recovery system to cope with these issues. Description During a low-level format Format may refer to: Printing and visual media * Text formatting, the typesetting of text elements * Paper formats, or paper size standards * Newspaper format, the size of the paper page Computing * File format, particular way that informatio ..., defect lists are populated which store a list of bad sectors. The bad sectors are then mapped and a sector slipping algorithm is utilized. When using sector slipping for bad sectors, disk access time is not largely affected. The drive will skip over a bad sector using the time it would have used to read it. Spare sectors are located on the disk to aid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiradisc
Spiradisc (often misspelled as "Spiradisk") was a copy protection scheme used by Sierra On-Line on their floppy disk releases for the Apple II The Apple II (stylized as ) is an 8-bit home computer and one of the world's first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It was designed primarily by Steve Wozniak; Jerry Manock developed the design of Apple II's foam-m .... The technique, developed by Mark Duchaineau, involved writing the data on spiralling paths on the disk rather than in concentric circles. Initially, no commercial copying software or bit nibbler could successfully copy the disks it was applied to. Games which used Spiradisc copy protection include ''Lunar Leepers'', ''Frogger'', some very early versions of ''Ultima II'', ''Jawbreaker (video game), Jawbreaker'',{{cite journal , last1=Etarip , first1=Rich , title=Softkey for ''Jawbreaker'' , journal=Computist , issue=82 , page16, publisher=SoftKey Publishing , url=https://archive.org/details ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Error Correction Code
In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, an error correction code, sometimes error correcting code, (ECC) is used for controlling errors in data over unreliable or noisy communication channels. The central idea is the sender encodes the message with redundant information in the form of an ECC. The redundancy allows the receiver to detect a limited number of errors that may occur anywhere in the message, and often to correct these errors without retransmission. The American mathematician Richard Hamming pioneered this field in the 1940s and invented the first error-correcting code in 1950: the Hamming (7,4) code. ECC contrasts with error detection in that errors that are encountered can be corrected, not simply detected. The advantage is that a system using ECC does not require a reverse channel to request retransmission of data when an error occurs. The downside is that there is a fixed overhead that is added to the message, thereby requiring a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATATool
ATATool is freeware software that is used to display and modify ATA disk information from a Microsoft Windows environment. The software is typically used to manage host protected area (HPA) and device configuration overlay (DCO) features and is broadly similar to the hdparm for Linux. The software can also be used to generate and sometimes repair bad sectors. Recent versions include support for DCO restore and freeze operations, HPA security (password) operations and simulated bad sectors. Usage examples ATATool must be run with administrator privileges. On Windows Vista and later it requires an elevated-privileges command prompt (see User Account Control). The target drive must be connected to a physical disk controller. The software cannot be used via a USB bridge or similar device. Display detected hard disks: ATATOOL /LIST Display information on hard disk 1: ATATOOL /INFO \\.\PhysicalDrive1 Set HPA to 10GB on hard disk 1 (volatile – will be lost on next power cycle) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ziff Davis
Ziff Davis, Inc. is an American digital media and internet company. First founded in 1927 by William Bernard Ziff Sr. and Bernard George Davis, the company primarily owns technology-oriented media websites, online shopping-related services, and software services. History The company was founded by William B. Ziff Company publisher Bill Ziff Sr. with Bernard Davis. Upon Bill Ziff's death in 1953, William B. Ziff Jr., his son, returned from Germany to lead the company. In 1958, Bernard Davis sold Ziff Jr. his share of Ziff Davis to found Davis Publications, Inc.; Ziff Davis continued to use the Davis surname as Ziff-Davis. Throughout most of Ziff Davis' history, it was a publisher of hobbyist magazines, often ones devoted to expensive, advertiser-rich technical hobbies such as cars, photography, and electronics. Since 1980, Ziff Davis has primarily published computer-related magazines and related websites, establishing Ziff Davis as an Internet information company. Ziff Davis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linux Journal
''Linux Journal'' (''LJ'') is an American monthly technology magazine originally published by Specialized System Consultants, Inc. (SSC) in Seattle, Washington since 1994. In December 2006 the publisher changed to Belltown Media, Inc. in Houston, Texas. Since 2017, the publisher was Linux Journal, LLC. located in Denver, Colorado. The magazine focused specifically on Linux, allowing the content to be a highly specialized source of information for open source enthusiasts. The magazine was published from March 1994 to August 2019, over 25 years, before being bought by Slashdot Media in 2020. History ''Linux Journal'' was the first magazine to be published about the Linux kernel and operating systems based on it. It was established in 1994. The first issue was published in March 1994 by Phil Hughes and Bob Young, who later co-founded Red Hat, and it featured an interview with Linux creator Linus Torvalds. The publication's last print edition was August 2011, issue 208. Beginning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-Monitoring, Analysis, And Reporting Technology
Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T., often written as SMART) is a monitoring system included in computer hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). Its primary function is to detect and report various indicators of drive reliability with the intent of anticipating imminent hardware failures. When S.M.A.R.T. data indicates a possible imminent drive failure, software running on the host system may notify the user so preventive action can be taken to prevent data loss, and the failing drive can be replaced and data integrity maintained. Background Hard disk and other storage drives are subject to failures (see hard disk drive failure) which can be classified within two basic classes: * ''Predictable failures'' which result from slow processes such as mechanical wear and gradual degradation of storage surfaces. Monitoring can determine when such failures are becoming more likely. * ''Unpredictable failures'' which occur without warning due t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
